-NRLF 


B   M   315   003 


1TARY  FI.ORA 


FRYE 


RIGG 


ELEMENTARY  FLORA 
OF  THE  NORTHWEST 


BY 


THEODORE   C.   FRYE,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR   OF  BOTANY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
AND 

GEORGE   B.  RIGG,  A.M. 

ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR   OF  BOTANY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  WASHINGTON 


AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 

NEW    YORK  CINCINNATI  CHICAGO 


IOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

Q 


COPYRIGHT,  1914,  BY 
THEODORE  C.  FRYE  AND  GEORGE  B.   RIGG. 


COPYRIGHT,  1914,  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 


F.   <fc   R.   EL.   FLORA  OF  N.  W. 
E.  P.    I 


INTRODUCTION 

THIS  book  was  written  primarily  on  account  of  the  great  need  for 
some  such  work  in  the  schools  of  the  Northwest.  Geographically  it 
covers  Oregon,  Idaho,  Washington,  and  the  coastal  region  of  south- 
western British  Columbia. 

The  usual  limited  spring  flora  omits  so  many  plants  that  the  user 
must  know  beforehand  the  name  of  the  particular  plant  whose  name 
he  is  seeking,  in  order  that  he  may  find  by  the  index  whether  the  book 
includes  or  omits  it.  This  is  absurd.  Usually  there  is  a  species  de- 
scription, whose  necessary  brevity  often  makes  it  do  equally  well  for 
a  number  of  species  not  included. 

In  this  book  the  keys  are  complete  so  far  as  they  go,  except  in  a  very 
few  genera  of  grasses,  in  which  the  limits  are  expressly  stated.  This 
will  enable  teachers  to  hand  out  for  analysis  plants  they  do  not  them- 
selves know.  This  is  specially  desirable  in  the  Northwest,  where 
teachers  may  move  to  other  schools  only  a  hundred  miles  away  and 
find  a  tremendous  change  in  the  flora.  It  is  unreasonable  in  the 
Northwest  to  expect  teachers  of  botany  to  know  all  the  local  plants, 
even  though  they  may  have  specialized  in  the  subject  in  an  under- 
graduate course. 

The  distinguishing  characteristics  of  a  plant  are  mostly  given  in  the 
keys.  Species  descriptions  are  little  more  than  a  repetition  of  these, 
together  with  a  number  of  others  too  general  to  distinguish  anything 
definitely.  It  is  a  waste  of  space  to  repeat  so  often  in  species  descrip- 
tions, while  omitting  so  much  that  is  wanted  in  the  keys  in  an  elemen- 
tary flora,  since  small  cost,  and  therefore  small  size,  is  one  of  the  primary 
requisites. 

The  persistent  and  regrettable  tendency  of  taxonomic  botanists  to 
elevate  varieties  to  specific  rank  has  resulted  in  the  separation  of  the 
species  of  many  genera  on  such  minute  or  trifling  characteristics  that 
in  the  opinion  of  the  writers  it  is  not  advisable  in  many  cases  for  the 
beginner  to  go  beyond  the  genus. 

Many  of  the  common  cultivated  crop  plants,  the  bad  weeds,  and  the 
medicinal  plants  are  indicated  by  a  few  words. 

The  derivation  of  the  generic  name  is  given  after  the  genus  descrip- 
tion. This  often  helps  to  associate  the  name  with  some  characteristic 
of  the  plants. 

3 


302865 


INTRODUCTION 


In'tKe  cofrimoh  names  >there  is  much  confusion  and  duplication. 
We  have  herein  given  one  common  name  for  each  species  in  so  far  as 
such  are  known  to  us,  choosing  the  one  most  common  or  most  appli- 
cable when  there  were  several. 

To  illustrate  the  use  of  the  keys  let  us  take  the  common  large-leaved 
maple.  Beginning  on  page  (7)  with  the  KEY  TO  FAMILIES,  compare 
A  with  AA;  evidently  this  maple  falls  under  AA.  Compare  the 
next  letter  (C)  under  AA  with  its  double  (CC)  ;  this  maple  goes  to 
CC,  which  refers  to  the  KEY  TO  THE  DICOTYLEDONS  on  page  (10). 
There  compare  A  with  AA,  to  find  it  goes  to  A ;  then  the  first  letter 
(B)  under  A  with  its  double  (BB),  tracing  it  to  B,  which  refers  to 
Group  3,  p.  n.  There  trace  through  letters  in  like  manner  to  the 
family  ACERACEAE,  page  148.  Comparing  the  plant  with  the  family 
description,  whose  chief  characteristics  are  in  italics,  it  is  found  to 
agree.  Since  there  is  only  one  genus  (ACER)  in  this  family,  no  key 
is  necessary,  and  it  follows  directly.  To  the  right  of  it  is  the  common 
name  of  the  group,  MAPLE.  Comparing  the  plant  with  the  genus 
description,  short  in  this  case,  it  is  found  to  agree.  Under  it  compare 
A  with  AA,  tracing  it  to  A;  compare  then  B,  BB,  BBB,  finding  it 
goes  to  BB.  Then  follows  W.  C.  E.,  which  gives  its  distribution 
(see  abbreviations,  p.  5)  ;  then  follows  A.  macrophyllum,  the  scien- 
tific name.  In  this  A.  is  the  abbreviation  of  the  genus  name,  ACER ; 
and  macrophyllum  is  the  species  name.  "  Large-leaved  Maple "  fol- 
lows, and  is  the  common  name  of  this  particular  maple. 

That  the  book  is  free  from  errors  is  not  a  reasonable  hope  on  account 
of  the  great  amount  of  detail  of  fact  and  arrangement.  We  would  be 
glad  to  have  our  attention  called  to  errors  that  they  may  be  corrected 

in  future  editions. 

T.  C.  FRYE, 
GEO.   B.  R1GG. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

ABBREVIATIONS 5 

ENGLISH  AND  METRIC  SCALES 6 

KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES       .                                  .  7 

GYMNOSPERMS 29 

ANGIOSPERMS       ....                 34 

Monocotyledons '34 

Dicotyledons          .                           .  7° 

GLOSSARY ...                 .  239 

INDEX 249 


ABBREVIATIONS 

C.  =  In  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

E.  =  East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

F.  &  R.  =  Frye  &  Rigg's  Northwest  Flora ;  University  Bookstore,  Seattle. 
Gr.  =  Greek. 

Jap.  =  Japanese. 
L.  =  Latin, 
p.  =  page, 
pp.  =  pages. 

U.  =  Southwestern   Oregon,   and   not   otherwise   west   of   the   Cascade 
Mountains. 

W.  =  West  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 


10  CENTIMETER5  =  I  DECIMETER 

2     

^t 

COMPARISON  OF  ENGLISH  AND  METRIC  SCALES. 

«     — 

— 

— 

CO 

= 

•0 

K 

— 

5—  3^ 

1,  i  — 

UJ 
S  — 

tfi 

UJ 

r 

io          j 

:ZE 
^= 

w? 

V 

*     —  — 

1 

— 

»o 

:= 

— 

M 



— 

^^^ 

FAMILY    KEY 


A.  GYMNOSPERMS  (CONE  BEARERS)  —  Trees  or  shrubs,  evergreen  (except  Larix), 
cone-bearers  (except  Taxus  and  Juniperus) ;  leaves  either  needles  or  scales ; 
ovules  not  inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

B.  Fruit  a  red  berry;  leaves  complanate,  scattered,  needle-like,  flat,  sharply 
acute  or  acuminate ;  ovule  i ;  flowers  dioecious,  solitary,  axillary. 

TAXACEAE  (p.  29) 

BB.  Fruit  either  a  woody  cone  or  a  bluish  berry ;  leaves  not  agreeing  with  the 
above  in  all  points ;  ovules  2  to  several  on  each  scale ;  flowers  mostly  monoecious, 
mostly  several  grouped  together  forming  cones ;  cones  usually  axillary. 

PINACEAE  (p.  29) 

AA.  ANGIOSPERMS  (OVARY  PLANTS)  —  Trees  or  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  not 
evergreen ;  inflorescence  rarely  conelike ;  leaves  rarely  needles  or  scales ;  ovules 
inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

C.  MONOCOTYLEDONS  —  Herbs  or  one  a  vining  shrub  (Smilax),  some  leafless  and 
floating ;  leaves  parallel-veined,  or  the  chief  veins  from  the  base,  or  i-veined,  or 
none ;  flower  parts  in  3's,  rarely  in  4*3,  never  in  5*3 ;  wood  usually  in  bundles 
scattered  throughout  the  stem;  cotyledon  i. 

D.    Plants  free-floating;  body  thalloid,  without  a  distinct  stem  or  leaf;  roots 

unbranched  or  none.  LEMNACEAE  (p.  51) 

DD.    Plants  not  free-floating,  or  if  so  having  leaves ;  leaves  usually  present ;  stem 

present  or  the  leaves  tufted  at  base ;  roots  present,  usually  branched. 

E.    Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  grasslike.  GROUP  i  (p.  7) 

EE.    Leaves  none,  or  mere  scales,  or  at  least  some  of  them  too  wide  to  be  linear. 

GROUP  2  (p.  9) 

CC.  DICOTYLEDONS  —  Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees,  never  leafless  when  floating; 
leaves  netted-veined,  or  the  chief  veins  from  the  base,  or  i-veined,  or  none; 
flower  parts  rarely  in  3's,  mostly  in  4*3  or  s's ;  wood  usually  in  a  circle  or  in 
several  concentric  circles  about  a  central  pith;  cotyledons  2. 

KEY  TO  THE  DICOTYLEDONS  (p.  10) 

GROUP  1  —  Monocotyledons  with  narrow  leaves 

A.    Plants  growing  in  salt  water  near  the  low-tide  line,  submerged  in  the  sea; 

leaves  3-20  dm.  long,  flat  or  folded  lengthwise.  NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 

AA.    Plants  not  growing  near  the  low-tide  line  of  the  sea,  although  sometimes 

growing  along  seashores ;  leaves  often  not  as  above. 

B.     Plants  submerged  in  fresh  or  saline  waters;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  not  over 

5  mm.  wide. 
C.    Leaves  toothed  at  margin,  0.4-2  mm.  wide,  8-25  mm.  long. 

Naias  in  NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 
7 


8  FAMILY  KEY 

CC.    Leaves  entire. 
D.    Leaves  i  mm.  or  less  wide,  2-10  cm.  long;    stipules  2  cm.  or  less  long. 

Zannichellia  in  NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 
DD.     Leaves  2-4  mm.  wide,  0.5-1  cm.  long;   stipules  none. 

Philotria  in  HYDROCHARITACEAE  (p.  36) 
BB.     Either  not  water  plants,  or  else  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  basal  or  none  or 

rarely  a  few  of  the  upper  opposite;  leaves  often  more  than  5  mm.  wide. 
E.     Plants  submerged  or  partly  floating,  but  nothing  other  than  the  inflorescence 

rising  out  of  the  water. 
F.     Plant  stemless;  leaves  basal,  terete,  1-45  mm.  in  diameter. 

Lilaea  in  NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 

FF.     Plants  with  evident  stem;  leaves  mostly  flat,  less  than  1.5  mm.  in  diam- 
eter if  terete. 

G.     Leaves  either  with  distinct  dilated  stipular  sheath  or  with  axillary  stipules ; 
flowers  greenish,  4  to  many  in  an  umbel-like  or  spikelike  cluster. 

NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 

GG.     Leaves  with  neither  dilated  sheath  nor  axillary  stipules. 
H.     Leaves  equitant;    flowers  10  or  more  in  a  head,  monoecious,  greenish 
or  whitish.  SPARGANIACEAE  (p.  34) 

HH.     Leaves  not  equitant;  flowers  1-2  in  a  cluster,  perfect,  bright  yellow. 

PONTEDERIACEAE   (p.  51) 

EE.     Plants  not  submerged  nor  floating,  at  least  rising  out  of  the  water  if  growing 

in  it. 
I.    Flowers  in  a  spadix;  leaves  resembling  those  of  cat-tails. 

Acorus  in  ARACEAE  (p.  51) 

n.     Flowers  not  in  a  spadix;  leaves  often  not  as  above. 
J.     Flowers  surrounded  by  chaffy  bracts  or  bristles  or  fine  hairs,  and  no  other 

perianth  present,  or  no  perianth  at  all. 

K.     Cat-tails;    perianth  of  many  fine  hairs;  flowers  in  a  cylindric  spikelike 

cluster  10  cm.  or  more  long  and  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter.    TYPHACEAE  (p.  34) 

KK.     Not  cat-tails;  perianth  none,  or  of  chaffy  bracts,  or  of  stiff  usually  serrate 

bristles,  or  of  fine  hairs  (Eriophorum);  flowers  either  not  in  spikes  or  the 

spikes  smaller. 

L.  Perianth  of  1-3  chaffy  bracts,  or  of  hairs  or  bristles,  or  none  at  all; 
ovary  i -celled,  i -seeded;  stems  hollow  or  not  so;  flowers  often  in  spike- 
lets. 

M.  Flowers  monoecious,  each  subtended  by  3  chaffy  bracts;  fruits  aggre- 
gated into  spherical  burlike  heads;  growing  along  borders  of  ponds  in  mud 
or  shallow  water.  SPARGANIACEAE  (p.  34) 

MM.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  each  subtended  by  1-2  chaffy  bracts; 
fruits  rarely  aggregated  into  spherical  burlike  heads;  often  growing  on 
dry  land. 

N.     Leaves  2-ranked;    margins  of  leaf  sheath  not  united;    stem  hollow  in 

nearly  all  species;   fruit  a  grain.  GRAMINACEAE  (p.  36) 

NN.     Leaves  3-ranked;    margins  of  leaf  sheath  united;    stem  solid;  fruit 

an  akene.  CYPERACEAE  (p.  50) 

LL.     Perianth  of  6  similar  chaffy  bracts;    ovary  either  3-celled  or  i-celled 

with  3  parietal  placentae,  3  to  many  seeded;    stem  not  hollow;    flowers 

not  in  spikelets.  JUNCACEAE  (p.  52) 


FAMILY  KEY  9 

JJ.  Flowers  with  green  or  colored  perianth  which  is  not  chaff  nor  hair-like  nor 
bristle-like. 

O.  Leaves  without  petiole,  sheathing  at  base;  sheath  dilated  and  projecting 
as  stipular  points  where  it  joins  the  blade;  ovary  superior;  perianth  small, 
green,  not  flower-like.  JUNCAGINACEAE  (p.  35) 

OO.     Leaves  often  petioled,  sometimes  sheathing  at  base,  but  in  such  case  the 
sheath  not  projecting  as  stipular  points  where  it  joins  the  blade ;  ovary  supe- 
rior or  inferior;    perianth  often  conspicuous  and  colored,  flower-like  even 
when  greenish. 
P.     Ovary  superior;  flowers  regular. 

See  MELANTHACEAE,  LILIACEAE,  and  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  52) 
PP.     Ovary  inferior;  flowers  regular  or  irregular. 

Q.     Leaves  equitant;  flowers  regular;   stamens  and  style  not  coherent; 

anthers  3.  IRIDACEAE  (p.  65) 

QQ.     Leaves  not  equitant;  flowers  irregular;    stamens  and  style  coherent; 

anthers  1-2.  ORCHIDACEAE  (p.  66) 

GROUP  2  —  Monocotyledons  with  wide  leaves 

A.     Plant  with  a  skunk-like  odor ;   leaves  3-10  dm.  long,  oval :  flowers  forming  a 
fleshy  cone  (spadix)  5-15  cm.  long,  surrounded  by  a  bright  yellow  leaf  (spathe). 

Lysichiton  in  ARACEAE  (p.  51) 
AA.    Plant  without  skunk-like  odor;  leaves  either  not  oval  or  smaller;  inflorescence 

not  as  above. 

B.     Leaves  more  than  2,  all  basal,  ovate  or  oval  to  triangular-sagittate ;   petioles 
rather  long;  growing  in  mud  or  water  along  ponds.  ALISMACEAE  (p.  35) 

BB.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  points. 

C.     Plant  submerged,  although  sometimes  with  floating  leaves;  flowers  in  spikes, 
inconspicuous.  Potamogeton  in  NAIADACEAE  (p.  34) 

CC.     Plant  not  submerged,  although  occasionally  growing  in  wet  places;  flowers 
sometimes  in  spikes,  mostly  conspicuous. 
D.     Perianth  regular ;  ovary  superior  except  in  IRIDACEAE. 
E.     Flowers  enveloped  by  chaffy  bracts  and  without  other  perianth;  bracts  of 
the  perianth  green  or  brown,  less  than  i  cm.  long ;  plants  rushlike  or  grasslike. 

JUNCACEAE  (p.  52) 

EE.  Flowers  with  white  or  colored  corolla  or  perianth ;  perianth  not  chaffy, 
mostly  more  than  i  cm.  long;  plants  mostly  not  rushlike  but  often  grass- 
like. 

F.    Ovary  superior;    leaves  mostly  not  equitant;   either  stamens  4  or  6,  or 
else  3  and  also  3  staminodia. 
G.     Herbs,  without  tendrils. 

See  MELANTHACEAE,  LILIACEAE,  and  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  52) 
GG.     Climbing  shrubs,  with  stipular  tendrils.  SMILACEAE  (p.  64) 

FF.    Ovary  inferior;  leaves  equitant;  stamens  3;  staminodia  none. 

IRIDACEAE  (p.  65) 
DD.    Perianth  irregular;  ovary  inferior.  ORCHIDACEAE  (p.  66) 


10  FAMILY  KEY 


KEY   TO    THE    DICOTYLEDONS 

A.     Trees  or  shrubs  (including  woody  vines). 

B.     Leaves  opposite.  GROUP  3  (p.  n) 

BB.     Leaves  alternate. 

C.     Trees.  GROUP  4  (p.  13) 

CC.     Shrubs. 

D.     Leaves  compound.  GROUP  5  (p.  14) 

DD.     Leaves  simple. 

E.     Branches  with  spines  or  prickles;  leaves  not  evergreen.      GROUP  6  (p.  14) 
EE.     Branches  without  spines  or  prickles. 

F.     Leaves  evergreen.  GROUP  7  (p.  15) 

FF.     Leaves  deciduous.  GROUP  8  (p.  16) 

AA.     Herbs. 

G.     Stems  12  mm.  or  more  thick,  very  fleshy;   leaves  represented  by  conspicuous 
spines.  CACTACEAE  (p.  155) 

GG.     Stems  either  not  so  thick  or  else  not  fleshy;  leaves  not  mere  spines  in  case  the 
stem  is  fleshy. 
H.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

I.  Leaves  compound.  GROUP  9  (p.  17) 

II.  Leaves  simple. 

J.     Plant  prostrate,  matted,  very  prickly;   leaves  awl-shaped,  6-10  mm.  long, 
prickle-pointed,  very  dense;  on  sand  near  the  seashore. 

ILLECEBRACEAE  (p.  94) 
JJ.     Not  as  above  in  all  points. 

K.     Plant  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees;   leaves  mere  scales  or  normal, 
thick,  mostly  olive  or  whitish  green.  LORANTHACEAE  (p.  78) 

KK.     Plants  not  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees;    leaves  various,  usually 
normal. 

L.     Plant  densely  hoary  with  stellate  hairs,   straight  hairs  also  present; 
leaves  ovate,  entire,  obtuse,  at  base  cuneate  or  rounded,  1-5  cm.  long. 

Piscaria  in  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  145) 
LL.     Plant  not  hoary  with  stellate  pubescence;    leaves  mostly  not  fitting 

the  above. 

M.     Leaves  in  whorls  of  3  or  more,  the  whorls  scattered  along  elongated 
stems.  GROUP  10  (p.  18) 

MM.     Leaves  opposite  or  merely  in  a  basal  or  a  terminal  whorl. 
N.     Plants  submerged  or  in  water  or  in  very  wet  places;   leaves  2  cm.  or 
less  long,  entire;    submerged  leaves   lanceolate  or'  narrower;  floating 
or  emersed  leaves  linear  to  obovate;   plant   chickweed-like  in  appear- 
ance, slender,  5-45  cm.  high  or  long;  ovary  4-celled;   styles  2. 

CALLITRICHACEAE  (p.  146) 

NN.     Plants  not  as  above  in  all  the  vegetative  characters. 
O.     Stems  prickly;  flowers  in  heads;   leaves  10-15  cm-  long,  lanceolate, 
sessile;  flower  parts  in  4's.  DIPSACACEAE  (p.  215) 

OO.     Either  stems  not  prickly  or  flowers  not  in  heads. 
P.     Twining  vines  with  palmately  veined  and  lobed  leaves. 

Eumtdus  in  MORACEAE  (p.  76) 
PP.     Not  vines,  or  if  so  leaves  not  as  above. 


FAMILY  KEY  II 

Q.     Corolla  none  or  of  separate  petals. 

R.     Ovary  and  fruit  superior.  GROUP  n  (p.  18) 

RR.     Ovary  and  fruit  inferior.  GROUP  12  (p.  20) 

QQ.     Corolla  of  united  petals. 
S.     Plants  with  milky  juice. 

T.     Ovaries  distinct    but  their  styles  and  stigmas  united,  carpels 

later  separating  into  2  distinct  fruits;    stamens  mostly  monadel- 

phous;  pollen  united  into  waxy  masses.  ASCLEPIADACEAE  (p.  181) 

TT.     Carpels  quite  distinct  even  in  flowering;    stamens  distinct; 

pollen  of  simple  grains.  APOCYNACEAE  (p.  181) 

SS.     Plants  without  milky  juice.  GROUP  13  (p.  20) 

HH.     Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal. 

U:     Leaves  compound.  GROUP  14  (p.  21) 

UU.     Leaves  simple. 
V.     Plants  without  green  color;  either  white  or  yellow  or  red  or  brown. 

GROUP  15  (p.  23) 

VV.     Plants  with  green  color,  although  also  often  with  other  colors  present. 
W.     Petals  none,  but  calyx  often  petal-like.  GROUP  16  (p.  23) 

WW.     Petals  present,  distinct  to  base. 
X.     Stamens  many,  at  least  more  than  10  and  twice  as  many  as  petals. 

GROUP  17  (p.  25) 

XX.     Stamens  10  or  fewer,  or  if  more  not  exceeding  twice  the  number  of 

petals.  GROUP  18  (p.  26) 

WWW.     Petals  present,  more  or  less  united.  GROUP  19  (p.  27) 

GROUP  3  —  Trees  and  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves 

A.     Leaves  compound. 

B.     Plants  vinelike,  climbing  by  their  petioles;    fruit  a  head  of  akenes  with  plumose 
tails.  Clematis  in  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 

BB.     Plants  not  vinelike,  not  at  all  climbing;  fruit  not  as  above. 
C.     Leaflets  entire  or  very  nearly  so;   fruit  i-winged.  OLEACEAE  (p.  178) 

CC.     Leaflets  serrate  or  toothed;  fruit  either  2-winged  or  a  berry. 
D.     Leaflets  serrate  with  close  regular  equal  projections;  fruit  a  berry,  not  winged. 

Sambucus  in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 

DD.     Leaflets  toothed  or  lobed  with  irregular  unequal  projections;    fruit  dry, 
2-winged.  ACERACEAE  (p.  148) 

AA.     Leaves  simple. 

E.    Leaves  palmately  veined,  or  with  3  or  more  large  veins  from  the  base. 
F.     Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils.  VITACEAE  (p.  150) 

FF.     Not  vines,  erect  or  spreading. 
G.     Leaves  palmately  lobed. 
H.     Fruit  a  red  drupe,  not  winged;  flowers  in  cymes ;  shrubs  6-30  dm.  high. 

Viburnum  in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 
HH.     Fruit  dry,  2-winged;  flowers  in  racemes  or  fascicles;   shrubs  or  trees. 

ACERACEAE  (p.  148) 

GG.     Leaves  not  palmately  lobed,  although  sometimes  coarsely  dentate. 
I.     Leaves  acute;  stipules  none;  petals  distinct  to  base;  fruit  a  capsule. 

HYDRANGEACEAE  (p.  123) 


12  FAMILY  KEY 

II.     Leaves  rounded  at  both  ends;  stipules  present;  petals  united  at  base;  fruit 
a  drupe.  Viburnum  in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 

EE.     Leaves  pinnately  veined,  with  only  i  large  vein  from  the  base. 
J.     Plants  parasitic  on  trees;  leaves  entire,  often  scalelike. 

LORANTHACEAE  (p.  78) 

JJ.     Plants  not  parasitic;  leaves  entire  or  not  entire,  usually  not  scalelike. 
K.    Leaves  densely  scurfy  at  least  beneath.  ELEAGNACEAE  (p.  156) 

KK.     Leaves  not  scurfy. 

L.     Plants  hoary,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect;   bark  ashy-gray,  shreddy;    leaves  2.5 
cm.  or  less  long,  entire,  obtuse  or  retuse,  spatulate  to  obovate. 

Ramona  in  MENTHACEAE  (p.  194) 

LL.     Plants  not  hoary,  often  taller  or  vinelike;  bark  not  as  above;  leaves  various. 
M.     Leaves  scalelike,  2-4  mm.  long;    plants  3    dm.  or  less   high,  erect  or 
ascending.  Cassiope  in  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 

MM.     Leaves  not  scalelike,  mostly  longer;  plants  various. 
N.     Small  creeping  vine  with  mint  odor. 

Micromeria  in  MENTHACEAE  (p.  194) 
NN.     Either  not  a  vine  or  one  without  mint  odor. 

O.     Vines,  twining  or  merely  creeping.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 

OO.     Not  vines,  erect  or  decumbent. 
P.     Petals  united;  leaves  entire  or  coarsely  lobed. 

Q.     Plants  of  peat  bogs;  leaf  margin  re  volute;  ovary  superior;  fruit  dry. 

Kalmia  in  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 
OQ-     Not  plants  of  peat  bogs;  leaf  margin  plane. 

R.  Ovary  inferior;  stamens  all  anther-bearing,  as  many  as  the  corolla 
lobes;  either  fruit  berry-like  or  plant  creeping. 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 

RR.  Ovary  superior;  anther-bearing  stamens  i  fewer  than  the  corolla 
lobes,  antherless  stamen  i;  fruit  dry;  plant  not  creeping. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

PP.     Petals  distinct;  leaves  entire  or  serrulate  or  spinose-toothed. 
S.     Twigs  conspicuously  4-angled. 
T.     Leaves  entire,  evergreen,  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Garry  a  in  CORN  ACE  AE  (p.  168) 
TT.     Leaves  serrulate,  deciduous,  acuminate. 

Euonymus  in  CELASTRACEAE  (p.  147) 
SS.     Twigs  not  4-angled. 
U.     Leaves  3  cm.  or  more  long,  entire;  stipules  minute. 

CORN  ACE  AE  (p.  1 68) 

UU.  Leaves  3  cm.  or  less  long,  serrulate  at  least  above  the  middle  or 
spine-toothed  or  rarely  quite  entire;  stipules  either  none,  or  large  and 
warty. 

V.  .Leaves  serrulate  above  the  middle,  without  conspicuous  divergent 
parallel  veins;  flower  parts  in  4*5;  ovary  2-celled. 

Pachistima  in  CELASTRACEAE  (p.  147)  • 

W.  Leaves  either  entire  or  spine-toothed  near  the  apex,  with  nu- 
merous conspicuous  straight  parallel  veins  diverging  from  the  mid- 
vein;  flower  parts  in  s's;  ovary  3-celled. 

Ceanothus  in  RHAMNACEAE  (p.  149) 


FAMILY   KEY 


GROUP  4  —  Trees  with  alternate  leaves 

A.    Leaves  compound.  Sorbus  in  MALACEAE  (p.  132) 

AA.     Leaves  simple. 
B.     Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen. 

C.     Bark  conspicuously  reddish,  peeling  off  in  great  patches;  leaves  oval  or  ellip- 
tical, 7-15  cm.  long;  fruit  a  red  berry.  Arbutus  in  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 
CC.     Bark  not  conspicuously  reddish,  not  conspicuously  peeling  off;  leaves  vari- 
ous. 

D.     Leaves  oblanceolate,   5-10  cm.  long,    12-25   mm.  wide,   either  entire  or 

serrate  near  the  tip.  MYRICACEAE  (p.  73) 

DD.     Leaves  not  oblanceolate,  often  not  as  above  in  size  or  margin. 

E.     Leaves  either  cuneate-obovate,  or  else  lanceolate  and  only  1-2.5  cm.  long; 

fruit  akenes,  with  hairy  tails  5-15  cm.  long.  Cercocarpus  in  ROSACE AE  (p.  125) 

EE.     Leaves  not  cuneate-obovate,  not  lanceolate  unless  more  than  2.5  cm. 

long;  fruit  not  akenes,  not  tailed. 

F.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  not  scurfy; 
fruit  a  drupe  about  2  cm.  long.  LAURACEAE  (p.  104) 

FF.  Leaves  either  not  lanceolate  or  scurfy  beneath  if  so;  fruit  dry,  a  nut 
(acorn)  in  a  cup,  or  else  several  nuts  in  a  long  prickly  involucral  cover. 

FAGACEAE  (p.  75) 

BB.     Leaves  mostly  herbaceous,  deciduous. 

G.     Bark  plainly  splitting  around  the  trunk  rather  than  longitudinally. 
H.     Flowers  in  aments  or  conelike  clusters,  sessile;   fruits  grouped  into  a  dry 
conelike  mass;  terminal  winter  buds  none.  BETULACEAE  (p.  73) 

HH.     Flowers  in  racemes  or  umbels,  pedicelled;   fruits  separate,  flesh>,  drupes; 
terminal  winter  buds  present.  AMYGDALACEAE  (p.  134) 

GG.     Bark  splitting  longitudinally. 

I.     Staminate  flowers  in  aments  and  sometimes  the  pistillate  flowers  also. 
J.     Fruit  an  aggregate  berry,  blackberry-like.         Morus  in  MORACEAE  (p.  76) 
JJ.     Fruit  dry,  nutlike  or  conelike. 

K.  Fruit  a  cup  containing  an  acorn;  leaves  often  deeply  lobed  or  cleft; 
primary  lateral  veins  extending  into  the  teeth;  winter  buds  with  more 
than  2  scales;  terminal  winter  buds  present.  FAGACEAE  (p.  75) 

KK.  Fruits  in  a  conelike  or  ament-like  cluster;  leaves  in  most  species 
shallowly  if  at  all  lobed;  bud  scales  i  to  many;  terminal  winter  buds  present 
or  none. 

L.     Primary  lateral  leaf  veins  extending  into  the  teeth  or  lobes;    seed  a 

winged  nutlet;  calyx  present;  bracts  thick  in  fruit.      BETULACEAE  (p.  73) 

LL.     Primary  lateral  leaf  veins  arching  and  uniting  within  the  margins; 

seed  hairy;  calyx  none;  bracts  thin  in  fruit.  SALICACEAE  (p.  70) 

n.     Flowers  not  in  aments. 

M.     Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  falcate,  distinctly  oblique  at  base,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, 3-veined  from  the  base.  Celtis  in  ULMACEAE  (p.  76) 
MM.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  the  characters  mentioned. 
N.     Fruit  dry,  wing-margined.                                Ulmus  in  ULMACEAE  (p.  76) 
NN.     Fruit  fleshy,  not  even  angular. 

O.     Petals  6  mm.  or  more  long;    stamens  many;  leaves  usually  distinctly 
serrate;   winter  buds  covered  with  scales.  MALACEAE  (p.  132) 


I4  FAMILY  KEY 

OO.     Petals  5  mm.  or  less  long;   stamens  5;  leaves  entire  or  finely  serrate; 
winter  buds  naked;  taste  of  the  bark  characteristic. 

Rhamnus  in  RHAMNACEAE  (p.  149) 

GROUP  5  —  Shrubs  with  alternate  compound  leaves 

A.     Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  spine-toothed  at  margin,  bunched  at  the  stem  tips; 

stems  not  prickly.  Berberis  in  BERBERIDACEAE  (p.  103) 

AA.     Leaves  deciduous  or  evergreen;    the  evergreen  plants  with  leaves  scattered 

along  prickly  stems  and  without  spine-toothed  leaf  margins. 

B.     Twigs  dark-green,  sharply  4-angled,  very  long;  leaflets  3,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long, 
leaves  not  abundant;  fruit  a  beanlike  pod.       Cytisus  in  LEGUMINACEAE  (p.  135) 
BB.     Twigs  not  dark-green,  not  angled;  leaves  and  leaflets  various;  fruit  not  bean- 
like. 

C.    Either  vines  or  else  plants,  with  prickly  stems.  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

CC.     Not  vines;  stems  not  prickly. 
D.     Leaflets  7-31;  fruit  red. 

E.  Leaflets  13-31,  acuminate;   stem  simple  or  very  little  branched;   inflores- 
cence conical,  hairy;   fruit  with  red  hairs.  ANACARDIACEAE  (p.  147) 

EE.     Leaflets  7-17,  acute  to  obtuse;  stem  considerably  branched;  inflorescence 
flat-topped,  glabrous;  fruit  red,  glabrous.  Sorbus  in  MALACEAE  (p.  132) 

DD.     Leaflets  3-7;  fruit  red  or  some  other  color. 

F.  Leaflets  subulate  to  linear,  sharp-pointed.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 
FF.     Leaflets  not  subulate  nor  sharp-pointed. 

G.     Leaflets  0.4-2.5  cm.  long;    either  the  plant  silky -villous  or  the  leaflets 
cuneiform.  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

GG.    Leaflets  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;  plant  glabrous;  leaflets  not  cuneiform. 

ANACARDIACEAE  (p.  147) 

GROUP  6  —  Shrubs    with    alternate    simple    deciduous 
leaves  and  spiny  or  prickly  branches 

A.    Leaves  palmately  veined. 

B.     Twigs  12-25  mm.  thick;   leaves  15-40  cm.  wide;   inflorescence  terminal,  con- 
ical, of  very  many  flowers.  Echinopanax  in  ARALIACEAE  (p.  162) 
BB.     Twigs  6  mm.  or  less  thick;  leaves  7  cm.  or  less  wide;  inflorescence  lateral  and 
few-flowered,  or  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 

C.     Plant  prostrate,  creeping.  Rubus  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

CC.     Plant  erect  or  spreading.  GROSSULARIACEAE  (p.  124) 

AA.     Leaves  pinnately  veined  or  i -veined. 

D.     Spines  few,  very  stout,   1.5-5  cm.  long;    leaves  serrate,  ovate  to  obovate, 

2.5-7.5  cm.  long.  Crataegus  in  MALACEAE  (p.  132) 

D  D .     Spines  more  slender,  often  shorter ;  leaves  entire,  usually  narrower  and  shorter. 

E.     Leaves  8-12  mm.  long;   petals  white.    Forsellesia  in  CELASTRACEAE  (p.  147) 

EE.     Leaves  12-37  nun.  long;  petals  yellow  or  none. 

F.     Flowers  in  heads;  at  least  the  young  parts  of  the  plant  white- woolly;  petals 
yellow.  Tetradymia  in  COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  218) 

FF.     Flowers  not  in  heads;  young  parts  of  the  plant  often  mealy  or  pubescent 
but  rarely  white- woolly;  petals  yellow  or  none. 


FAMILY  KEY  15 

G.    Petals  yellow,    10-15   mm.   long;    leaves  sometimes  lanceolate,   mostly 
acicular  and  about  12  mm.  long.  Ulex  in  LEGUMINACEAE  (p.  135) 

GG.     Petals  none;  leaves  linear  to  obovate,  12-37  mm.  long. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  (p.  83) 

GROUP  7  —  Shrubs  with  alternate  simple  evergreen  leaves 
and  without  spines  or  prickles  on  the  branches 

A.  Staminate  flowers  in  aments;  fruits  in  an  ament-like  cluster,  or  composed  of  a  nut 
(acorn)  in  an  involucral  cup,  or  composed  of  1-3  nuts  in  a  very  spiny  involucral 
covering. 

B.    Leaves  oblanceolate,  mostly  serrate  near  the  tip,  not  scurfy  beneath;  fruits  in 

an  ament-like  cluster.  MYRICACEAE  (p.  73) 

BB.    Leaves  either  not  oblanceolate,  or  else  scurfy  beneath  and  the  margin  entire. 

FAGACEAE  (p.  75) 

AA.     Flowers  not  in  aments;  fruit  not  as  above. 
C.     Petals  none  or  distinct  to  the  base. 
D.     Sepals  3  or  6;  petals  3  or  none;  leaves  with  only  i  chief  vein  from  the  base. 

E.  Leaves  not  aromatic,  linear-oblong,  crowded,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long,  revolute 
at  margin;    stamens  2-4;   ovaries  2  to  several;    drupe  4-6  mm.  long;    plant 
1-4.5  dm.  high.  EMPETRACEAE  (p.  146) 

EE.  Leaves  very  aromatic,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute,  rounded  to  acute  at  base, 
5-10  cm.  long,  not  revolute  at  margin;  stamens  9;  ovary  i;  drupe  20-25 
mm.  long;  plant  3-21  m.  high.  LAURACEAE  (p.  104) 

DD.     Sepals  4-5;  petals  4-5  or  none. 

F.  Petals  none;    stamens  15-25;    fruit  an  akene,  with  a  hairy  tail  5-10  cm. 
long.  Cercocarpus  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

FF.  Petals  present;  stamens  10  or  fewer;  fruit  either  fleshy  or  a  capsule,  not 
tailed. 

G.     Leaves  either  densely  woolly  beneath,  or  with  red  hairs  on  the  petiole  and 
the  veins  beneath.  Ledum  in  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 

GG.     Leaves  not  woolly  beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

H.     Shrub  7.5-30  cm.  high;    leaves  sharply  serrate;    stamens   10;    ovary 

5-celled.  Chimaphila  in  PYROLACEAE  (p.  169) 

HH.     Shrub  taller;    leaves  entire  or  serrulate;    stamens  4-5;    ovary  2-4- 

celled.  RHAMNACEAE  (p.  149) 

CC.     Petals  and  sepals  both  present;  petals  more  or  less  united  into  i  piece. 

I.     Ovary  inferior;  leaves  oval  to  ovate,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  not  densely  crowded. 

VACCINIACEAE  (p.  174) 

n.     Ovary  superior;  leaves  often  not  agreeing  with  the  above. 

J.     Leaves  lanceolate,  7.5-15  cm.  long;  corolla  purple,  10—13  mm.  long,  tubular 

or  funnelform.  Eriodictyon  in  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  185) 

JJ.    Leaves  either  not  lanceolate  or  else  smaller;    corolla  not  as  above  in  all 

points.  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 


16  FAMILY  KEY 

GROUP  8  —  Shrubs  with  alternate  simple  deciduous  leaves 
and  without  spines  or  prickles  on  the  branches 

A.     Leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  3-g-parted  or  -divided;  leaf  segments  subulate  or 
linear,  sharp-pointed,  8-20  mm.  long.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 

AA.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  points. 

B.     Staminate  and  sometimes  also  the  pistillate  flowers  in  aments. 
C.     Ovary  superior;  pistillate  flowers  also  in  aments;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious. 

D.     Calyx  none;  bracts  thin  in  fruit;  seed  not  winged. 

E.     Bracts  scaly;  fruit  a  i-seeded  nutlet,  wax-coated  or  drupelike;   seed  not 
hairy;  winter  buds  with  many  scales.  MYRICACEAE  (p.  73) 

EE.     Bracts  herbaceous;    fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,   neither  wax-coated 
nor  drupelike;  seed  hairy;  winter  buds  with  only  i  scale. 

SALICACEAE  (p.  70) 
DD.     Calyx  present;  bracts  thick  hi  fruit;  seed  a  winged  nutlet. 

BETULACEAE  (p.  73) 
CC.     Ovary  inferior;    pistillate  flowers  few  or  solitary,  not  in  aments;    flowers 

monoecious. 

F.     Nut  in  a  spineless  and  either  foliaceous  or  tubular  involucre;   anther  cells 
separate;  leaves  velvety  to  the  touch.  Corylus  in  BETULACEAE  (p.  73) 

FF.     Nut  either  in  a  spiny  or  in  a  cuplike  involucre;   anthers  2-celled;   leaves 
not  velvety  to  the  touch.  FAGACEAE  (p.  75) 

BB.     Flowers  in  heads.  COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  218) 

BBB.     Flowers  neither  in  aments  nor  in  heads,  though  sometimes  in  dense  spikes. 
G.     Leaves  palmately  veined  or  3-veined  from  the  base. 
H.    Leaves  more  or  less  lobed. 

I.     Pistils  more  than  i;    fruit  either  dry  or  else  an  aggregate  composed  of 
the  ripened  ovaries.  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

n.     Pistil  only  i ;  fruit  a  berry  composed  of  the  single  ripened  ovary. 

GROSSULARIACEAE  (p.  124) 
HH.     Leaves  not  at  all  lobed. 

J.    Leaves  somewhat  falcate,  very  unequal  at  base,  sharply  serrate,  acute  or 

acuminate.  ULMACEAE  (p.  76) 

JJ.     Leaves  not  falcate,  equal  at  base,  often  with  margin  and  apex  not  as 

above.  RHAMNACEAE  (p.  149) 

GG.     Leaves  i -veined,  or  pinnately  veined  with  only  i  chief  vein  from  the  base. 

K.     Petals  none;  leaves  entire. 

L.     Stipules  present;   plant  not  mealy;   sepals  petal-like  or  scarious  or  scale- 
like.  POLYGONACEAE  (p  79) 
LL.     Stipules  none;  young  parts  of  the  plant  often  mealy;   sepals  herbaceous. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  (p.  83) 
KK.     Petals  present;  leaves  entire  or  not. 
M.     Ovary  superior. 
N.     Petals  distinct  to  base. 

O.     Stamens  many,  25  or  more;  pistils  often  more  than  i. 
P.     Fruit  i  or  more  dry  pods  or  akenes.  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

PP.     Fruit  1-5  fleshy  drupes.  AMYGDALACEAE  (p.  134) 


FAMILY  KEY  17 

OO.     Stamens  4-10;  pistil  only  i. 

Q.     Flowers  solitary,  terminal  or  in  the  axils,  red;    stamens  10;    leaves 
lanceolate,  petiole  and  the  veins  beneath  red-hairy. 

Cladothamnus  in  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 

QQ.     Flowers  in  clusters,  white  or  blue;  stamens  4-5;  leaves  not  as  above. 

RHAMNACEAE  (p.  149) 

NN.     Petals  more  or  less  united  into  i  piece. 
R.     Ovary  and  fruit  2-celled;  corolla  rotate;  fruit  a  red  or  blue  berry. 

Solanum  in  SOLAN  ACE  AE  (p.  197) 

RR.     Ovary    and    fruit    3-5-celled;     corolla    campanulate    to    urn-shaped, 
or  when  rotate  the  fruit  dry.  ERICACEAE  (p.  171) 

MM.     Ovary  inferior. 

S.     Petals  distinct;   twigs  not  4-angled  nor  conspicuously  green;   stamens  20. 

MALACEAE  (p.  132) 

SS.     Petals  more  or  less  united  into  i  piece;    twigs  somewhat  4-angled  and 
dark-green;   stamens  10  or  fewer.  VACCINIACEAE  (p.  174) 

GROUP  9  —  Dicotyledonous  herbs   with   compound  leaves 
either  opposite  or  in  whorls 

A.     Plants  submerged  or  floating;  leaves  dissected  into  capillary  or  very  narrow  seg- 
ments. 

B.     Leaves  5-12  in  a  whorl;   leaf  segments  often  with  some  teeth  and  thus  stag- 
horn-like.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE  (p.  95) 
BB.     Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  or  not  over  4  in  a  whorl;  leaf  segments  without 
teeth,  not  stag-horn-like. 

C.     Leaf  segments  all  pinnately  arranged  on  the  leaf  axis;  leaves  without  bladders. 

Myriophyllum  in  HALORAGIDACEAE  (p.  162) 

CC.     Leaves  repeatedly  dichotomous;  leaf  segments  not  pinnately  arranged  on  the 
leaf  axis;  leaves  often  with  bladders.      Utricidaria  in  PINGUICULACEAE  (p.  210) 
AA.     Plants  either  not  growing  in  water,  or  else  their  leaves  divided  into  wider  seg- 
ments or  leaflets. 
D.     Petals  distinct. 

E.     Pistils  several,  in  fruit  each  with  a  plumose  tail  2.5-5  cm.  long;   leaflets  not 
terete;  plants  often  somewhat  vining.         Clematis  in  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 
EE.     Pistils  1-2,  without  plumose  tail  even  in  fruit. 

F.  Leaves  sessile,  divided  into  terete  fleshy  segments  from  the  base,  thus  ap- 
pearing to  be  whorled;  carpels  5,  united;  ovary  superior,  i -celled;  sepals  4-6 
mm.  long.  Spergula  in  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  (p.  90) 

FF.  Leaves  evidently  not  whorled;  leaf  segments  not  terete;  carpels  2,  loosely 
connected,  each  i-celled;  ovary  inferior;  sepals  less  than  4  mm.  long. 

UMBELLACEAE  (p.  163) 

FFF.  Leaves  pinnately  compound,  not  whorled;  leaf  segments  not  terete;  carpels 
5,  united,  each  i-celled;  ovary  superior;  sepals  2-8  mm.  long. 

Erodium  in  GERANIACEAE  (p.  143) 
DD.     Petals  united  at  least  at  the  base. 
G.     Ovary  superior  or  mainly  so. 

H.     Leaves  whorled.  Pedicularis  in  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

HH.     Leaves  opposite. 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  2 


1 8  FAMILY  KEY 

I.  Style  i,  3-lobed  at  apex;    capsule  3-valved,  3-celled;    placentae  usually 

axial.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 

II.  Styles  2,  often  more  or  less  united  at  base,  sometimes  united  nearly  to 
apex;  capsule  2-valved,  i-celled;  placentae  2,  parietal. 

Nemophila  in  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  185) 
GG.     Ovary  inferior  or  mainly  so. 
J.    Flowers  in  terminal  cymes;  stamens  3;  leaves  3-5-foliolate. 

Valeriana  in  VALERIANACEAE  (p.  214) 
JJ.    Flowers  in  heads;  stamens  4-5;  leaves  various.    COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  218) 

GROUP  10  —  Dicotyledonous  herbs  with  simple   leaves  in 
whorls  of  3  or  more  scattered  along  the  stem 

A.     Stem  square;  leaves  4-8  in  a  whorl;  fruit  very  deeply  2-lobed  or  separating  into 

2  distinct  carpels.  Galium  in  RUBIACEAE  (p.  211) 

AA.     Either  the  stem  terete  or  else  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  2-3;  fruit  not  deeply  lobed, 

not  separating  into  distinct  carpels. 
B.     Plants  growing  in  water;  stem  simple;  stamen  i. 

Hippuris  in  HALORAGIDACEAE  (p.  162) 
BB.     Plants  of  ordinary  dry  soil;   stem  normally  not  simple;    stamens  2-10  (in 

Euphorbia  only  i). 

C.    Leaves  terete,  8-16  in  a  whorl;  styles  5.    Spergula  in  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  (p.  90) 
CC.    Leaves  flat,  2-6  in  a  whorl;  styles  i  or  3. 

D.     Leaves  4-6  in  a  whorl,  2.5  cm.  or  less  long,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate;  stems 
prostrate;  styles  3.  AIZOACEAE  (p.  86) 

DD.     Leaves  2-4  in  a  whorl,  often  longer,  blade  often  widest  below  its  middle; 

stems  not  prostrate  (except  sometimes  in  Euphorbia). 
E.     Sepals  2-3,  distinct;  petals  4  or  6,  distinct. 

Platystigma  in  PAPAVERACEAE  (p.  104) 
EE.     Sepals  either  none  or  4-8  and  all  somewhat  united  into  i  piece;   petals 

none  or  united  into  i  piece. 
F.     Corolla  present;  stamens  4-8. 
G.    Leaves  in  several  whorls  along  an  elongated  stem. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE    (p.  198) 

GG.     Leaves  either  not  in  whorls  or  the  whorls  merely  basal  or  terminal. 

PRIMULACEAE  (p.  175) 

FF.     Corolla  none;  stamens  i  or  2  or  3  or  9. 
H.     Calyx  present;  stamens  more  than  i;  fruit  an  akene,  3-angled. 

POLYGONACEAE  (p.  79) 

HH.     Calyx  none;    stamen  i;    fruit  a   capsule,  3-celled,  terete   or   nearly 
so.  Euphorbia  in  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  145) 

GROUP  11  —  Apetalous    or     polypetalous     dicotyledonous 
herbs  with  opposite  simple  leaves  and  superior  ovary 

A.    Petals  none. 

B.    Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid;  leaf  segments  linear  to  lanceolate;  pistils  more  than  i; 
fruit  akenes  with  plumose  tails  2.5-3.7  cm.  long. 

Clematis  in  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 


FAMILY  KEY  19 

BB.     Leaves  not  dissected;  pistil  i;  fruit  without  plumose  tail. 
C.     Plants  with  milky  juice.  Euphorbia  in  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  145) 

CC.     Plants  without  milky  juice. 

D.     Plants  with  stinging  hairs;  stems  mostly  simple,  erect,  4-angled,  6-21  dm. 
high.  Urtica  in  URTICACEAE  (p.  76) 

DD.     Plants  without  stinging  hairs;  stems  not  as  above  in  all  points. 
E.     Seeds  several  to  many. 

F.     Sepals  5;   leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  ovate  or  narrower;   styles  or  sessile 
stigmas  2-5.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  (p.  89) 

FF.     Sepals  4;    leaves  crenate  to  pinnatifid,  often  reniform    to  orbicular; 
styles  and  stigmas  1—2. 
G.     Stamens  2  or  4;  style  i ;  leaves  not  wedge-shaped  at  base. 

Synthyris  in  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 
GG.     Stamens  8;  styles  2;  leaves  wedge-shaped  at  base. 

Chrysosplenium  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 
EE.     Seed  i. 

H.     Lower  leaves  2-lobed,  the  upper  entire;   stem  weak  and  slender;    styles 
and  stigmas  3.  Pterostegia  in  POLYGONACEAE  (p.  79) 

HH.     None  of  the  leaves  2-lobed;  stem  stiff  or  fleshy;  styles  or  stigmas  2. 

CHENOPODIACEAE  (p.  83) 
AA.     Petals  present. 

I.  Sepals  2;  plants  without  milk  juice.  PORTULACACEAE  (p.  86) 

II.  Sepals  or  calyx  segments  more  than  2,  or  else  plants  with  milky  juice. 
J.     Leaves  very  fleshy,  thick. 

K.     Stipules  none;  leaves  terete  or  flattish;  carpels  distinct  at  least  above,  thus 
making  the  ovary  3-s-lobed.  CRASSULACEAE  (p.  117) 

KK.     Stipules  scarious;   leaves  terete;    carpels  united  to  the  tip  and  thus  the 
ovary  not  lobed.  Tissa  in  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  (p.  94) 

JJ.     Leaves  not  fleshy,  thin  or  coriaceous. 
L.     Leaves  entire. 

M.    Leaves  obovate,  scattered  along  an  elongated  prostrate  or  floating  stem; 
sepals  and  stamens  2-4.  Elatine  in  ELATINACEAE  (p.  152) 

MM.     Leaves  not  obovate;    stems  often  not  as  above;    sepals  and  stamens 
usually  more  numerous. 

N.     Leaves  all  basal;    ovary  i -celled;    placentae  3-4,  parietal;    sepals  and 
petals  and  stamens  5  each.  Parnassia  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

NN.     Leaves  not  all  basal;   ovary  i-i8-celled;    placentae  axial  or  parietal; 
sepals  and  petals  and  stamens  not  always  5  each. 
O.     Sepals  2-3;  ovary  3-i8-celled;   placentae  parietal. 

PAPAVERACEAE  (p.  104) 

OO.     Sepals  4-6;  ovary  i-io-celled;  placentae  axial. 

P.  Leaves  punctate  with  immersed  pellucid  resinous  glands,  often  with 
small  black  spots;  petals  yellow,  often  black-spotted;  stamens  in  3  sets 
in  all  but  i  species.  HYPERICACEAE  (p.  152) 

PP.  Leaves  not  punctate,  not  black-spotted;  petals  not  yellow  (ex- 
cept in  i  species  of  Linum),  not  black-spotted;  stamens  not  in 
sets. 

Q.     Stem  4-angled.  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 

QQ.     Stem  terete. 


20  FAMILY  KEY 

R.     Leaves  all  opposite;  ovary  and  capsule  i -celled;  seed  not  oily. 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE  (p  89) 

RR.     Some  of   the   leaves  alternate;    ovary  and  capsule   2-io-celled; 
seed  oily.  LINACEAE  (p.  144) 

LL.     Leaves  not  entire. 

S.     Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  ovate  to  orbicular;    flower  i,  on  a  scape 

at  the  summit  of  the  simple  stem.  Moneses  in  PYROLACEAE  (p.  169) 

SS.     Leaves  deciduous,  herbaceous,  narrowed;    flowers  mostly  more  than  i; 

stem  usually  branched. 
T.     Stipules  present;  plant  glandular- pubescent ;  leaves  oblanceolate. 

Bergia  in  ELATINACEAE  (p.  152) 
TT.     Stipules  none;  plant  not  glandular;  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate. 

LINACEAE  (p.  144) 

GROUP  12  —  Apetalous     or     polypetalous     dicotyledonous 
herbs  with  opposite  simple  leaves  and  inferior  ovary 

A.     Flowers  in  heads;  heads  subtended  by  a  white  involucre;  involucre  bracts  4-6, 

6-17  mm.  long;  fruit  a  red  berry.  Cornus  in  CORNACEAE  (p.  168) 

AA.     Either  flowers  not  in  heads  or  else  involucre  not  white  when  present;  fruit  not  a 

berry,  not  red. 

B.     Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads.  UMBELLACEAE  (p.  163) 

BB.     Flowers  neither  in  umbels  nor  heads. 
C.     Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  involucrate  clusters. 

NYCTAGINACEAE  (p.  85) 

CC.     Flowers  either  not  in  clusters,  or  the  clusters  without  involucre. 
D.     Leaves  entire. 

E.     Leaves  ovate  to  reniform,  all  basal,  with  3-7  large  veins  from  the  base; 

marsh  plants.  Parnassia  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

EE.    Leaves  narrower,  not  all  basal,  with  only  i  large  vein  from  the  base; 

habitat  various. 

F.     Stem  4~5-angled;    leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong;    calyx  tube  less  than 

i  cm.  long.  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 

FF.     Stem  terete;   either  the  leaves  wider  than  in  F  or  the  calyx  tube  more 

than  i  cm.  long.  ONAGRACEAE  (p.  156) 

DD.     Leaves  not  entire. 

G.     Leaves  roundish,  abruptly  cuneate  at  base,  crenate  above;  petals  none; 

stems  repeatedly  forked;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  upper  forks  of  the 

stem.  Chrysosplenium  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

GG.     Leaves  not  fitting  the  above;    petals  2-4;    stems  simple  or  pinnately 

branched;  flowers  in  panicles  or  racemes.  ONAGRACEAE  (p.  156) 

GROUP  13  —  Dicotyledonous   herbs   with    opposite    simple 
leaves  and  sympetalous  corolla 

A.    Ovary  superior  or  mainly  so. 
B.     Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

C.    Leaves  markedly  thick  and  fleshy;  stamens  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla;  pistils  several,  simple.  CRASSULACEAE  (p.  117) 


FAMILY  KEY  21 

CC.     Leaves  not  markedly  thick  and  fleshy;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla  or  fewer;  pistil  i  and  compound  (except  possibly  in  BORAGINACEAE). 
D.     Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  4  separate  or  separable  nutlets. 

BORAGINACEAE  (p.  187) 
DD.     Ovary  deeply  2-lobed,  separating  or  separable  into  2  fleshy  or  dry  fruits. 

RUBIACEAE  (p.  2Il) 

DDD.     Ovary  not  deeply  lobed,  neither  separating  nor  separable  into  nutlets. 
E.     Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous;  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  or  in  a  raceme  or 
cyme  or  umbel;  ovary  and  capsule  4-s-celled.  PYROLACEAE  (p.  169) 

EE.     Leaves  mostly  not  evergreen,  not  coriaceous;  flowers  not  terminal  when 

the  leaves  are  evergreen. 

F.     Style  i ;  stigmas 3;  capsules-celled.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 

FF.     Styles  1-2;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  styles;   capsule  i-2-celled. 
G.     Leaves  entire. 

H.     Stamens  often  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes;    ovary  either   2-celled 

or  else  i-celled  with  parietal  placentae.  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

HH.     Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes;  ovary  i-celled;  placenta  central. 

I.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes;    plant  without  potato-like 
base.  GENTIANACEAE  (p.  178) 

II.  Stamens  opposite  the  corolla  lobes;  plant  from  small  potato-like  base. 

Trientalis  in  PRIMULACEAE  (p.  175) 
GG.     Leaves  not  entire. 

J.     Ovary  and  capsule  i -celled;    stamens  5;    leaves  deeply  pinnate-seg- 
mented. Nemophila  in  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  185) 
JJ.     Ovary  and  capsule  2-celled;   stamens  2-5;   leaves  various. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 
BB.     Corolla  irregular. 

K.     Leaves  all  in  a  basal  whorl.  PINGUICULACEAE  (p.  210) 

KK.     Leaves  not  all  in  a  basal  whorl. 

L.     Ovary  2-celled,  many-seeded.  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

LL.     Ovary  4-celled,  4-seeded. 

M.     Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  or  -parted;  flowers  i  to  many  in  the  leaf  axils,  or  in 
terminal  heads  or  spikes  or  racemes  or  panicles.  MENTHACEAE  (p.  192) 

MM.     Ovary  4-celled,  terete  or  nearly  so;    flowers  in  terminal  solitary  or 
clustered  spikes.  VERBENACEAE  (p.  192) 

AA.     Ovary  inferior  or  mainly  so. 
N.     Vinelike,  prostrate,  evergreen;  peduncles  2-flowered. 

Linnaea  in  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  (p.  212) 

NN.     Not  vinelike,  not  prostrate,  mostly  not  evergreen;  peduncles  not  2-flowered. 

O.     Stamens  3,  distinct;  flowers  in  most  species  not  in  heads;  calyx  4-toothed  or 

-lobed,  not  a  pappus.  VALERIAN  ACE  AE  (p.  214) 

OO.     Stamens  4-5,  their  anthers  united  ;  flowers  in  heads  ;  calyx  in  most  species  a 

pappus.  COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  2l8) 

GROUP  14  —  Dicotyledonous    herbs   with    alternate    com- 
pound leaves 

A.    Plants  submerged  or  floating ;  leaves  dissected  into  narrowly  linear  or  filiform 
segments  or  leaflets. 


22  FAMILY  KEY 

B.  Leaves  often  with  air  bladders;   corolla  2-lipped;   pistil  i. 

Utrkularia  in  PINGUICULACEAE  (p.  210) 

BB.     Leaves  without  bladders;  corolla  of  5  similar  separate  petals;  pistils  several. 

RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 
AA.     Plants  mostly  of  drier  habitat;  leaves  with  wider  segments  or  leaflets. 

C.  Petals  none  or  distinct  to  base. 
D.     Ovary  superior. 

E.     Flowers  regular. 
F.     Pistils  more  than  i. 

G.     Stamens  on  the  calyx  though  often  near  its  base;  stipules  usually  present. 

ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

GG.     Stamens  on  the  receptacle;  stipules  none.         RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 
FF.     Pistil  i. 
H.     Leaves  ternately  or  palmately  compound. 

I.  Leaflets  or  leaf  segments  3-5. 

J.     Styles  2;  stamens  5  or  10.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

JJ.     Style   i;    stamens  neither  exactly  5   nor   10. 

CAP?  ARID  ACE  AE     (p.     1 1 6) 

II.  Leaflets  or  leaf  segments  more  than  10. 

K.     Flowers  white;  sepals  4-6.        Eschscholtzia  in  PAPAVERACEAE  (p.  104) 
KK.     Flowers  yellow;  sepals  2.  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 

HH.     Leaves  pinnately  compound. 

L.     Plants  with  mustard  or  turnip  taste;  stamens  usually  6,  tetradynamous. 

CRUCIFERACEAE  (p.  106) 
LL.     Plants  without  mustard  or  turnip  taste;    stamens  very  rarely  6,  not 

tetradynamous. 

M.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes;  stigma  i;  ovary  simple;  plants  of  mead- 
ows. ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 
MM.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;    stigmas  2-5;    ovary  compound; 
plants  of  wet  places.                                              LIMNANTHACEAE  (p.  146) 
EE.     Flowers  irregular. 

N.     Stamens  5  or  10;  pistil  i.  LEGUMINACEAE  (p.  135) 

NN.     Stamens  12  to  many;  pistils  very  rarely  only  i. 

O.     Sepals  4;   plants  glandular-pubescent.  CAPPARIDACEAE  (p.  116) 

OO.     Sepals  5 ;  plants  not  glandular.  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 

DD.     Ovary  inferior. 

P.     Flowers  in  compound  umbels;  ovary  2-celled  or  the  2  carpels  almost  separate  ; 
fruit  dry.  UMBELLACEAE  (p.  163) 

PP.     Flowers  in  umbels;   umbels  in  simple  or  compound  panicles;   ovary  2-5- 
celled;  fruit  fleshy.  Aralia  in  ARALIACEAE  (p.  162) 

CC.     Petals  more  or  less  united,  but  sometimes  only  at  their  very  base. 
Q.     Corolla  irregular. 

R.     Sepals  4-5,  more  or  less  united;  petals  5;  stamens  5  or  9  or  10;  pistil  simple; 

stipules  present.  LEGUMINACEAE  (p.  135) 

RR.     Sepals  2,  separate;   petals  4;  stamens  6;   pistil  compound;   stipules  none. 

FUMARIACEAE  (p.  IOS) 

0  Q.    Corolla  regular  or  very  nearly  so  or  none  at  all. 
S.     Ovary  superior  or  mainly  so. 
T.    Leaflets  3,  not  spinelike,  not  spine-tipped;  styles  or  stigmas  i  or  5. 


FAMILY  KEY  23 

U.     Leaflets  very  unequal,  the  lateral  two  very  much  smaller  than  the  ter- 
minal one.  Solanum  in  SOLANACEAE  (p.  197) 
UU.     Leaflets  all  three  about  the  same  size. 

V.     Marsh  plants;  leaflets  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse;  stems  1-2  cm.  thick. 

Menyanthes  in  MENYANTHACEAE  (p.  180) 
VV.    Not  marsh  plants;  leaflets  obcordate;  stems  less  than  5  mm.  thick. 

OXALIDACEAE  (p.  144) 

XT.    Leaflets  more   than  3  or  spinelike  or  spine-tipped;    styles  or  stigmas 

1-3- 

W.    Stigmas  3;  capsule  3-celled.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 

WW.     Stigmas  1-2;  capsule  i-2-celled.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  185) 

SS.     Ovary  inferior  or  mainly  so;  flowers  in  heads.        COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  218) 

GROUP  15  —  Dicotyledonous   herbs    without    green  color, 
and  with  alternate  simple  leaves  or  scales 

A.     Vines,  twining,  white  or  yellow;  ovary  2-celled,  i-4-seeded;  leaves  mere  minute 

scales  or  almost  none.  CONVOLVULACEAE  (p.  182) 

AA.    Not  vines,  variously  colored;    ovary  not  2-celled,  many-seeded;    leaves  not 

minute,  larger. 

B.    Leaves  spatulate,  covered  with  long  glandular  hairs,  all  basal;   plants  of  peat 
bogs.  DROSERACEAE  (p.  116) 

BB.    Leaves  not  spatulate,  not  covered  with  long  glandular  hairs,  not  all  basal; 
plants  not  of  peat  bogs. 

C.    Flowers  irregular;   stamens  didynamous,  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 
cells  of  the  ovary  i .  OROBANCHACEAE  (p.  209) 

CC.    Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so;  stamens  not  didynamous,  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle; cells  of  the  ovary  i  or  4  or  5. 

D.    Plants  reddish,  glabrous,  25  mm.  or  less  high;    stem  not  densely  covered 
with  scales;  scales  entire;  pollen  grains  in  4's. 

Pyrola  in  PYROLACEAE  (p.  169) 
DD.     Not  as  above  in  all  points;  pollen  grains  simple. 

MONOTROPACEAE  (p.  170) 

GROUP  16  —  Dicotyledonous  herbs   with   alternate   simple 
leaves  and  apetalous  flowers 

A.     Ovary  and  fruit  superior. 
B.     Pistils  more  than  i,  distinct. 

C.     Plant  1-3.5  rn.  high;    leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnately  veined,  petioled, 
entire,  2-3  dm.  long.  PHYTOLACCACEAE  (p.  86) 

CC.     Plants  mostly  not  so  high;  leaves  not  as  above  in  all  characters. 
D.     Stamens  on  the  calyx;    stem  2-20  cm.  long;    leaves  rounded,  cuneate  at 
base,  4-13  mm.  long,  deeply  3-lobed,  lobes  2-4-cleft;    stipules  large,  2-5- 
cleft.  Akhemilla  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

DD.     Stamens  on  the  receptacle;  stems  often  longer;  leaves  not  as  above  in  all 
characters;  stipules  none,  but  the  base  of  the  petiole  often  dilated. 

RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 


24  FAMILY   KEY 

BB.     Pistil  only  i. 
E.     Leaves  lobed,  palmately  veined. 

F.  Plant  2-20  cm.  high,  annual;  leaves  cuneate  at  base,  4-13  mm.  long,  deeply 
3-lobed,  lobes  2-4-cleft;  stipules  2-5-cleft.       Alchemilla  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

FF.  Plant  often  taller,  perennial;  leaves  mostly  cordate  at  base,  13  mm.  or 
more  long,  shall owly  lobed;  lobes  often  not  entire  although  not  again  cleft; 
stipules  entire.  Heuchera  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

EE.     Leaves  either  not  lobed  or  else  pinnately  veined. 

G.  Plant  stout,  erect,   1-3.5  rn.  high;    leaves  entire,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  2-3  dm.  long;  ovary  zo-celled;  fruit  a  purple  berry. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE  (p.  86) 

GG.  Plant  mostly  not  fitting  the  above;  leaves  not  as  above  in  all  points; 
ovary  i-5-celled;  fruit  not  a  berry,  dry. 

H.    Plant  with  a  mustard  or  radish  taste.  CRUCIFERACEAE  (p.  106) 

HH.     Plant  without  a  mustard  or  radish  taste. 
I.     Seeds  2  or  more  in  each  pistil. 

J.     Plant    with    milky    juice;     ovary    and    capsule    3-celled;     capsule    3- 
seeded.  Euphorbia  in  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  145) 

JJ.     Plant  without  milky  juice;  ovary  and  capsule  2-celled;   capsule  many- 
seeded. 

K.     Plant  glabrous;    leaves  linear  to  lanceolate;    flowers  solitary  in  leaf 

axils.  Lythrum  in  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 

KK.     Plant  white-woolly;    leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate;    flowers  in  a  dense 

terminal  cylindrical  spike.  Synthyris  in  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

n.     Seed  i  in  each  pistil. 

L.     Plant  densely  hoary  with  stellate  hairs,  simple  ones  also  present :  in  dry 
regions  east  of  the  Cascades.  Piscaria  in  EUPHORBIACEAE  (p.  145) 

LL.     Plant  without  stellate  hairs,  often  with  simple  ones;    in  either  dry 
or  moist  regions. 

M.     Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules.  POLYGONACEAE  (p.  79) 

MM.     Leaves  without  stipules. 

N.     Either  the  akene  3-angled  in  cross  section,  or  else  the  calyx  of  6 
segments.  POLYGONACEAE  (p.  79) 

NN.     Akene  or  utricle  not  3-angled  in  cross  section;   calyx  never  of  more 
than  5  segments. 

O.     Leaves  entire,  3-veined  from  the  base,  lanceolate  or  ovate;  stamens  4; 
style  i  or  none.  Parietaria  in  URTICACEAE  (p.  76) 

OO.     Leaves  with  not  all  3  of  the  above  characters;   stamens  sometimes 
4;  style  sometimes  i. 
P.     Leaves  entire;  flowers  bracted;   bracts  and  sepals  scarious. 

AMARANTHACEAE  (p.  84) 

PP.     Leaves  entire  or  not;  either  the  flowers  bractless  or  the  bracts  not 
scarious;  sepals  green  or  greenish.  CHENOPODIACEAE  (p.  83) 

AA.     Ovary  and  fruit  inferior. 

Q.     Leaves  pinnately  veined  or  only  i -veined,  entire  or  very  nearly  so. 
R.     Leaves  linear-setaceous.  Howellia  in  LOBELIACEAE  (p.  217) 

RR.     Leaves  wider. 
S.     Stem  terete;  flowers  in  cymes;  fruit  fleshy,  drupaceous. 

SANTALACEAE  (p.  77) 


FAMILY  KEY  25 

SS.     Stem  5-angled;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  fruit  dry,  a  capsule. 

Ly thrum  in  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 
QQ.     Leaves  palmately  veined,  entire  or  not. 

T.     Leaves  4-13  mm.  long,  cuneate  at  base,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  2~4-cleft; 
stipules  large,  2-5-cleft;   stem  2-20  cm.  long.   Alchemilla  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 
TT.     Leaves  longer,  either  not  cuneate  at  base  or  not  deeply  lobed;  stipules  entire 
or  none;  stem  often  longer. 

U.  Leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  tuft;  stipules  present;  flowers  in  spikes  or  panicles; 
calyx  lobes  less  than  i  cm.  long;  stamens  5;  ovary  i-2-celled;  stem  without 
ginger  taste.  Heuehera  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

UU.  Leaves  from  an  elongated  creeping  stem;  stipules  none;  flowers  solitary  in 
the  leaf  axils;  calyx  lobes  2-6  cm.  long;  stamens  12;  ovary  5-celled;  stem 
with  ginger  taste.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  (p.  79) 

GROUP  17  —  Dicotyledonous   herbs   with   alternate  simple 
leaves  and  polypetalous  flowers  with  numerous  stamens 

A.     Leaves  tubular  or  pitcher-shaped,  2-6  dm.  long.  SARRACENIACEAE  (p.  116) 

AA.     Leaves  not  tubular  nor  pitcher-shaped,  mostly  less  than  2  dm.  long. 
B.     Leaves  either  peltate  or  else  rounded  or  ovate,  10  cm.  or  more  wide,  entire* 
mostly  floating.  NYMPHAEACEAE  (p.  94) 

BB.     Leaves  not  peltate,  often  not  rounded  or  ovate,  never  so  wide,  often  entire, 
mostly  not  floating. 
C.     Leaves  entire. 
D.     Pistils  more  than  i. 

E.  Flowers  solitary  or  scattered;  petals  with  a  pit  on  the  inside;  calyx  of  5-6 
distinct  sepals;   stamens  on  the  receptacle.  RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 

EE.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  panicles;  petals  without  pit;  calyx  5-cleft;  stamens 
on  the  calyx  tube.  Petrophytum  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 

DD.     Pistil  only  i. 

F.  Annual;  leaves  2-6  mm.  long,  linear;  petals  6;  plants  2-5  cm.  high. 

Canbya  in  PAPAVERACEAE  (p.  104) 

FF.     Annual  or  perennial;    leaves  longer,  sometimes  linear;    petals  rarely  6; 
plants  mostly  taller.  PORTULACACEAE  (p.  86) 

CC.     Leaves  not  entire. 
G.     Pistils  more  than  i. 
H.     Stamens  on  the  receptacle;   sepals  distinct;   stipules  none. 

RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 
HH.     Stamens  on  the  calyx  tube;  sepals  united  at  base;  stipules  present. 

ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 
GG.     Pistil  only  i. 

I.  Leaves  palmately  veined;  sepals  distinct.  MALVACEAE  (p.  150) 

II.  Leaves  pinnately  veined;  sepals  united  at  base. 

J.     Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole;  stamens  5-10;  stigma  i. 

Horkelia  in  ROSACEAE  (p.  125) 
JJ.     Stipules  none;  stamens  numerous;  stigmas  3.  LOASACEAE  (p.  155) 


26  FAMILY  KEY 

GROUP  18  —  Dicotyledonous  herbs  with   alternate   simple 
leaves  and  polypetalous  flowers  with  few  stamens 

A.     Peat  bog  plants;  leaves  all  in  a  basal  rosette,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  very  con- 
spicuously glandular-hairy,  red  or  reddish  green;  leaf  blades  not  over  2  cm.  long. 

DROSERACEAE  (p.  116) 

AA.     Not  peat  bog  plants;  leaves  not  as  above  in  all  characters. 
B.     Two  or  more  separate  pistils  to  each  flower. 

C.     Leaves  fleshy,  pinnately  veined  or  i-veined;  pistils  the  same  in  number  as  the 
sepals  or  the  petals.  CRASSULACEAE  (p.  117) 

CC.    Leaves  not  fleshy,  or  if  so,  palmately  veined;  pistils  only  rarely  the  same  in 
number  as  the  petals  or  the  sepals. 

D.     Leaves  either  coriaceous  and  evergreen  or  else  peltate;    stamens  5-10,  in- 
serted on  the  calyx  tube.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 
DD.     Leaves  not  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  not  peltate;  stamens  rarely  5  or  10, 
inserted  on  the  receptacle.                                             RANUNCULACEAE  (p.  95) 
BB.     Only  i  pistil  to  each  flower. 
E.     Leaves  palmately  veined. 

F.     Plants  with  mustard  or  turnip  taste;  pod  linear;  sepals  4;  petals  4;  stamens 
6.  CRUCIFERACEAE  (p.  106) 

FF.     Plants  without  mustard  or  turnip  taste;  pod  not  linear;  sepals  none  or  5; 
petals  5;  stamens  5  or  10. 

G.     Flowers  irregular;   i  petal  spurred.  VIOLACEAE  (p.  153) 

GG.     Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so;  petals  not  spurred. 

H.     Petals  on  the  receptacle;  ovary  superior,  5-celled;   flowers  not  in  um- 
bels. Geranium  in  GERANTACEAE  (p.  143) 
HH.     Petals  on  the  calyx;  ovary  superior  or  half  inferior,  i-2-celled;  flowers 
not  in  umbels.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 
HHH.     Petals  on  the  ovary;  ovary  inferior,  2-celled;  flowers  in  umbels. 

UMBELLACEAE  (p.  163) 
EE.    Leaves  pinnately  veined. 
I.     Ovary  superior. 
J.     Plants  with  mustard  or  turnip  taste;  sepals  4;  petals  4;  stamens  6. 

CRUCIFERACEAE  (p.  106) 

JJ.     Plants  without  mustard  or  turnip  taste;   sepals  and  petals  rarely  4;   sta- 
mens rarely  6. 

K.     Flowers  regular  or  very  nearly  so,  not  spurred. 

L.    Leaves  basal,  linear,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  somewhat  thick  or  fleshy;  flowers 
in  a  dense  head,  reddish;  near  the  seashore.        PLUMB  AGIN  ACE  AE  (p.  178) 
LL.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  characters;  flowers  not  in  a  dense  head. 
M.    Sepals  2.  PORTULACACEAE  (p.  86) 

MM.     Sepals  3-8. 

N.     Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  glabrous. 
O.     Carpels  2-4;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-4. 

Saxifraga  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

OO.     Carpels  5;  style  i;  stigmas  i  or  5.  PYROLACEAE  (p.  169) 

NN.     Leaves  not  coriaceous  nor  evergreen,  often  not  glabrous. 
P.    Leaves  very  fleshy. 


FAMILY  KEY  27 

Q.     Petals  5,  yellow;  sepals  5.  CRASSULACEAE  (p.  117) 

QQ.     Petals  usually  not  5,  white;  sepals  usually  not  5. 

PORTULACACEAE  (p.  86) 

PP.     Leaves  not  fleshy. 

R.     Flowers  axillary;  stem  5-angled.    Lythrum  in  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 
RR.     Flowers  in  clusters;   stem  terete. 
S.     Stamens  5,  on  the  receptacle;   ovules  2  in  each  cell. 

LINACEAE  (p.  144) 
SS.     Stamens  10,  on  the  calyx;  ovules  numerous. 

Saxifraga  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 
KK.     Flowers  irregular. 

T.     Flowers  spurred  at  base.  VIOLACEAE  (p.  153) 

TT.     Flowers  not  spurred  at  base. 
U.    Leaves  entire;  petals  3;  stamens  6-8;  stigmas  1-2;  style  i;  carpels  2. 

POLYGALACEAE  (p.  145) 

UU.     Leaves  serrate;  petals  2  or  4;  stamens  5;  stigmas  5,  sessile;  carpels  5. 

BALSAMINACEAE  (p.  148) 
II.     Ovary  inferior. 

V.     Flowers  in  umbels  or  heads.  UMBELLACEAE  (p.  163) 

VV.     Flowers  neither  in  umbels  nor  in  heads. 
W.     Stem  5-angled;  sepals  and  petals  usually  6;  flowers  axillary. 

Lythrum  in  LYTHRACEAE  (p.  156) 

WW.     Stem  terete;  sepals  and  petals  fewer;  flowers  usually  clustered. 
X.     Sepals  4;  petals  4;  stamens  2  or  4  or  8;  style  i;  stigmas  i  or  4. 

ONAGRACEAE  (p.  156) 
XX.     Sepals  5;  petals  5;  stamens  10;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  2-4. 

Saxifraga  in  SAXIFRAGACEAE  (p.  118) 

GROUP  19  —  Dicotyledonous  herbs   with   alternate   simple 
leaves  and  sympetalous  flowers 

A.     Ovary  superior  or  mainly  so. 
B.     Corolla  irregular. 

C.    Leaves  with  stipules;  corolla  not  2-lipped;  stamens  10.  LEGUMINACEAE  (p.  135) 
CC.     Leaves  without  stipules;   stamens  5  or  fewer. 

D.     Leaves  all  basal,  on  upper  side  greasy  to  touch;    corolla  spurred  at  base, 

2-lipped;  stamens  2.  Pinguicula  in  PINGUICULACEAE  (p.  210) 

DD.     Leaves  not  all  basal,  not  greasy  to  the  touch;  corolla  not  spurred;    stamens 

2  or  4  or  5. 

E.     Corolla  2-lipped;   ovary  i-2-celled.  SCROPHULARIACEAE  (p.  198) 

EE.     Corolla  not  2-lipped;  ovary  s-celled.  BALSAMINACEAE  (p.  148) 

BB.     Corolla  regular  or  very  nearly  so. 

F.     Plants  twining;  leaves  none  or  scattered.  CONVOLVULACEAE  (p.  182) 

FF.     Plants  not  twining;  leaves  reniform,  palmately  veined,  crenate,  all  basal. 

Nephrophyttidium'm  MENYANTHACEAE  (,p.  180) 
FFF.     Plants  not  twining;    leaves  not  reniform,  not  palmately  veined,  rarely 

crenate  or  all  basal. 

G.    Leaves  fleshy-linear,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  all  basal;    flowers  in  dense  heads; 
plants  not  far  from  the  seashore.  PLUMBAGINACEAE  (p.  178) 


28  FAMILY   KEY 

GG.     Either  leaves  not  as  above  in  all  characters,  or  else  flowers  not  in  heads. 
H.     Leaves  very  fleshy;  flowers  in  cymes,  usually  yellow. 

CRASSULACEAE  (p.  117) 

HH.     Leaves  either  not  fleshy  or  else  the  flowers  in  long  narrow  spikes. 
I.     Leaves  all  basal;  flowers  in  spikes;  corolla  scarious,  veinless. 

PLANTAGINACEAE  (p.  210) 
n.     Either  leaves  not  all  basal  or  else  the  flowers  not  in  spikes;   corolla  not 

scarious,  veined. 
J.     Ovary  deeply  2-  or  4-lobed,  maturing  into  2  or  4  separate  or  separable 

nutlets.  BORAGINACEAE  (p.  187) 

JJ.    Ovary  not  deeply  lobed,  not  maturing  into  separate  nor  separable 

nutlets. 

K.     Style  3-cleft  at  apex;  capsule  3-celled.  POLEMONIACEAE  (p.  183) 

KK.     Styles  or  stigmas  1-2 ;  capsule  i-2-celled. 

L.     Stamens  opposite  the  corolla  lobes;   ovary  i -celled;   placenta  central; 
style  i ;  stigma  capitate.  PRIMULACEAE  (p.  175) 

LL.     Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes;    often  differing  from  the 
above  in  some  of  the  other  characters. 

M.     Corolla  20  mm.  or  more  long.  SOLANACEAE  (p.  196) 

MM.     Corolla  16  mm.  or  less  long. 
N.     Fruit  a  berry;  inflorescence  not  scorpoid;  style  i. 

SOLANACEAE  (p.  196) 

NN.     Fruit  a  capsule;  inflorescence  somewhat  scorpoid;   styles  often  2. 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE  (p.  185) 
AA.     Ovary  inferior  or  mainly  so. 

O.     Vine  with  tendrils.  CUCURBITACEAE  (p.  216) 

OO.     Not  a  vine;  tendrils  none. 
P.     Flowers  not  in  heads. 

Q.     Corolla  regular;  stamens  distinct.  CAMPANULACEAE  (p.  216) 

QQ.     Corolla  irregular  by  not  being  equally  split  between  the  lobes;   stamens 

united  by  their  anthers.  LOBELIACEAE  (p.  217) 

PP.     Flowers  in  heads.  COMPOSITACEAE  (p.  218) 


GYMNOSPERMS    (CONE   BEARERS) 

TAXACEAE  (YEW  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees;  not  resin-bearing,  evergreen.  Leaves  linear, 
alternate,  short-petioled,  flat,  blue-green,  rather  sharply  pointed. 
Cones  or  flower-bunches  very  small.  Staminate  cones  of  a  few 
scaly  bracts.  Fruit  a  fleshy  ring  almost  covering  the  one  hard  seed, 
becoming  a  red  berry.  W.  C.  —  (Gk.  toxon  =  bow ;  referring  to  the  use 
of  the  wood.)  Taxus  brevifolia  (WESTERN  YEW) 

PINACEAE   (PINE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees ;  resinous,  mostly  evergreen.  Leaves  either  needles 
or  scales.  Ovules  and  pollen  sacs  in  separate  cones.  Staminate 
cones  consisting  of  4  to  many  scales.  Pistillate  cones  consisting  either 
of  scales  only,  or  of  scales  and  bracts,  usually  dry  and  woody,  sometimes 
a  bluish  berry.  Scales  bearing  i  to  several  ovules  (usually  2)  on  the 
inner  surface,  woody  or  papery  or  fleshy. 

A.     Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  not  sheathed  when  in  3*5,  scalelike  (except 

sometimes  in  Juniperus) ;   cone  scales  1 2  or  fewer,  decussate. 

B.  Fruit,  a  bluish  berry;  leaves  often  awl-shaped,  often  scalelike,  often  both 
forms  on  the  same  plant.  JUNIPERUS  (p.  30) 

BB.     Fruit  a  dry  woody  cone;  leaves  all  scalelike. 

C.  Leaves  4  in  a  whorl;  cone  scales  of  3  quite  unlike  pairs;  seeds  unequally 
2-winged.  U.  C.  —  A  fine  lumber  tree.  (Gk.  leibo  =  to  pour  out,  kedros  = 
the  Cedar;  probably  on  account  of  the  strong  cedar-like  odor.) 

Libocedrus  decurrens  (INCENSE  CEDAR) 

CC.     Leaves  opposite;  cone  scales  alike  or  nearly  so;  seeds  equally  2-winged. 
D.     Pistillate  cones  globose,  their  scales  peltate;   Staminate  cones  oblong,  their 
scales  ovate  and  not  peltate.  CHAMAECYPARIS  (p.  30) 

DD.  Pistillate  cones  oblong,  their  scales  not  peltate;  Staminate  cones  globose, 
their  scales  peltate.  W.  C.  E.  —  Our  best  tree  for  shingles.  (Gk.  thuia  = 
the  name  of  a  similar  tree.)  Thuja  plicata  (GIANT  CEDAR) 

AA.  Leaves  alternate  or  in  bunches  of  2  to  many,  sheathed  at  the  base  if  in  2-5- 
leaved  bunches,  linear,  not  scalelike  (except  sometimes  in  Sequoia) ;  cone  scales 
more  than  12. 

E.  Leaves  of  2  forms;  one  form  lanceolate,  flat,  6-13  mm.  long;  the  other  form 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  keeled,  5-7  mm.  long;  seeds  5-7  under  each  scale.  U.  — 
A  fine  lumber  tree.  (Honor  of  Sequoyah,  the  Indian  name  of  George  Guess,  who 
invented  the  Cherokee  alphabet.)  Sequoia  sempervirens  (REDWOOD) 

29 


30  PINACEAE   (PINE  FAMILY) 

EE.     Leaves  of  only  i  form;  seeds  2  under  each  scale. 
F.     Leaves  solitary. 

G.  Branchlets  not  roughened  by  persistent  leaf  bases;  bracts  either  longer  than 
the  cone  scales,  or  else  shorter  and  the  cones  erect  and  their  scales  dropping 
from  the  axis. 

H.  Leaves  flat  or  4-sided,  often  notched  at  apex;  leaf  scars  circular;  mature 
cones  erect;  scales  dropping  from  the  cone  axis;  bract  usually  shorter  than  the 
scales.  ABIES  (p.  31) 

HH.  Leaves  flat,  never  notched  at  apex;  leaf  scars  transversely  oval;  mature 
cone  pendulous;  scales  persistent  to  the  cone  axis;  bracts  longer,  than  the 
scales.  W.  C.  E.  —  The  most  abundant  lumber  tree  of  the  Northwest. 
(Gk.  pseudos  =  false;  Jap.  tsuga  =  the  Hemlock.) 

Pseudotsuga  taxifolia  (DOUGLAS  FIR) 

GG.  Branchlets  roughened  by  persistent  leaf-bases;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
cone  scales;  cone  pedulous;  cone  scales  persistent  on  the  axis. 

I.  Leaves  if  flat  with  stomates  below,  with  i  dorsal  resin  duct;  cone  scales 
entire,  rounded.  TSUGA  (p.  31) 

II.  Leaves  if  flat  with  stomates  above,  with  2  lateral  resin  ducts  or  none;  cone 
scales  not  entire,  or  if  so  not  rounded.  PICEA  (p.  32) 

FF.    Leaves  in  bunches  of  2  or  more. 

J.  Leaves  in  bunches  of  more  than  5,  deciduous;  bunches  not  sheathed  at  base; 
cones  solitary;  pistillate  cones  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  first  season. 

LARIX  (p.  32) 

JJ.  Leaves  in  bunches  of  2-5,  evergreen;  bunches  sheathed  at  base;  staminate 
cones  clustered;  pistillate  cones  maturing  at  the  end  of  the  second  or  third 
season.  PINUS  (p.  32) 

JUNIPERUS    (JUNIPER) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  evergreen,  sessile,  awl-like  or  scalelike,  opposite 
or  in  whorls  of  3.  Flower-bunches  and  berries  small.  Staminate  flower- 
bunch  oblong  or  ovoid;  scales  with  2-6  pollen  sacs.  Fruit  a  bluish  berry, 
globose ;  pistillate  scales  few,  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3.  Seeds  1-4,  bony.  — 
(Celtic  name.) 

A.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  3,  all  awl-shaped;  buds  scaly;  cones  axillary;  pistillate  cones 
with  smaller  scales  at  the  tip;  alpine  shrub,  prostrate,  i  m.  or  less  tall.  W.  C.  E. 

J.  communis  (DWARF  JUNIPER) 

AA.  Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  often  awl-shaped  on  young  plants,  but  scale- 
like  on  mature  plants;  buds  naked;  cones  terminal  on  short  axillary  branches; 
pistillate  cones  with  larger  scales  at  the  tip;  not  alpine,  erect,  shrub  or  tree,  15  m. 
or  less  tall. 

B.     Leaves  very  resinous,  dark  green.     E.  J.  occidentalis  (WESTERN  JUNIPER) 

BB.     Leaves  not  resinous,  often  glaucous.     W.  E. 

J.  scopulorum  (ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  JUNIPER) 

CHAMAECYPARIS 

Trees.  Leaves  minute,  4-ranked.'  Cones  small,  monoecious,  terminal. 
Staminate  cone  scales  many,  4-ranked,  with  2  pollen  sacs.  Pistillate  cones 


PINACEAE   (PINE   FAMILY)  31 

closed  until  mature;  scales  4-12,  opposite,  thick,  each  with  a  central  point 
or  knob.  Seeds  2-5. —  (Gk.  chamai  =  on  the  ground,  kuparissos  =  a 
cypress ;  hence,  low  cypress.) 

A.  Leafy  twigs  terete  or  nearly  so;  bark  2  cm.  or  less  thick;  leaves  usually  without 
glands.  W.  C.  —  On  mountains.  C.  nootkatensis  (ALASKA  CEDAR) 

AA.  Leafy  twigs  much  flattened;  bark  25  cm.  or  less  thick;  leaves  conspicuously 
glandular.  U.  —  A  fine  lumber  tree.  C.  lawsoniana  (PORT  ORFORD  CEDAR) 

ABIES    (FiR) 

Trees.  Leaves  linear,  often  complanate,  scattered,  flat.  Staminate 
cones  axillary,  oval  or  oblong-cylindric.  Mature  pistillate  cones  ovoid  or 
oblong-cylindric ;  scales  incurved  at  their  wide  apex,  orbicular  or  wider, 
deciduous.  —  Lumber  trees.  (Latin  name.) 

A.     Most  of  the  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches  notched  at  apex. 

B.  Bracts  conspicuous,  reflexed,  much  exceeding  the  scales;    leaves  slightly  notched 
at  apex,   with  stomates  on  both  sides,  not  markedly  complanate;    winter  buds 
ovoid-oblong;    sapwood  darker  than  heartwood.     W.  C.         A.  nobilis  (NOBLE  FIR) 

BB.  Bracts  not  projecting  beyond  the  scales;  leaves  distinctly  notched  at  apex, 
with  stomates  beneath  only,  markedly  complanate;  winter  buds  globose;  sapwood 
lighter  in  color  than  heartwood.  W.  C.  E.  A.  grandis  (WHITE  FIR) 

AA.     Most  of  the  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches  not  notched  at  the  apex. 

C.  Leaves  of  sterile  branches  flat,  often  grooved  above;    cones    6.2-15  cm.  long; 
cone  scales  narrower  than  2.5  cm. 

D.  Leaves  dark-green  and  shining  above,  1.9-3.1  cm.  long;  cones  dark  purple; 
cone  scales  slightly  wider  than  long;  bracts  of  cone  scales  rhombic  or  oblong- 
ovate,  gradually  narrowed  into  a  long  tip;  bark  of  old  trees  6.2  cm.  or  less  thick. 
W.  C.  A.  amabilis  (LOVELY  FIR) 

DD.  Leaves  pale  blue-green,  2.5-4.4  cm.  long;  cones  dark  purple;  cone  scales 
longer  than  wide;  bracts  of  cone  scales  rounded,  with  emarginate  and  long- 
pointed  tip;  bark  of  old  trees  3.7  cm.  or  less  thick.  W.  C.  E. 

A.  lasiocarpa  (ALPINE  FIR) 

DDD.     Leaves  pale  blue-green,  5-7.5  cm.  long  on  vigorous  sterile  branches,  while 

on  others  sometimes  only  1.9  cm.  long;    cones    purple  or  green  or  yellow;    cone 

scales  much  wider  than  long;   bracts  of  cone  scales  obovate,  with  short  tip  at  apex; 

bark  of  old  trees  15  cm.  or  less  thick.     U.  C.  E.  A.  concolor   (SILVER  FIR) 

CC.     Leaves  of  sterile  branches  4-sided,  not  grooved  above;  cones  15-23  cm.  long; 

cone  scales  2.5-3.7  cm.  wide.     U.  C.  A.  magnifica  (SHASTA  FIR) 

TSUGA    (HEMLOCK) 

Trees.  Leaves  scattered,  often  complanate.  Cones  solitary,  monoecious. 
Staminate  cones  globose.  Mature  pistillate  cones  oval  to  oblong-cylindric ; 
scales  thin,  suborbicular  to  ovate-oblong.  —  (Japanese  name.) 

A.  Leaves  complanate,  flat,  with  stomates  only  on  the  under  surface;  cones  1.9- 
2.5  cm.  long.  W.  C.  E.  —  A  good  lumber  tree. 

T.  heterophylla  (WESTERN  HEMLOCK) 

AA.  Leaves  not  complanate,  convex  or  keeled  above,  with  stomates  on  both  surfaces; 
cones  1.9-7.5  cm.  long.  W.  C.  E.  —  On  mountains. 

T.  mertensiana  (ALPINE  HEMLOCK) 


32  PINACEAE   (PINE  FAMILY) 

PICEA    (SPRUCE) 

Trees.  Leaves  mostly  not  complanate,  4-angled,  scattered.  Staminate 
cones  oblong  or  oval  or  cylindric,  long-stalked.  Mature  pistillate  cones 
ovoid  or  oblong-cylindric.  Scales  thin,  obtuse.  —  Good  trees  for  lumber 
and  paper.  (Latin  name.) 

A.     Cone   scales  entire,   broadly  ovate,  rounded  at  apex;  leaves  obtuse,   somewhat 

flat;    branchlets  pubescent.     U.  P.  breweriana  (WEEPING  SPRUCE) 

AA.     Cone  scales  not  entire,  mostly  contracted  at  both  ends;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate, 

4-sided  or  somewhat  rounded. 

B.  Branchlets  pubescent;  leaves  4-sided,  with  stomates  on  4  sides;  cones  about 
5  cm.  long;  cone  scales  gradually  narrowed  to  an  acute  or  truncate  tip;  crushed 
leaves  with  decided  skunklike  smell.  C.  E.  P.  engelmanni  (ENGELMANN  SPRUCE) 
BB.  Branchlets  glabrous;  leaves  hardly  4-sided,  usually  with  stomates  on  the  upper 
side  only;  cones  5-10  cm.  long;  cone  scales  rounded  at  tip;  crushed  leaves  with 
little  or  no  skunklike  smell.  W.  P.  sitchensis  (SITKA  SPRUCE) 

LARIX    (LARCH) 

Trees  with  many  knoblike  branches  on  their  twigs.  Leaves  3-4-angled, 
some  in  bunches  of  10  or  more  on  the  knoblike  branches,  others  scattered 
on  the  elongated  twigs.  Staminate  cones  globose  to  oblong.  Pistillate 
cones  conical  to  subglobose;  scales  slightly  thickened,  suborbicular  or 
oblong-ovate.  —  Lumber  trees.  (Celtic  name.) 
A.  Leaves  3-angled;  branchlets  and  bud  scales  pubescent  but  soon  become  glabrous; 

cones  2.5-3.7  cm.  long.     C.  E.  L.  occidentalis    (WESTERN  LARCH) 

AA.     Leaves  4-angled;    branchlets    and  bud  scales  tomentose;    cones  3-7-5  cm.  long. 

C.  E.  L.  lyallii  (WOOLLY  LARCH) 

PINUS    (PINE) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Staminate  cones  involucrate.  Scales  of  pistillate  cones 
thickened  at  tip,  woody,  tipped  with  a  scar  or  protuberance.  —  Mostly 
lumber  trees.  (Latin  name.) 

A.     2  leaves  in  a  bunch. 

B.  Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  all  in  2's;   cones  1.5-5  cm.  long,  remaining  on  the  trees 
for  5-30  years.     W.  C.  E.  P.  contorta  (LODGE-POLE  PINE) 

BB.     Leaves  10-27  cm.  long,  often  some  in  3*3;  cones  7-5~37-5  cm.  long,  dropping 
within  2  years.     W.  C.  E.  P.  ponderosa  (YELLOW  PINE) 

AA.     3  leaves  in  a  bunch. 

C.  Leaves  in  2*s  or  3*5;   cones  subterminal,  falling  within  2  years.     (See  BB.) 
CC.     Leaves  all  in  3*3;    cones  lateral,  remaining  2  to  many  years.     C. 

P.  attenuate  (KNOB-CONE  PINE) 
AAA.     5  leaves  in  a  bunch. 

D.  Cones  3.7-12.5  cm.  long  (in  P.  flexilis  7-5~25  cm.),  their  stalks  2-7  mm.  long; 
cone  scales  with  prickles,  thick;    seeds  longer  than  their  wings  (except  in  P.  bal- 
fouriana);   leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;    bark  whitish  where  smooth. 

E.  Leaves  2.5-3.7  cm.  long,  persistent  for  10-12  years;  old  bark  divided  into 
isodiametric  plates;  cones  8.7-12.5  cm.  long,  opening  at  maturity;  prickles  of 
cone  scales  on  back  and  not  at  very  tip,  pointing  away  from  cone  axis.  U. 

P.  balfouriana  (FOXTAIL  PINE) 


PIN  ACE  AE   (PINE   FAMILY)  33 

EE.  Leaves  3.7-6.2  cm.  long,  persistent  for  5-8  years;  old  bark  divided  into  elon- 
gated plates;  cones  3.7-7.5  cm.  long,  not  opening  at  maturity;  prickles  of  cone 
scales  at  tip,  pointing  toward  cone  tip.  C.  P.  albicaulis  (WHITE-BARK  PINE) 

EEE.     Leaves  3.7-7.5   cm.  long,   persistent  for   5-6  years;     old  bark   divided  into 
isodiametric  plates;   cones  7.5-25  cm.  long,  opening  at  maturity;    prickles  of  cone 
scales  at  very  tip,  pointing  toward  cone  tip.     C.  E.        P.  flexilis  (LIMBER  PINE) 
DD.     Cones  15-45  cm.  long,  their  stalks  12-75  mm.  long;    cone  scales  with  obsolete 
prickles  or  none,  thin;   seeds  shorter  than  their  wings;   leaves  3.7-10  cm.  long;  bark 
green  where  smooth  (or  whitish  in  P.  monticola). 

F.  Cones  1.2-2.8  dm.  long;  seed  ^  as  long  as  its  wing;  old  bark  3.7  cm.  or  less 
thick,  broken  into  isodiametric  plates;  smooth  younger  bark  whitish.  W.  C.  E. 

P.  monticola  (WESTERN  WHITE  PINE) 

FF.  Cones  3-4.5  dm.  long;  seed  ^  as  long  as  its  wing;  old  bark  7.5  cm.  or  less  thick, 
broken  into  elongated  plates;  smooth  younger  bark  greenish.  C. 

P.  lambertiana  (SUGAR  PINE) 


Y.  &  R.  EL.  FL. — 3 


ANGIOSPERMS    (OVARY   PLANTS) 

MONOCOTYLEDONS 

TYPHACEAE   (CAT-TAIL  FAMILY) 

Perennial ;  roots  fibrous ;  stems  simple,  terete.  Leaves  alternate, 
linear  or  strap-shaped,  sheathing  at  base,  flat,  more  or  less  convex 
on  the  back,  parallel-veined.  Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  (cat-tails}, 
the  staminate  above  the  pistillate.  Staminate  flowers  among  hairs ; 
stamens  1-7.  Perianth  of  several  delicate  silky  hairs.  Ovary 
stalked ;  style  long.  Seed  i.  —  Marsh  plants.  (Gk.  typha  =  the  cat- 
tail.) Only  the  following  genus.  (F.  &  R.  p.  30.)  TYPHA  (CAT-TAIL) 

SPARGANIACEAE    (BUR-REED  FAMILY) 

Roots  fibrous;  stems  erect  or  immersed  and  floating.  Leaves 
linear,  alternate,  equitant  below  or  flat,  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers 
sessile  or  peduncled,  in  heads,  staminate  heads  above  the  pistillate. 
Perianth  of  3-6  chaffy  scales.  Stamens  mostly  5.  Pistils  i,  or  2 
with  united  styles  and  ovaries.  Seed  i.  — Marsh  plants.  (Gk. 
sparganon  =  a  band ;  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.)  Only  the 
following  genus.  (F.  &  R.  p.  30.)  SPARGANIUM  (BUR-REED) 

NAIADACEAE    (PONDWEED  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  immersed,  with  rootstocks.  Leaves 
alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  all  basal;  blade  rarely  toothed  or 
none;  reduced  leaves  various  in  shape.  Flowers  perfect  or  uni- 
sexual, variously  arranged.  Perianth  none,  or  of  4-6  distinct  seg- 
ments, or  membranous  and  tubular  or  cup-shaped.  Stamens  1-2 
or  4-6.  Ovary  'superior ;  carpels  1-6.  —  Family  too  difficult  for 
beginners,  hence  key  only  to  genera.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  3i~34-) 

A.     Growing  in  fresh  water,  or  in  salt  marshes,  but  not  in  open  tidewater. 
B.     Leaves  flat,  or  in  a  few  species  terete  but  then  never  more  than  1.5   mm.  in 

diameter;   stem  elongated. 

C.     Leaves  alternate,  often  wide,  more  than  25  mm.  long  when  linear;  pistil  i. 
D.     Leaves  all  linear,  all  alternate;    stamens  2;    fruit   stalked.  —  (Honor  of 
H.  B.  Ruppius,  a  German  botanist.)  Ruppia  (DITCH  GRASS) 

34 


JUNCAGINACEAE   (ARROW-GRASS   FAMILY)  35 

DD.     Often  with  some  wide  leaves,  often  the  upper  leaves  opposite;    stamens  4; 

fruit  sessile.     (See  F.) 

CC.     Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  all  linear,  8-25  mm.  long;   pistils  more 
than  i. 

E.     Leaves  not  spiny;  pistils  2-10. 

F.     Flowers  perfect,  in  spikes  or  clusters;  stamens  more  than  i.  —  (Gk.  potamos 
=  a  river,  geiton  =  a  neighbor;   from  the  habitat.) 

Potamogeton  (PONDWEED) 

FF.     Flowers  monoecious,  axillary;    stamen  i.     E.  —  (Honor  of  G.  G.  Zanni- 
chelli,  a  botanist  of  Venice.)          Zannichellia  palustris  (HORNED  PONDWEED) 
EE.     Leaves  spiny  on  the  margins  or  back  or  both;  flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf 
axils;   pistil  i.  —  (Gk.  naias  =  a  water  nymph;   from  the  habitat.) 

Naias  (WATER  NYMPH) 

BB.    Leaves  terete,  1-4.5  mm.  in  diameter,  all  basal;  stem  not  elongated.    W.  — 
(Meaning  not  determined.)  Lilaea  subulata 

AA.  Growing  along  tide-water  shores  from  i  m.  above  low  tide  to  2  m.  below  it ;  not 
in  salt  marshes. 

G.     Plants  growing  on  muddy  bottom;  leaves  3-15  mm.  wide.     W.  —  (Gk.  zoster 
=  a  belt;  referring  to  the  leaves.)  Zostera  marina  (EEL-GRASS) 

GG.     Plants  growing  mostly  in  rock  crevices;  leaves  4  mm.  or  less  wide.  —  (Gk. 
phyllon  =  a  leaf;  +  spadix;  inflorescence  inclosed  in  leaf  base.) 

Phyllospadix  (SEA  BASKET-GRASS) 

JUNCAGINACEAE   (ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY) 

Perennial  marsh  herbs.  Leaves  rushlike;  blades  terete  or  half 
terete  at  least  near  their  base.  Flowers  perfect,  in  spikes  or 
racemes.  Perianth  3~6-parted,  in  2  .very  similar  series.  Stamens 
3-6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Carpels  3-6,  more  or  less 
united  until  maturity.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  follicle.  Seeds  1-2 
in  each  carpel.  —  Difficult  family.  Key  mostly  only  to  genera. 
(F.  &  R.  p.  34-) 

A.  Leaves  all  basal;  flowers  many,  bractless,  in  a  spike  or  spikelike  raceme; 
anthers  oval;  stigmas  plumose.  —  (Gk.  treis  =  3,  glochis  =  point;  some  species 
have  3-pointed  fruits.)  Triglochin  (ARROW  GRASS) 

AA.  Stem  leafy;  flowers  few,  bracted,  in  loose  racemes;  anthers  linear;  stigmas 
papillose  or  slightly  fimbriate.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  and  J.  J.  Scheuchzer, 
Swiss  botanists.)  Scheuchzeria  palustris 

ALISMACEAE    (WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY) 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  basal; 
petiole  long,  sheathing  at  base;  blade  flat,  several-ribbed,  often 
with  spreading  or  deflexed  lobes.  Scapes  erect  or  floating.  Flowers 
perfect  or  unisexual,  regular,  whorled,  borne  in  terminal  racemes 
or  panicles.  Calyx  of  3  persistent  green  sepals.  Corolla  white 


36         HYDROCHARITACEAE   (WATER-WEED   FAMILY) 

or  pink,  of  5  deciduous  imbricate  petals.  Stamens  6  or  more. 
Fruit  a  head  or  whorl  of  separate  flat  or  turgid  akenes.  —  Difficult 
family.  Key  only  to  genera.  (F.  &  R.  p.  35.) 

A.  Leaves  not  sagittate,  although  sometimes  cordate  at  base;  flowers  in  compound 
panicles,  perfect;  akenes  in  a  whorl ;  receptacle  depressed.  —  (Celtic  alis  =  water; 
from  the  habitat.)  Alisma  (WATER  PLANTAIN) 

AA.  Leaves  sagittate;  flowers  in  whorls  or  3  near  the  top  of  the  scape,  monoecious 
or  dioecious;  akenes  in  a  head;  receptacle  convex  to  globose.  —  (L.  sagitta  =  an 
arrow;  referring  to  leaf  form.)  Sagittaria  (WAPATO) 

HYDROCHARITACEAE    (WATER-WEED  FAMILY) 

Perennial;  submerged,  with  stem  elongated.  Leaves  whorled, 
sessile,  pellucid,  i-veined,  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  usually  obtuse, 
5-10  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  margin  usually  minutely  dentic- 
ulate or  serrulate.  Flowers  very  rare.  W.  E.  —  Only  the  follow- 
ing species.  (Gk.  phyllon  =  a  leaf,  treis  =  3;  the  leaves  are  often 
in  3's.)  Philotria  canadensis  (WATER  WEED) 

GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial;  stems  terete,  usually  hollow,  their 
joints  closed.  Leaves  sheathing,  with  scarious  ring  (ligule) 
where  blade  joins  sheath;  sheath  usually  split  to  base  on  side  oppo- 
site the  blade.  Inflorescence  various,  but  its  elements  composed 
of  flower  groups  (spikelets)  of  i  to  many  flowers.  Spikelets  com- 
posed of  0-2  basal  flowerless  bracts  (glumes) ,  above  which  are  other 
bracts  usually  in  pairs  (the  outer  =  lemma,  the  inner  =  palet) 
and  each  pair  inclosing  a  flower  or  an  abortive  one.  Lemma  and 
glume  often  awned.  Palet  with  back  to  axis  (rachilla)  of  spikelet, 
opposite  its  lemma  and  often  rolled  up  in  it.  Stamens  1-6,  usually 
3;  anthers  versatile.  Styles  1-3,  usually  2  and  lateral;  stigmas 
plumose  or  hairy.  Fruit  i -seeded,  a  grain.  —  A  difficult  family. 
The  key  is  to  species  usually  only  when  of  economic  importance. 
(F.  &  R.  pp.  36-74.) 

A.     Grain  in  corn-ear-Jike  cluster.  MAYDEAE  (p.  37) 

AA.     Grain  not  in  corn-ear-like  cluster. 

B.     Spikelets  i -flowered,  rarely  2-flowered,  terete  or  dorsally  flattish  (laterally  in 
Oryzeae) ;  imperfect  flower  below  in  the  2-flowered  spikelets. 
C.     Glumes  1-2;  spikelets  terete  or  dorsally  flattened,  i-2-flowered. 
D.     Glumes  indurated;    lemma  and  palet  of  fertile  flower  hyaline;    stamen  i. 

ANDROPOGONEAE  (p.  37) 

DD.     Glumes  membranous;    lemma  and    palet  of    fertile  flower    indurated; 
stamens  3.  PANICEAE  (p.  38) 


GRAMINACEAE  (GRASS  FAMILY)          37 

CC.     Glumes  none;  spikelets  much  laterally  flattened,  i -flowered. 

ORYZEAE  (p.  38) 
BB.     Spikelets  i-  to  many-flowered,  more  or  less  laterally  flattish;  imperfect  flower 

uppermost  (except  HieroMoe)  in  spikelets  of  2  or  more  flowers. 
E.     Spikelets  not  in  rows. 

F.     Spikelets  i -flowered,  in  racemes  or  spikes  or  panicles. 
G.     Spikelets  with  2  sterile  lemmas  just  above  the  glumes. 

PHALAREAE  (p.  38) 
GG.     Spikelets  without  sterile  lemmas  just  above  the  glumes. 

AGROSTEAE  (p.  38) 

FF.     Spikelets  2-  to  many-flowered,  in  racemes  or  panicles. 
H.     Glumes  usually  longer  than  the  first  flower;    i  or  more  of  the  lemmas 
awned  on  the  back  or  between  the  teeth  of  the  bifid  apex.    AVENEAE  (p.  41) 
HH.     Glumes  shorter  than  the  first  flower;  lemma  either  awnless,  or  with  i  to 
several  terminal  straight  or  merely  divergent  awns.         FESTUCEAE  (p.  43) 
EE.     Spikelets  in  2  rows. 

I.  Spikelet-rows  on  same  side  of  rachis,  forming  i-sided  spikes. 

CHLORIDEAE  (p.  46) 

II.  Spikelet-rows  on  opposite  sides  of  rachis,  forming  balanced  spikes. 

HORDEAE  (p.  47) 

MAYDEAE  (Corn  Tribe).  —  Stem  solid.  Spikelets  unisexual.  Stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  flowers  separate  on  the  same  plant.  Lemma  and  palet 
thinner  than  the  glumes.  W.  E.  —  (L.  zea  =  spelt.)  We  have  only 
the  following.  Zea  mays  (COMMON  FIELD-CORN) 

ANDROPOGONEAE  (Sugar-cane  Tribe).  —  Spikelets  1-3  at  each  joint 
of  the  rachis,  sessile  or  short-pedicelled,  usually  3-flowered.  Glumes  2, 
thicker  than  the  lemmas.  Lemma  often  hyaline,  often  awned,  the  lower 
often  empty  and  glumelike.  Palet  usually  shorter  than  its  lemma,  some- 
times none.  Stamens  1-3.  Stigma  plumose.  Grain  unfurrowed,  free. — 
Here  belongs  also  Saccharum  officinarum  (Sugar  Cane). 

A.     Spikelets  in  a  spikelike  panicle,  in  2 's,  all  fertile;   lemma  awnless;   stamens  1-2.  E. 

Imperata  hookeri  (WESTERN  BLADE  GRASS) 

AA.     Spikelets  in  a  loose,  somewhat  spreading  panicle,   in  3's,  lateral  2  sterile,  central  i 
fertile;  lemma  awned;  stamens  3.  SORGHUM  (p.  37) 


SORGHUM 

Plant  0-30  dm.  high.     Leaves  long,  wide,  flat.     Spikelets  in  a  large 

terminal  panicle,  in  pairs  at  its  nodes  or  in  3's  at  the  ends  of  its  branches, 
i   sessile  and  perfect  at  each  node.     Glumes  shining.     Lemma  hyaline, 

awned.     Palet  hyaline  or  none.     Stamens  3.  W.  —  (Sorghi  =  the  name 
in  India.) 

A.     Cornlike,  annual.     E.  —  Cultivated  for  molasses.  S.  vulgare   (SORGHUM) 

AA.     Grasslike,  perennial.     W.  —  A  hay  grass.  S.  halapense   (JOHNSON  GRASS) 


38  GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 

PANICEAE  (Millet  Tribe).  —  Spikelets  in  spikes  or  racemes  or  panicles, 
falling  off  singly  from  the  ultimate  branches ;  fertile  spikelet  with  i  terminal 
pistillate  flower,  with  or  without  a  staminate  one  below  it.  Glumes  rarely 
awned,  the  awn  straight.  Lemma  and  palet  firmer  than  the  glumes,  un- 
awned  in  most.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Grain  inclosed,  free,  unfurrowed. 

A.     Spikelets  in  i -sided  spikes  or  spikelike  racemes. 
B.     Lemmas  not  awned;    glumes  not  spiny-hispid,  hence  spikes  or  spikelike  racemes 

not  bristly. 

C.  Annual;  lower  glume  very  small;  lemma  with  hyaline  margin,  not  inrolled. 
W.  E.  —  A  bad  weed  in  cultivated  fields.  (Gk.  syn  =  with,  therismos  =  crop; 
hence  crop-making.)  Syntherisma  sanguinale  (CRAB  GRASS) 

CC.     Perennial;    glumes  equal  or  nearly  so;    lemmas  without    hyaline  margin,  in- 
rolled.     E.  —  (Gk.  paspalos  =  millet.)  Paspalum    distichum  (JOINT  GRASS) 
BB.      Sterile   lemma   awned;     glumes    spiny-hispid,    making    the   spikelike   racemes 
somewhat  bristly.     W.   E.  —  (Gk.  echinos  =  a  hedgehog,  chloa  =  grass;  referring 
to  the  bristling  awns.)                                     Echinochloa  crusgalli  (BARNYARD  GRASS) 
AA.     Spikelets  in  open  panicles,  or  if  in  a  spikelike  panicle  this  not  i-sided. 
D.     Spikelets  without  an  involucre  of  bristles,  in  an  open  panicle.  —  (Latin  name  of 
the  Italian  Millet.)  Panicum  (PANIC  GRASS) 
DD.     Spikelets  with  an  involucre  of  bristles,  clustered  in  a  single  dense  terminal 
spikelike  panicle.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  chaeta  =  a    bristle,  chloa  =  grass;    referring  to 
the  bristly  spikes.)                                               Chaetochloa  viridis  (GREEN  FOXTAIL) 

ORYZEAE  (Rice  Tribe).  —  Perennial.  Spikelets  laterally  flat,  in  a  loose 
panicle,  with  i  terminal  unisexual  or  perfect  flower  inclosed  by  a  lemma  and 
a  palet ;  lemma  boat-shaped,  awnless,  clasping  the  palet  by  a  pair  of  strong 
marginal  veins,  palet  i-veined.  Glumes  none.  Stamens  3.  Grain  fur- 
rowed. —  Oryza  saliva,  cultivated  rice,  is  in  this  tribe.  Only  the  follow- 
ing species.  W.  E.  —  (Gk.  omalos  =  resemblance,  kenchros  =  millet ;  hence 
millet-like.)  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (RICE  CUT-GRASS) 

PHALAREAE  (Canary-grass  Tribe).  —  Leaf  blades  flat.  Spikelets  of 
i  perfect  flower  with  2  sterile  or  staminate  lemmas  below  it  and  falling 
attached  to  it.  Palet  o-2-veined,  inclosed  in  fertile  lemma.  Stamens  2-3. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  unfurrowed,  inclosed,  free. 

A.     Spikelets  in  spikelike  or  headlike  clusters. 

B.  Glumes  equal;    sterile  lemmas  awnless;    stamens  3;    plant    not     sweet-scented. 
—  (Gk.  phalaros  =  brilliant;    referring  to  the  shining  seed.) 

Phalaris  (CANARY  GRASS) 

BB.     Glumes  unequal,  lower  about  $  the  upper;    sterile  lemmas  awned;    stamens  2; 
plant  markedly  sweet-scented.     W.  —  (Gk.  anthos  =  a  flower,  xanthos  =  yellow.) 
Anthoxanthium  odoratum  (SWEET  VERNAL  GRASS) 
AA.     Spikelets  in  loose  panicles. 

C.  Plant  not  sweet-scented;   spikelets  i-flowered;   sterile  lemmas  subulate.     (See  B.) 
CC.     Plants  strongly  sweet-scented;    spiklets  3-flowered,  the  lower  2  flowers  stami- 
nate;    staminate    lemmas    boat-shaped.  —  (Gk.    hieros  =  holy,    chloe  =  grass;     in 
Europe  strewn  before  church  doors  on  saints'  days.)  Hierochloe   (HOLY  GRASS) 

AGROSTEAE  (Timothy  Tribe).  —  Spikelets  with  i  perfect  flower. 
Rachilla  sometimes  prolonged  beyond  the  palets  into  a  naked  or  plumose 


GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  39 

bristle.  Glumes  2  (none  in  Coleanthus),  subequal  or  unequal,  usually  as 
long  as  the  lemma  or  longer.  Palet  veinless  or  2-veined,  but  i-veined  in 
Cinna  and  wanting  in  some  species  of  Agrostis.  Grain  unfurrowed. 

A.     Plants  2-8  cm.  high;    glumes  none;    spikelets  hardly  i  mm.  long.     W.  —  (Gk. 
koleos  =  a  sheath,  anthos  =  a  flower;    inflorescence  much  inclosed  in  upper  leaf.) 

Coleanthus  subtilis  (MOSS  GRASS) 

AA.     Plants  taller;    glumes  present;    spikelets  longer. 
B.     Inflorescence  a  dense  spikelike  (Timothy-like)  cluster. 

C.  Lower  glume  4-6  times  as  long  as  the  lemma  not  considering  awn,  and  at  least 
a  half  longer  than  the  upper  glume;  glumes  awnless;  lemma-awn  termina.'.,  3-5 
mm.  long.  U.  —  (Gk.  gastros  =  stomach,  eidos  =  like;  glume  is  swollen  at  base.) 

Gastridium  lendigerum   (NIT  GRASS) 
CC.     Not  as  above  in  all  characters. 
D.     Lemma  with  a  terminal  awn  0.5—10  mm.  long. 

E.  Lemma  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  base  as  long  as  the  lemma.  —  (Honor  of  H. 
Muhlenberg,  an  American  botanist.)  Muhlenbergia  (DROPSEED) 

EE.     Lemma  without  a  tuft  of  hair  at    base.  —  (Gk.  polys  =  many,  pogon  = 
beard.)  Polypogon  (BEARD  GRASS) 

DD.     Lemma  awnless  or  with  a  dorsal  awn. 

F.  Lemma  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  base.  —  (Gk.  kalamos  =  a  reed,  agrostis  =  a 
grass.)  Calamagrostis  (REED  GRASS) 

FF.     Lemma  without  a  tuft  of  hair  at  base,  though  often  ciliate  on  the  keel. 
G.     Glumes  not  conspicuously  compressed-keeled;    inflorescence  distinctly  lobed 
and  raceme-like.  —  (Gk.  agros  =  a  field;   from  the  habitat.) 

Agrostis  (BENT  GRASS) 
GG.     Glumes    conspicuously    compressed-keeled;     inflorescence    a    dense   terete 

spike  not  or  hardly  lobed. 

H.     Lemma  with  a  dorsal  awn  2-16  mm.  long  ;    glumes  united  for  J-£  their 
length  at  base.  —  (Gk.  alopex  =  a  fox,  oura  =  a  tail;   referring  to  the  spike.) 

Alopecurus  (FOXTAIL  GRASS) 

HH.  Lemma  awnless;   glumes  not  united.  PHLEUM  (p.  41) 

BB.     Inflorescence  either  plainly  a  panicle  or  if  spikelike  the  spikelets  distant,  and 

thus  the  spike  not  dense. 

I.     Lemma  with  a  terminal  awn  0.3-20  cm.  long;    glumes  sometimes  awned. 
J.     Lemma  of  fertile  flower  thin,  membranous.     (See  E.) 
JJ.     Lemma  of  fertile  flower  firm,  hardened. 

K.     Lemma  awn  3-branched.  —  (L.  arista  =  an  awn.)    Aristida  (3-AWNED  GRASS) 
KK.     Lemma  awn  not  branched. 

L.     Lemma  awn  twisted,  persistent.  STIPA  (p.  40) 

LL.     Lemma  awn  not  twisted,  deciduous.  ORYZOPSIS   (p.  40) 

n.     Lemma  awnless  or  with  a  dorsal  awn  1.2  cm.  or  less  long;   glumes  awnless. 
M.     Lemma  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  base. 

N.     Glumes  with  awns  2-5  mm.  long,  about  equal;   lemma   3-veined.     (See  E.) 
NN.     Glumes  awnless. 

O.     Lemma  i-veined;   lower  glume  J-f  as  long  as  the  upper.     E.  —  (Gk.  kalamos 
=  a  reed;     Vilfa  =  another  genus  of  grasses;    hence  a  reedlike  Vilfa.) 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  (SAND  GRASS) 

OO.     Lemmas-veined;   lower  glume  f  to  equaling  the  upper.     (See  F.) 
MM.     Lemma  without  hairs  at  base. 
P.     Palet  half  as  long  as  its  lemma  or  shorter,  often  none;    glumes  exceeding  the 

lemma;   stamens  3.     (See  G.) 

PP.     Palet  over  half  as  long  as  its  lemma ;    glumes  not  exceeding  the  lemma 
(except  in  Cinna  latifolia). 


40  GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 

Q.     Seed  tightly  inclosed  by  the  ovary;    stamen  i;    lemma  with    a  very  small 
dorsal  awn.  —  (Gk.  kinna  =  some  kind  of  a  grass.)         Cinna   (INDIAN  REED) 

QQ.     Seed  loosely   inclosed   by  the    ovary;     stamens    2-3;    lemma   awnless.  — 
(Gk.  spora  =  a  seed,  ballein  =  to  cast  forth;    the  grain  is  deciduous.) 

Sporobolus  (DROPSEED) 

STIPA    (NEEDLE    GRASS) 

Perennial,  tufted.  Leaves  often  rolled  up.  Spikelets  in  a  terminal 
panicle.  Glumes  persistent,  keeled,  unawned  or  rarely  with  a  slender  awn. 
Lemma  narrow,  rigid,  convolute,  with  callus  at  base,  awned ;  callus  bearded ; 
awn  terminal,  twisted,  geniculate.  Palet  2-veined.  Stamens  3.  Grain 
cylindric,  included,  often  burying  itself  in  the  soil  by  the  twisting  and  un- 
twisting of  the  awn.  —  In  dry  soil.  Range  grasses.  (Gk.  stupe  =  tow ; 
from  the  towlike  plumes  of  some  species.) 

A.     Awn  7.5-20  cm.  long. 

B.  Glumes  20-30  mm.  long  including  the  point,  s-veined;     lemma  without  crown  of 
hairs  at  apex.     E.  S.  comata   (NEEDLE  GRASS) 

BB.     Glumes  16-20  mm.  long,  3-veined;    lemma  with  crown  of  hairs  at  apex.     E. 

S.  setigera  (BEAR  GRASS) 
AA.     Awn  5  cm.  or  less  long. 

C.  Awn  only  slightly  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

D.     Callus  acute  or  acuminate,  about  i  mm.  long. 
E.     Panicle  15-35  cm.  long;   lemma  and  its  callus  6-7  mm.  long;    palet  £  as  long  as 

the  lemma. 

F.     Sheaths  smooth;    awn  3.5-6  cm.  long.     E.  S.  nelson! 

FF.     At  least  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent;    awn  2-3  cm.  long.     E.      S.  williamsii 
EE.     Panicle  5-12  cm.  long;    lemma  and  its  callus  about  4   mm.  long;    palet  J  as 
long  as  the  lemma.      W.  C.  E.  S.  columbiana 

DD.     Callus  obtuse,  very  short.     E.  S.  lemmoni 

CC.     Awn  plumose. 
G.     Ligule  i  mm.  long  or  less. 
H.     Sheaths  pubescent. 
I.     Awn  smooth  or  rough  but  not  pubescent.     E. 

S.  viridula  (FEATHER  NEEDLE  GRASS) 

n.     Awn  pubescent  to  the  second  bend.     E.  S.  elmeri 

HH.     Sheaths  glabrous.     E.  S.  occidentalis  (WESTERN  NEEDLE  GRASS) 

GG.     Ligule  2-4  mm.  long.     E.  S.  thurberiana 

ORYZOPSIS  (MOUNTAIN  RICE) 

Perennial,  tufted.  Spikelets  in  a  narrow  lax  few-flowered  panicle; 
rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  palet.  Glumes  persistent,  convex  on  the 
back,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute.  Lemma  wide,  obtuse-truncate,  terminat- 
ing in  an  awn ;  awn  deciduous,  simple,  more  or  less  bent  near  the  base. 
Palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Grain  oblong-ellipsoid,  free.  —  (Gk.  oryza  = 
rice,  opsis  =  form.) 

A.     Lemma  densely  covered  with  conspicuous  long  white  hairs;    panicle  loose;    not 

alpine. 
B.     Leaf  blade  smooth;    lemma  narrowly  elliptic;    awn  8-12  mm.  long.     E. 

O.  bloomer! 


GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  41 

BB.     Leaf  blade  scabrous;    lemma  broadly  oval;    awn  3-5  mm.  long.     E.  —  A  good 

range  grass.  O.  cuspidata  (INDIAN  MILLET) 

AA.     Lemma  hairs  when  present  not  dense  nor  conspicuous;   panicle  narrow  (except 

O.  kingii);    alpine  (except  O.  kingii). 

C.     Awn  of  lemma  3-4  mm.  long.     C.  E.  O.  exigua  (SMALL  MOUNTAIN  RICE) 

CC.     Awn  of  lemma  10-15  mm.  long. 
D.     Alpine;    rays  of  panicle  bearing  2-4  spikelets  each;    lemma  smooth.      E. 

O.  hendersoni 

DD.     Not  alpine;    rays  of  panicle  bearing  1-2  spikelets  each;    lemma  with  short 
hairs  on  lower  half.     E.  O.  kingii 

PHLEUM    (TIMOTHY) 

Perennial,  erect.  Leaf  blades  flat.  Spikelets  flat,  in  a  dense  cylindric 
or  ovoid  spike.  Glumes  almost  equal,  membranous,  compressed-keeled, 
i-3-veined,  abruptly  pointed,  the  keel  projecting  as  a  point  or  awn.  Lemma 
shorter  and  wider  than  the  glumes,  thin,  hyaline,  truncate  or  denticulate, 
awnless,  5-veined,  inclosing  the  palet.  Palet  nearly  equaling  the  lemma, 
narrow,  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  —  (Gk.  phleos  =  some 
kind  of  reed.) 

A.     Spikes  1.5-3  cm.  long;   awn  of  glume  2  mm.  long;   plant  2-6  dm.  high.       W.  C.  E. 

P.  alpinum  (MOUNTAIN  TIMOTHY) 

AA.  Spikes  3-17  cm.  long;  awn  of  glume  i  mm.  long;  plant  4-10  dm.  high.  W.  E. 
—  One  of  the  best  and  most  common  hay  grasses.  P.  pratense  (TIMOTHY) 

AVENEAE  (Oats  Tribe).  —  Spikelets  in  either  open  or  spikelike  panicles, 
2  to  several  flowered.  Rachilla  produced  beyond  the  upper  lemma  (except 
in  Aira).  Glumes  2.  Lemma  with  tuft  of  hair  at  base,  some  in  each  spikelet 
awned  (except  Trisetum  muticum) ;  awn  either  dorsal  or  near  the  apex  be- 
tween the  lobes.  Palet  2-keeled.  Stigmas  plumose. 

A.  Plants  2  dm.  high  or  less;  spikelets  2-flowered,  both  perfect;  rachilla  jointed  below 
the  glumes,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  flower.  —  (Gk.  aira  =  a  deadly  weapon; 
applied  to  a  poisonous  Darnel.)  Aira  (HAIR  GRASS) 

AA.  Plants  mostly  taller;  spikelets  2-  to  several-flowered,  sometimes  only  i  perfect 
when  only  2;  rachilla  jointed  above  the  glumes  (except  in  Holcus),  prolonged  be- 
yond the  upper  flower. 

B.     Plants  densely  soft-whitish-hairy;    spikelets  falling  off  entire;    rachilla  jointed 

below  the  glumes;    spikelets  2-flowered,  the  lower  perfect,  the  upper  staminate; 

awn  of  second  flower  hooklike.     W.  E.  —  A  common  grass  especially  west  of  the 

Cascades,  often  cut  for  hay.     It  often  crowds  out  other  and  better  hay  grasses 

and  then  becomes  a  weed.     Sometimes  wrongly  called  "  Mesquite."         (Gk.  holkos 

=  some  kind  of  grass.)  Holcus  lanatus  (VELVET  GRASS) 

BB.     Plants  not  densely  soft-whitish-hairy;    spikelets  falling  off  in  parts;    rachilla 

jointed  above  the  glumes;   spikelets  2-  to  several-flowered  (2  only  in  Arrhenatherum, 

which  has  the  perfect  flower  above);   awns  not  hooklike. 

C.     Spikelets  i  cm.  long  or  less. 

D.  Spikelets  8-10  mm.  long;  lemma  awned  from  near  the  base;  spikelets  only 
2-flowered;  upper  flower  perfect  or  pistillate,  the  lower  staminate.  W.  —  (Gk. 
arren  =  masculine,  ather  =  an  awn;  only  the  staminate  flowers  are  awned.) 

Arrhenatherum  elatius  (TALL  OAT-GRASS) 


42  GRAMINACEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

DD.  Spikelets  either  less  than  7  mm.  long  or  else  lemma  awned  from  the  middle 
or  above  it;  spikelets  2  to  many  flowered;  upper  flower  sometimes  staminate  or 
abortive,  the  others  perfect. 

E.     Lemma  keeled,  obtuse  or  truncate,  erose  at  tip,  awn  arising  at  or  below  the 
middle.  DESCHAMPSIA  (p.  42) 

EE.     Lemma  convex,  acute  or  shortly  bifid,  not  erose,  awn  none  or  arising  above 
the  middle.  TRISETUM  (p.  42) 

CC.     Spikelets  over  i  cm.  long. 
F.     Perennial;    awn  of  lemma  between  the  teeth  at  apex;   grain  glabrous. 

DANTHONIA  (p.  43) 
FF.     Annual  or  perennial;    awn  of  lemma  dorsal;    grain  hairy.         AVENA  (p.  43) 

DESCHAMPSIA    (HAIR  GRASS) 

Tufted.  Spikelets  2-3-flowered,  shining,  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Glumes 
keeled,  the  sides  thinly  scarious.  Lemma  membranous  or  nearly  hyaline, 
4-veined,  obtuse  or  truncate,  2-4  toothed,  awned ;  awn  fine,  dorsal,  arising 
at  or  below  the  middle.  —  (Honor  of  J.  C.  A.  Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  a 
French  botanist.)  The  ist  and  2d  are  good  range  grasses. 

A.     Some  of  the  flowers  projecting  beyond  the  glumes;    awn  very  slightly  or  not  at 

all  projecting  beyond  its  lemma.     W.  E.  D.  caespitosa  (TUFTED  HAIR-GRASS) 

AA.     Flowers  not  projecting  beyond  the  glumes;    awn  projecting  beyond  its  lemma 

once  the  lemma  length  or  more. 
B.     Perennial;   glumes  3-6  mm.  long;   awn  either  less  than  6  mm.  long  or  straight,  or 

both. 

C.     Leaf  blade  flat;   awn  hardly  or  not  at  all  projecting  beyond  the  glumes;   glumes 
i-veined,  4.5-6  mm.  long;    plants  1.5-4  dm.  high.     W.  C.  E. 

D.  atropurpurea  (MOUNTAIN  HAIR-GRASS) 

CC.     Leaf  blade  rolled  up;    awn  projecting  beyond  the  glume  at  least  }  the  glume 
length;    glumes  3-veined,  3-4  mm.  long;    plants  3-12  dm.  high.     W.  C.  E. 

D.  elongata  (SLENDER  HAIR-GRASS) 
BB.     Annual;   glumes  6-8  mm.  long;   awn  6-12  mm.  long,  geniculate.     E. 

D.  calycina  (OAT-LIKE  HAIR-GRASS) 

TRISETUM    (FALSE  OAT) 

Perennial,  tufted.  Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  in  a  panicle.  Glumes  keeled, 
the  first  the  shorter,  the  second  nearly  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Lemma 
keeled,  acute  or  shortly  bifid,  awned;  awn  attached  above  the  middle, 
dorsal  or  at  the  base  of  the  cleft  (sometimes  none  in  T.  muticum),  usually 
twisted  at  base  and  more  or  less  bent.  Grain  smooth,  unfurrowed,  inclosed, 
free.  —  (L.  tres  =  3,  seta  =  a  bristle;  lemma  has  i  awn  and  2  sharp  teeth.) 
The  3rd  and  5th  ar§  good  forage  grasses. 

A.     Glumes  almost  equal;    lemma  acute,  awnless  or  with  awn  about  i  mm.  long  or 

less. 
B.     Glumes  6-7  mm.  long;   spikelets  3-flowered.     E. 

T.  muticum  (BEARDLESS  FALSE  OAT) 
BB.     Glumes  3-5  mm.  long;    spikelets  2-flowered.     E. 

T.  wolfil  (WOLF'S  FALSE  OAT) 

AA.     Glumes  unequal,  the  first  §-f  as  long  as  the  second;    lemma  cleft  at  apex,  awn 
4-12  mm.  long. 


GRAMINACEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  43 

C.     Panicle  dense,  5-12  cm.  long;    plant  1.5-6  dm.  high;    spikelets  5-6  mm.  long. 

W.  C.  E.  T.  spicatum  (NARROW  FALSE  OAT) 

CC.     Panicle  not  dense,  12-20  cm.  long;    plants  3-12  dm.  high;    spikelets  6-8  mm. 

long. 

D.     Leaf    sheath   glabrous;    lemma    5-6  mm.  long,  awn  arising    below  the    cleft. 

W.  C.  E.  T.  cernuum   (NODDING  FALSE  OAT) 

DD.     Leaf  sheath  pubescent;    lemma  6-7   mm.  long,    awn    arising    at    the    cleft. 

W.  C.  E.  T.  canescens   (SILVERY  FALSE  OAT) 

DANTHONIA    (OAT-GRASS) 

Spikelets  solitary  or  in  a  raceme  or  panicle.  Glumes  narrow,  keeled, 
acute,  awnless,  usually  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  Lemma  rounded  on  the 
back,  awned,  with  2  firm  scarious  terminal  lobes ;  awn  twisted,  bent,  arising 
between  the  lobes.  Grain  glabrous,  free.  —  (Honor  of  Etienne  Danthoine, 
a  French  botanist.)  The  ist  and  3rd  are  good  range  grasses. 

A.     Spikelets  in  a  narrow  close  panicle,  ascending. 

B.  Callus  elongate,  densely  hairy.     W.  C.  E.     D.  intermedia  (SMALLER  OAT-GRASS) 
BB.     Callus  very  short,  with  a  few  short  hairs.     W.  E.  D.  pinetorum 

AA.     Spikelets  solitary  or  spreading  in  a  loose  panicle. 

C.  Spikelets  3-10;    leaf  sheath  only  slightly  hairy;    apex  of  lemma  with  2  teeth  2-3 
mm.  long.     E.  D.  calif ornica   (CALIFORNIA  OAT-GRASS) 

CC.     Spikelets  1-4;    leaf  sheath  quite  hairy;    apex  of  lemma  with  2  awl-like  teeth 

3-10  mm.  long. 
D.     Spikelets  usually  2-4;    lemma  abruptly  narrowed,  6-8  mm.  long.     W.  C. 

D.  americana 

DD.     Spikelets  usually  only  i;   lemma  not  abruptly  narrowed,  8-10  mm.  long.     E. 

D.  unispicata  (MOUNTAIN  OAT-GRASS) 

AVENA    (OATS) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Spikelets  few-flowered,  rarely  i-flowered,  in  a  loose 
panicle ;  rachilla  hairy  under  the  lemma.  Glumes  scarious  at  least  at  the 
apex,  lanceolate,  nearly  equal.  Lemma  smaller  than  the  glumes,  rounded 
on  the  back,  5-n-veined,  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  awned;  awn  dorsal,  twisted. 
Palet  narrow,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Grain  deeply  grooved.  —  (The  Latin 
name.) 

A.     Lemma  awn  2-4  cm.  long,  abruptly  bent  near  the  middle,  arising  near  middle  of 

lemma.     W.  E.  —  Sometimes  cut  for  hay.  A.  fatua   (WILD  OATS) 

AA.     Lemma  awn  2  cm.  or  less  long,  not  or  hardly  abruptly  bent,  arising  f  way  up 

lemma. 

B.     Annual;    spikelets  20-25  mm.  long,  2-3 -flowered;    glumes  g-n-veined.     W.  E. 

—  This  is  common  cultivated  oats,  one  of  our  best  grain  crops.     A.  sativa   (OATS) 

BB.     Perennial;    spikelets   10-15   mm.  long,   3-6-flowered;    glumes  3~5-veined.     E. 

A.  striata  (PERENNIAL  OATS) 

FESTUCEAE  (Blue-grass  Tribe).  —  Inflorescence  a  panicle,  spikelike 
or  spreading.  Spikelets  2-  to  many-flowered,  very  rarely  i -flowered ;  glumes 
keeled,  acuminate  to  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  first  lemma.  Lemma  entire 
to  3-cleft,  awnless;  awns  terminal,  rarely  dorsal.  Palet  2-keeled. 


44  GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS  FAMILY) 

A.     Lemma  with  1-3  veins. 

B.      Rachilla  with  long  hairs  which  exceed  the  lemma  in  length;    plants  tall,  reedlike. 

E.  —  (Gk.    phragmites  =  growing  in   hedges;     referring    to    its    hedgelike    growth 

along  ditches.)  Phragmites  communis   (REED) 

BB.      Rachilla  glabrous  or  with  short  hairs  which  do  not  equal  the  lemma  in  length; 

plants  not  reedlike. 

C.  Plant  1-2  dm.  high;  stems  dichotomously  branched;  leaves  crowded  in  dense 
tufts  at  the  nodes  or  ends  of  the  stems;  stigma  with  short  hairs  on  all  sides.  E. 
—  (Honor  of  Gen.  William  Munro,  an  English  agrostologist.) 

Munroa  squarrosa  (FALSE  BUFFALO-GRASS) 
CC.     Most  species  taller;    stems  not  dichotomously  branched;    leaves  not  in  dense 

tufts  along  the  stem;    stigma  plumose. 

D.  Glumes  nearly  equal  in  length,  but  very  unlike  in  form,  the  first  narrowly 
linear  and  i -veined,  the  second  broadly  obovate  and  obtuse  and  3-veined.  — 
(Honor  of  Amos  Eaton,  an  American  botanist).  Eatonia 

DD.      Glumes  unequal  in  length,  but  similar  in  form. 

E.     Lemmas  acute  or  awned,  the  veins  converging  in  the  tip.     W.  E.  —  A  good 
range  grass.      (Honor  of  G.  L.  Koeler,  a  German  botanist.) 

Koeleria  cristata  (JUNE  GRASS) 

EE.     Lemma  obtuse,  the  veins  parallel  and  not  converging  in  the  tip. 
F.     Panicle  narrow;    spikelets  3-so-flowered;    rachilla  not  jointed;   lemma  decid- 
uous;  palet  persistent.  —  (Gk.  er  =  spring,  agrostis  =  a  grass.) 

Eiagrostis   (MEADOW  GRASS) 

FF.  Panicle  open;  spikelets  2-flowered;  rachilla  jointed;  lemma  and  palet 
both  deciduous.  E.  —  (Gk.  katabrosis  =  an  eating;  because  glumes  and 
lemma  have  margins  roughened  as  if  gnawed.) 

Catabrosa  aquatica  (WATER  WHORL-GRASS) 
AA.     Lemma  with  5  or  more  veins. 

G.  Spikelets  nearly  sessile,  in  dense  i-sided  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  few  panicle 
branches.  W.  E.  —  A  very  good  early  range  grass.  (Gk.  dactylos  =  a  finger; 
referring  to  the  thick  spreading  panicle  branches.) 

Dactylis  glomerata  (ORCHARD  GRASS) 

GG.     Spikelets  not  in  dense  i-sided  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  panicle  branches. 
H.     Spikelets    as    wide    as    long,    somewhat    heart-shaped.     U.  —  (Gk.    briza  =  a 
grain  similar  to  rye.)  Briza  minor  (QUAKING  GRASS) 

HH.     Spikelets  much  longer  than  wide,  not  heart-shaped. 

I.  Keels  of  the  palet  with  a  distinct  crest  or  winglike  appendage.  —  (Gk.  pleuron 
=  side,  pogon  =  beard;  referring  to  the  ciliate  keels  of  the  palet.) 

Pleuropogon  (PLEUROPOGON) 
n.     Keels  of  the  palet  not  winged. 
J.     Lemma  somewhat  keeled  on  the  back. 

K.     Lemma  2-toothed  at  apex,  very  rarely  awnless;    stigma  arising  below  apex 

of  ovary.  BROMUS  (p.  46) 

KK.     Lemma  acute  or  obtuse,  not  2-toothed,  not  awned;   stigma  arising  at  apex 

of  ovary. 

L.     Glumes  wii.h  1-3  veins.  POA  (p.  45) 

LL.     Glumes  with  5  or  more  veins;    salt-'marsh  plant.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  distichos 
=  2-ranked;    referring  to  the  flattish  inflorescence.) 

Distichlis  spicata   (SALT  GRASS) 

JJ.     Lemma  rounded  on  the  back,  not  at  all  keeled. 

M.  Upper  lemmas  of  spikelet  sterile,  club-shaped  or  hooded.  —  (L.  mel  =  honey; 
it  was  formerly  the  name  of  Sorghum  which  has  a  sweet  pith.) 

Melica  (MELIC  GRASS) 

MM.  Upper  lemmas  of  spikelet  either  perfect,  or  else  narrow  and  abortive  but 
not  club-shaped  nor  hooded. 


GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  45 

N.     Lemma  2-toothed  at  apex,  mostly  awned  from  just  below  the  apex;  stigmas 

arising  below  apex  of  ovary.  BROMUS  (p.  46) 

NN.     Lemma  not  2-toothed  at  apex;    lemma    awn  none  or  at  the  very  apex; 

stigmas  arising  at  apex  of  ovary. 

O.     Lemma  acute,  often  awned,  not  scarious  at  apex;   lemma  veins  not  promi- 
nent. FESTUCA  (p.  45) 
OO.     Lemma  obtuse,  awnless,  scarious  at  tip. 

P.     Lemma    prominently    s-g-veined;     style    present;     lodicules    united.  — 
(Gk.  glykeros  =  sweet;    referring  to  the  taste  of  the  grain.) 

Glyceria  (MANNA  GRASS) 

PP.     Lemma  obscurely  3-veined;    style  none;    lodicules  separate.  —  (Honor 
of  B.  Puccinelli,  an  Italian  botanist.)  Puccinellia   (SPEAR  GRASS) 

POA    (BLUE-GRASS) 

Spikelets  2-io-flowered ;  panicle  usually  loose  and  spreading,  rarely  narrow 
and  spikelike.  Glumes  acute  or  obtuse.  Lemma  delicately  scarious- 
margined,  mostly  scarious-tipped,  usually  surrounded  by  a  few  woolly  hairs. 
Palet  2-toothed.  —  (Gk.  poa  =  grass,  or  fodder  in  general.)  A  very  diffi- 
cult and  numerous  genus.  Only  7  of  the  most  useful  ones  are  given,  and 
the  key  separates  only  those.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  57-61.) 

The  wild  ones  are  range  grasses. 

A.     Lemma  with  long  spider-weblike  hairs  at  base. 

B.  Stem  flat,   2-edged;  panicle   1-4  cm.  long,  flat;    lower  glume  3-veined.     W.  E. 

—  A  common  lawn  grass.  P.  compressa  (CANADA  BLUE-GRASS) 
BB.     Stem  terete;    panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  not  flat;   lower  glume  i-veined.        W.  C.  E. 

—  Common  pasture  and  lawn  grass.  P.  pratensis  (KENTUCKY  BLUE-GRASS) 
AA.     Lemma  without  spider-weblike  hairs  at  base. 

C.  Lower  glume  i-veined.    E.  P.  sandbergii 
CC.     Lower  glume  3-veined. 

D.     Stems  coarse,  6-10  dm.  high;    plant  glaucous. 

E.  Leaves  rolled  up;   glumes  and  lemmas  unequal.     E.  P.  laevigata 
EE.     Leaves  flat  or  folded;    glumes  and  lemmas  nearly  or  quite  the  same  length. 

E.  P.  nevadensis  (NEVADA  BLUE-GRASS) 

DD.     Stem  not  coarse,  2-7  dm.  high. 

F.  Panicle  loose,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending.     E.  P.  wheeler 
FF.     Panicle  dense,  its  branches  erect  or  very  short. 

P.  buckleyana  (BUNCH  REDTOP) 

FESTUCA    (FESCUE) 

Spikelets  2-  to  many-flowered,  in  racemes  or  panicles ;  flowers  perfect  or 
the  upper  one  staminate.  Glumes  keeled,  equal  or  unequal,  the  lower 
i-3-veined,  the  upper  3~5-veined.  Lemma  5-veined.  Stamens  1-3. 
Grain  glabrous.  —  (L.  festuca  =  a  stalk  or  straw ;  hence  applied  to  a  straw- 
like  grass  growing  in  barley.)  Mostly  range  grasses.  Only  6  of  the  most 
important  are  given,  and  the  key  separates  only  those.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  62-64.) 

A.     Annual;    stamens  i  or  2. 

B.     Spikelets  8-i3-flowered.  F.  octoflora  (SLENDER  FESCUE) 

BB.     Spikelets  i-4-flowered.  F.  microstachys  (SMALL  FESCUE) 

AA.     Perennial;   stamens  3. 


46  GRAMINACEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY) 

C.     Awn  as  long  as  the  lemma  or  longer.     (See  E.) 
CC.     Awn  shorter  than  the  lemma  or  none. 
D.     Leaves  narrow,  involute;    plants  usually  tufted. 
E.     Leaf  blades  quite  smooth;   young  shoots  arising  outside  the  leaf  sheath. 

F.  rubra   (RED  FESCUE) 
EE.     Leaf  blades  scabrous  at  margin  or  in  their  upper  portion;    young  shoots 

arising  within  the  leaf  sheath. 

F.     Panicle  rays  not  cushioned  at  base;   spikelets  5-7.5  mm.  long;    lemma  3-3.5 

mm.  long.  F.  ovina   (SHEEP  FESCUE) 

FF.     Panicle  rays  cushioned  at  base;    spikelets  8-12  mm.  long;    lemma  6-7  mm. 

long.  F.  viridula 

DD.     Leaves  flat,  wide;    plants  not  densely  tufted.  F.  elatior   (TALL  FESCUE) 

BROMUS    (BROME) 

Leaves  flat  or  nearly  so.  Spikelets  many,  5~i5-flowered;  glumes  un- 
equal, acute,  the  lower  i-3-veined,  the  upper  3-9-veined.  Lemma  5-9- 
veined,  awnless  or  awned  from  just  below  the  tip.  Palet  keels  ciliate. 
Stamens  3.  Stigmas  arising  below  the  hairy  cushionlike  top  of  the  ovary. 
Grain  adherent.  —  (Gk.  broma  =  food ;  Bromus  was  first  the  name  of  a  wild 
oat.)  A  large  genus  of  forage  grasses  of  which  only  10  of  the  most  im- 
portant are  given,  and  the  key  separates  only  those.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  65-67.) 

A.     Lemma  awn  0-16  mm.  long. 
B.     Lemma  glabrous  or  merely  scabrous. 
C.   Spikelets  strongly  flattened. 

D.  Lemma  6-8  mm.  long;    glumes  scabrous  toward  the  apex.     W.  E.  —  Becomes 
a  weed  in  wheat.  B.  secalinus   (CHESS) 

DD.     Lemma  14-16  mm.  long;  glumes  smooth.      (See  HH.) 
CC.     Spikelets  terete  or  nearly  so. 

E.  Leaf  sheath  glabrous.     W.  E.  B.  inermis   (HUNGARIAN  BROME) 
EE.     Leaf  sheath  pubescent. 

F.     Panicle  dense,  erect.     (See  I.) 

FF.     Panicle  loose,  spreading.     W.  E.  B.  racemosus  (UPRIGHT  CHESS) 

BB.     Lemma  hairy. 
G.     Spikelets  much  flattened. 

H.     Lemma  awn  0-7  mm.  long.     W.  E.  B.  marginatus 

HH.     Lemma  awn  more  than  7  mm.  long.     W.  E.  B.  carinatus 

GG.     Spikelets  terete  or  nearly  so. 
I.     Lemma  awn  6-8  mm.  long;    lower  glume  3-veined.     W.  E. 

B.  hordeaceus  (SOFT  BROME) 

n.     Lemma  awn  10-16  mm.  long;    lower  glume  i-veined. 
J.     Annual;   leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent;    lemma  s-veined.     E. 

B.  tectorum  (DOWNY  BROME) 

JJ.     Perennial;  kaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  pilose;  lemma  7-veined.     W.  C.  E. 

B.  eximus 

AA.     Lemma  awn  17-25  mm.  long.     W.  E.  B.  sterilis 

AAA.     Lemma  awn  35-65  mm.  long.     W.  E.  B.  maximus 

CHLORIDEAE  (Bermuda-grass  Tribe).  —  Spikelets  i-  to  several- 
flowered,  in  spikes  or  racemes;  spikes  i-sided,  digitately  or  racemosely 
arranged,  rarely  solitary.  Lemma  usually  keeled,  either  entire  and  unawned 
or  else  toothed  and  with  1-3  straight  awns.  Grain  unfurrowed,  free. 


GRAMINACEAE    (GRASS   FAMILY)  47 

A.     Spikelets  6-14  mm.  long;  lower  glume  about  J  as  long  as  the  upper  including  awn- 
point  if  present. 

B.  Plants  3-18  dm.  high;    lemma  obtuse  or  emarginate,  not  awn-pointed,  i-veined, 
no  sterile  lemma  above  the  first  flower.  —  (Gk.  spartine  =  a  cord;    referring  to  the 
tough  slender  leaves.)  Spartina  (CORD  GRASS) 

BB.  Plants  1.5-4.5  dm.  high;  lemma  3-pointed,  each  point  with  a  short  awn,  3-5- 
veined,  with  1-3  sterile  lemmas  above  the  first  flower.  E.  —  (Honor  of  C.  Boutelou, 
a  Spanish  agriculturist.)  Bouteloua  oligostachya  (GRAMA  GRASS) 

AA.      Spikelets  2-4  mm.  long;    lower  glume  f  to  once  as  long  as  the  upper. 

C.  Spikes  all  or  nearly  all  from  the  tip,  widely  spreading  when  mature;    rachilla 
jointed  above  the  glumes. 

D.     Perennial;    spikelets   i-flowered,   2   mm.  long.      W.   E.  —  An  excellent  pasture 

grass,  but  a  weed  in  fields.     (Gk.  kyon  =  a  dog,  odons  =  a  tooth;    the  i-sided 

spike  suggested  a  row  of  dog  teeth.)  Cynodon  dactylon   (BERMUDA  GRASS) 

DD.     Annual;     spikelets    several-flowered,    3-4    mm.    long.      W.  E.  —  (Ceres,    the 

Greek  goddess  of  the  harvests,  was  worshiped  in  the  town  of  Elusin.) 

Eleusine  indica  (YARD  GRASS) 

CC.  Spikes  scattered  along  a  common  axis,  rather  closely  applied  to  this  axis;  rachilla 
jointed  below  the  glumes.  E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  Beckmann,  a  German  botanist.) 

Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (SLOUGH  GRASS) 

HORDEAE  (Barley  Tribe).  —  Leaf  blade  with  a  more  or  less  well- 
marked  pair  of  auriculate  appendages  at  the  base.  Inflorescence  a  spike, 
with  i  or  more  spikelets  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis ;  rachis  zigzagged,  chan- 
neled. Spikelets  sessile  in  the  alternate  notches  of  the  rachis,  i-  to  many- 
flowered.  Glumes  awnless  or  awned  or  none. 

A.     Spikelets  solitary  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis. 

B.  Spikes  4  mm.  or  less  wide;  spikelets  i-flowered.  U.  C.  —  (Honor  of  F.  Lamson- 
Scribner,  an  American  agrostologist.)  Scribneria  bolanderi  (THREAD  HEAD) 

BB.      Spikes  5  mm.  or  more  wide;   spikelets  3-  to  several-flowered. 
C.      Spikelets  placed  with  edge  to  the  rachis;   glumes  i,  or  in  the  terminal  spikelet  2. 

LOLIUM  (p.  48) 

CC.     Spikelets  placed  with  flat  side  to  the  rachis;    glumes  2. 

D.     Lemma  with  distinct  callus  at  base,  falling  at  maturity  with  the  grain;    grain 

adherent  to  the  palet.  AGROPYRON  (p.  48) 

DD.     Lemma  without  a  distinct  callus,  persisting  after  the   grain  has  fallen;   grain 

free  from  the  palet. 

E.  Glumes  subulate,  i-veined.  W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for  its  grain.  (Celtic 
sega  =  a  sickle;  hence  a  grain  for  cutting.)  Secale  cereale  (RYE) 

EE.  Glumes  lanceolate  or  ovate.  3-  to  many-veined.  W.  E.  —  Cultivated 
for  grain.  Our  best  source  of  flour.  (L.  tritum  =  rubbed  or  ground;  because 
it  was  ground  into  flour. )  Triticum  vulgare  (WHEAT) 

AA.     Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  but  often  some  sterile. 
F.     Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  sterile  or  i -flowered.     HORDEUM  (p.  49) 
FF.     Spikelets  2-3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2-  to  many-flowered. 
G.     Glumes  entire;    rachis  continuous,  rarely  breaking  into  pieces  when  mature.  — 
(Gk.  elyeln  =  to  roll  up;    in  some  species  the  spike  is  somewhat  enwrapped  by  the 
leaf  sheath.)  Elymus   (WILD  RYE) 

GG.  Glumes  2-  to  many-parted  or  -cleft;  rachis  jointed,  readily  falling  into  pieces 
when  mature.  —  (Gk.  sitas  =  wheat  or  grain;  likely  because  the  plants  hav 
wheatlike  heads.)  Sitanion  (BRISTLY  WILD  RYE) 


48  GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY) 


LOLIUM    (RYE  GRASS) 

Leaves,  flat.  Spikelets  in  a  simple  terminal  spike,  several-flowered, 
sessile  alternate;  rachis  somewhat  zigzag;  rachilla  jointed  between  the 
flowers.  Glume  i  except  in  the  terminal  spikelet,  opposite  the  rachis. 
Lemma  rounded  on  the  back,  5-y-veined,  obtuse  to  awned.  Palet  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Grain  smooth,  adherent.  —  (Latin  name.) 

A.     Perennial;   glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelet  (less  the  awns);    leaf  sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes.     W.  —  An  early  range  grass. 

L.  perenne  (PERENNIAL  RYE  GRASS) 

AA.     Annual;   glumes  equaling  or  exceeding  the  spikelets  (less  the  awns);   leaf  sheaths 
longer  than  the  internodes.     W.  —  Seed  slightly  poisonous  to  man. 

L.  temulentum  (DARNEL) 

AGROPYRON    (BUNCH-GRASS) 

Perennial;  stem  erect,  simple.  Spikelets  in  a  spike,  closely  sessile. 
Glumes  narrower  than  the  lemma,  acute  or  awned.  Lemma  rounded  on 
the  back  or  slightly  keeled  above.  5~7-veined,  obtuse  to  awned  at  apex. 
Palet  2-keeled,  bristly  ciliate  on  the  keels.  Grain  pubescent  at  apex.  — 
Range  grasses.  (Gk.  agros  =  field,  pyros  =  wheat;  they  were  weeds  in 
wheat.) 

A.     Plants  densely  tufted;   lemma  not  hairy. 
B.     Glume  awns  1-2.5  cm.  long;   glumes  4-6  mm.  long. 

C.  Herbage  pubescent;   spike  dense.     E.  A.  saxicola 
CC.     Herbage  glabrous;    spike  loose.     E.                                                      A.  flexuosum 

BB.     Glume  awns  either  none  or  more  than  i  cm.  long. 

D.  Some  of  the  lemma  awns  longer  than  their  lemmas. 

E.     Glumes  exceeding  the  lower  lemma  (less  the  awns);    lemma  awns  erect,  not 
at  all  divergent.     E.  A.  richardsonl 

EE.     Glumes  shorter  than  the  lower  lemma  (less  the  awns)  ;    lemma  awns  diver- 
gent or  widely  spreading. 
F.     Glumes  attenuate  into  a  scabrous  awn. 

G.     Spikes  4-7  cm.  long;    rachis  readily  breaking  at  joints;    glumes  5-8  mm. 
long  (less  the  awn).     C.  E.  A.  scribneri 

GG.     Spikes   10-25   cm.   long;    rachis  not  readily  breaking   at  joints;    glumes 
10-14  mm.  long  (less  the  awn).     E.  A.  gmelini 

FF.     Glumes  awnless.     E.  A.  spicatum  (WHEAT  BUNCH-GRASS) 

DD.     Lemma  awns  shorter  than  their  lemmas  or  none. 
H.  Spikelets  flattened.     (See  FF.) 
HH.     Spikelets  terete  or  nearly  so. 
I.     Lower  glume  3-veined. 

J.     Leaves  3.5-9  cm.  long;    glumes  scabrous  on  the  keel.     E.     A.  brevifolium 
JJ.     Leaves  7.5-20  cm.  long;    glumes  scabrous  on  the  margin.     E.    A.  biblorum 
H.     Lower  glume  s-veined. 
K.     Spikes  3-10  cm.  long;   glumes  mostly  widest  above  their  middle.     E. 

A.  violaceum 
KK.     Spikes  8-20  cm.  long;    glumes  mostly  widest  below  their  middle.     E. 

A.  tenerum 
AA.     Plants  not  tufted,  stems  from  creeping  rootstocks. 


GRAMINACEAE   (GRASS   FAMILY)  49 

L.     Lemma  hairy. 

M.     Lemma  villous;   spike  rather  dense. 

N.     Spikelets  s-7-flowered.     E.  A.  subvillosum 

NN.     Spikelets  7-ia-flowered.     E.     (See  PP.) 

MM.     Lemma  puberulent;   spike  long  and  not  dense.     E.  A.  lanceolatum 

LL.     Lemma  not  hairy. 

O.     Leaves  smooth  beneath,  pubescent  above.     W.  E.  —  Rhizomes  medicinal.     A 
bad  weed  in  cultivated  fields.  A.  repens  (COUCH  GRASS) 

OO.     Leaves  rough  on  both  sides. 
P.     Spikelets  4-7-flowered.     (See  KK.) 
PP.     Spikelets  7-i3-flowered.     W.  E.  A.  occidentalis  (BLUE JOINT) 

HORDEUM    (BARLEY) 

Leaves  flat.  Spikelets  in  spikes,  2-3  together  at  a  joint  of  the  rachis, 
sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  only  i  fertile  in  a  cluster,  i-flowered,  awned, 
lateral  ones  usually  imperfect  and  short  stalked.  Glumes  setaceous  to 
narrowly  lanceolate,  rigid,  persistent.  Lemma  lanceolate,  rounded  on  the 
back,  obscurely  5-veined  above,  usually  awned.  Palet  shorter  than  the 
lemma,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Grain  hairy  at  tip,  grooved,  adherent. — 
(Latin  name  for  barley.) 

A.     Only  the  central  spikelet  of  each  group  fertile. 

B.  Flower  of  the  central  spikelet  plainly  stalked;  glumes  ciliate.  W.  E.  —  The 
barbed  seeds  get  into  the  wool  of  sheep  and  into  the  eyes  and  throats  of  animals, 
sometimes  even  killing  them.  H.  murinum  (WALL  BARLEY) 

BB.     Flower  of  the  central  spikelet  sessile;    glumes  not  ciliate. 
C.     Heads  exclusive  of  awns  about  5  mm.  wide. 

D.     Lemma  awn  of  central  spikelet  3.5-6  cm.  long,  of  the  lateral  spikelets  over 
half   the   lemma.     W.   E.  —  The  beards  collect  in  the  mouths  of  cattle,  caus- 
ing ulcers  and  even  death.  H.  jubatum  (SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS) 
DD.     Lemma  awn  of  the  central  spikelet  1.8-3  cm.  long,  of   the  lateral  spikelets 

over  half  the  lemma. 

E.     Blades  and  sheaths  of  leaves  glabrous.     W.  E.  H.  caespitosum 

EE.     Blades  and  sheaths  of  leaves  pilose.     E.  H.  comosum 

DDD.     Lemma  awn  of  the  central  spikelet  0.4-1.2  cm.  long,  of  the  lateral  spikelets 

not  over  half  the  lemma. 

F.     Lateral  spikelets  with  perfect  flowers.     E.  H.  boreale 

FF.     Lateral  spikelets  with  imperfect  flowers. 
G.     All  of  the  glumes  of  each  cluster  tapering  from  the  base. 
H.     Leaf  blades  finely  pubescent;  inner  glumes  of  the  lateral  spikelets  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  outer.     U.  H.  gussoneanum 

HH.     Leaf  blades  scabrous;    both  glumes  of  the  lateral  spikelets  about  the 
same  width.     W.  E.  H.  nodosum  (WILD  BARLEY) 

GG.     3-4  of  the  glumes  of  each  cluster  widest  above  the  base. 

I.  Leaves  rough  above,  smooth  beneath;   spikes  4-6  times  as  long  as  wide.    E. 

H.  pusillum  (LITTLE  BARLEY) 

II.  Leaves  smooth  on  both  sides;    spikes  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide.  U. 

H.  geniculatum  (SEA  BARLEY) 
CC.     Heads  exclusive  of  awns  about  10  mm.  wide.     E.  —  Cultivated  for  grain. 

H.  distichon  (2-ROw  BARLEY) 
AA.     All  3  spikelets  of  each  group  fertile.     W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for  grain. 

H.  hexastichon  (6  ROW  BARLEY) 

F.   &   R.   EL.    FL. — 4 


50  CYPERACEAE   (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

CYPERACEAE    (SEDGE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial;  rhizomes  present;  stems  3-angled 
or  terete,  mostly  solid.  Leaves  attenuate,  mostly  basal;  sheaths 
not  split.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  spikelets,  small,  perfect  or  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  in  the  axils  of  scales;  scales  imbricate, 
chaffy;  spikes  again  variously  grouped  unless  solitary.  Peri- 
anth none  or  of  mere  bristles  or  scales.  Stamens  usually  2-3, 
hypogynous;  anthers  basifixed.  Ovary  i -celled;  ovule  i;  style 
2-3-cleft.  Fruit  an  akene,  lens-shaped  or  somewhat  3-angled, 
membranous  or  crustaceous  or  bony.  —  A  difficult  family.  Keys 
only  to  the  genera.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  74-89.) 

A.     Akenes  not  inclosed  in  a  saclike  structure;  flowers  perfect;  spikelets  all  alike. 
B.     Spikelets  more  or  less  flat;  scales  in  2  opposite  rows. 

C.  Stem  nearly  naked;   leaves  mostly  basal;   perianth  none. —  (Gk.  kupeiros  = 
the  ancient  name  for  these  plants.)  Cyperus  (CYPERUS) 

CC.  Stem  with  3  distinct  rows  of  leaves;  leaves  mostly  on  the  stem;  perianth  of 
6-9  bristles.  W.  —  (Gk.  duo  =  2,  leichen  =  a  scale;  the  scales  of  the  spikelets 
are  in  2  ranks.)  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (DULICHIUM) 

BB.     Spikelets  terete;  scales  imbricated  all  round. 

D.  Akenes  not  crowned  with  the  bulbous  base  of  the  style. 
E.     Spikelets  not  a  cottony  mass. 

F.  Perennial;  perianth  of  0—6  bristles.  —  One  of  these  is  5.  occidentalis  (Tule), 
whose  stems  are  used  for  the  interior  of  cheap  life  preservers.  (The  Latin 
name  of  the  Bulrush.)  Scirpus  (BULRUSH) 

FF.  Annual;  perianth  of  a  single  hyaline  scale  between  the  rachilla  and  the 
akene.  —  (Gk.  hemi  —  half,  karphos  =  chaff;  because  this  genus  has  only 
i  inner  scale  while  most  related  genera  have  2  or  more.) 

Hemicarpha  (HEMICARPHA) 

EE.     Spikelets  each  a  white  to  brown  cottony  head  of  hairs  1-3  cm.  wide.  —  (Gk. 
erion  =  wool  or  cotton,  phoros  =  bearing;  referring  to  the  cottony  spikes.) 

Eriophorum  (COTTON  GRASS) 

DD.     Akenes  crowned  with  the  persistent  bulbous  base  of  the  style. 
G.     Stem  leafless;  spikelets  solitary,  terminal ;  perianth  bristles  usually  present, 
0-12. —  (Gk.  elos  =  a  marsh,  chairo  =  to  rejoice;    because  it  grows  in  wet 
places.)  Eleocharis  (SPIKE  RUSH) 

GG.     Stem  leafy  at  least  at  base;  spikelets  more  than  i,  in  an  involucrate  umbel. 
H.     Akene  3-angled;    perianth   bristles  none.     U.  —  (Gk.    stenos  =  narrow, 
phyllon  =  a  leaf;  on  account  of  the  very  narrow  leaves.) 

Stenophyllus  capillaris  (HAIR  SEDGE) 

HH.     Akene  lens-shaped;    perianth  bristles  Q-IS,   downwardly  barbed.     W. 

—  (Gk.  rhynchos  =  a  snout,  spora  =  a  seed ;    referring  to  the  long-beaked 

akene.)  Rhynchospora  alba  (WHITE  BEAK-RUSH) 

AA.     Akenes  inclosed  in  a  saclike  structure;  flowers  monoecious;   spikes  mostly  of 

2  kinds.  —  (Gk.  keirein  =  to  cut;  referring  to  the  sharp  leaf -edges.) 

Carez  (SEDGE) 


PONTEDERIACEAE    (PICKEREL-WEED   FAMILY)          51 

ARACEAE    (ARUM  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  large.  Leaves  large,  simple.  Flowers  crowded 
on  a  spadix;  spathe  surrounding  spadix,  usually  conspicuous. 
Perianth  of  4  or  6  green  sepals.  Stamens  4  or  6,  opposite  the 
sepals.  Fruit  usually  berry-like. 

A.  Leaves  7-45  cm.  wide,  netted-veined,  with  skunklike  smell;  spathe  yellow. 
W.  C.  E. —  (Gk.  lysis  =  a  loosening,  chiton  =  a  mantle;  referring  to  the  loosening 
spathe.)  Lysichiton  camtschatcense  (SKUNK  CABBAGE) 

AA.  Leaves  2.5  cm.  or  less  wide,  parallel-veined,  without  skunklike  smell;  spathe 
green.  E.  —  Rhizome  medicinal.  (The  ancient  name.) 

Acorus  calamus  (SWEET  FLAG) 

LEMNACEAE   (DUCKWEED  FAMILY) 

Minute,  stemless,  floating,  merely  i  or  more  flattened  or  spherical 
multicellular  green  bodies  either  with  roots  hanging  from  the 
under  side  or  without  them.  Flowers  extremely  rare.  Fruit  a 
utricle.  —  Floating  on  ponds  or  lakes. 

A.  Thalloid  shoots  i-5-veined,  with  o-i  rootlet;  rootlets  without  vascular  tissue. 

LEMNA  (p.  51) 

AA.  Thalloid  shoots  7-i5-veined,  with  2-10  rootlets;  rootlets  with  central  vascular 
cylinder.  W.  E.  —  (Gk.  spira  =  a  cord,  delos  =  evident;  from  the  threadlike 
roots.)  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (LARGE  DUCKWEED) 

LEMNA    (DUCKWEED) 

Thalloid  shoots  with  many  needle-shaped  crystals  in  the  cells.  —  (Gk. 
limne  =  a  swamp;  referring  to  the  habitat.) 

A.  Thalloid  shoots  long-stalked  at  base,  broadly  oar-shaped,  6-10  mm.  long,  12  or 
fewer  connected.  L.  trisulca  (FAIRY  PADDLE) 

AA.     Thalloid  shoots  sessile,  elliptic-oblong,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  5  or  fewer  connected. 

L.  minor  (SMALL  DUCKWEED) 

PONTEDERIACEAE    (PICKEREL- WEED  FAMILY) 

'  Herbs,  low;  stems  creeping  or  ascending  or  floating.  Leaves 
grasslike.  Flowers  subtended  by  a  leaflike  spathe,  perfect,  mostly 
irregular;  solitary,  small,  yellow.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary, 
corolla-like,  6-parted;  segments  linear;  tube  threadlike.  Stamens 
3,  unequal,  on  the  tube.  Ovary  fusiform;  style  i;  stigma  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  —  E.  In  water  or  bogs.  (Gk.  helera  = 
different,  anther  a  =  anther ;  ours  and  some  other  species  have  2  forms 
of  anthers.)  Heteranthera  dubia  (MUD  PLANTAIN) 


52  JUNCACEAE   (RUSH  FAMILY) 

JUNCACEAE    (RUSH  FAMILY) 

Annual  or  perennial,  grasslike  or  rushlike.  Inflorescence 
various.  Flowers  small,  regular,  hypogynous,  persistent.  Sepals 
3,  glumaceous.  Petals  3,  similar  to  the  sepals.  Stamens  6  or 
rarely  3;  anthers  introrse.  Pistil  3-carpous,  either  i-celled  or 
3-celled;  ovary  superior;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule, 
3-valved.  Seeds  3  to  many,  small.  —  Difficult  family.  Key 
only  to  the  genera.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  90-94.) 

A.  Leaf  sheaths  open;  leaves  never  hairy,  mostly  not  flat  nor  grasslike;  capsule 
i-celled  or  3-celled,  many-seeded;  placentae  parietal  or  axial.  —  (L.  jungere  = 
to  bind;  ropes  were  made  by  twisting  together  some  species.)  Juncus  (RUSH) 

AA.  Leaf  sheaths  closed;  leaves  often  with  a  few  large  hairs,  flat,  grasslike;  cap- 
sule i-celled,  3-seeded;  placenta  basal.  —  (Juncus  =  a  genus  of  rushes;  Gk. 
eidos  =  like;  hence,  rushlike.)  Juncoides  (WOOD  RUSH) 

*KEY  DIRECT  TO  THE  GENERA  OF  MELANTHACEAE, 
LILIACEAE,    AND    CONVALLARIACEAE 

A.     Leaves  not  grasslike,  either  wider  or  mere  scales. 

B.     Leaves  mere  scales;    plants  very  much  branched,  ultimate  branchlets  thread- 
like. Asparagus  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 
BB.     Leaves  not  scales;  branching  not  profuse;  branches  not  threadlike. 
C.     Stems  scapose  or  none,  or  leaves  only  from  near  base. 
D.     Leaves  only  2  or  3. 

E.  Perianth   25-75    rnm.   long;   perianth   segments   about   equal   in   width ; 
stamens  6.  Erythronium  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

EE.     Perianth  6-9  mm.  long;  inner  perianth  segments  narrower  than  the  outer; 
stamens  3.  Scoliopus  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 

DD.     Leaves  more  than  3. 

F.  Plant  with  bulb,  glabrous;  leaves  12  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide;  fruit  a 
capsule.  Camassia  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

FF.     Plant  with  rhizome,  hairy  at  least  on  the  inflorescence;    leaves  3-5  times  as 
long  as  wide;  fruit  a  berry.  Clintonia  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 

CC.     Stems  leafy,  not  merely  so  at  base. 
G.     Petals  very  unlike  the  sepals  in  form  or  size  or  color. 
H.     Leaves  3  in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  ovate  or  wider. 

Trillium  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 
HH.     Leaves  more  than  3,  not  in  a  whorl,  lanceolate  or  narrower. 

Calochortus  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 
GG.     Petals  and  sepals  alike  or  very  nearly  so. 

I.  Flowers  not  white,  or  if  so  42  mm.  long  or  longer.  JJ  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  56) 

II.  Flowers  greenish  white,  2-23  mm.  long. 

*  These  families  are  so  poorly  distinguished  that  it  is  easier  to  trace  most  of  the 
genera  direct.  However,  there  is  also  a  key  to  the  genera  under  each  family. 


MELANTHACEAE    (BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY)  53 

J.     Leaves  1-3.  Unifolium  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 

JJ.     Leaves  more  than  3. 

K.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle;  stem  not  branched. 
L.     Style  i ;  fruit  a  berry;  stem  2-9  dm.  high. 

Vagnera  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 
LL.     Styles  3;   fruit  a  capsule;   stem  6-30  dm.  high. 

Veratrum  in  MELANTHACEAE  (p.  53) 

KK.     Flowers  either  in  a  terminal  umbel  or  else  axillary;    stem  usually 
branched.  See  EE  in  CONVALLARIACEAE  (p.  62) 

AA.     Leaves  grasslike,  narrow. 

M.     Plant  with  onion-like  odor  and  taste.  Allium  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

MM.     Plant  without  either  onion-like  odor  or  taste. 
N.     Stem  none,  or  scapose,  or  leafy  only  near  the  base. 
O.     Plant  with  rhizome. 

P.     Plant  stemless;  flowers  in  a  sessile  umbel;  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leaf- 
like,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  flower  and  its  stalk. 

Leucocrinum  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

PP.     Plant  with  stem  15-90  cm.  high;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle ; 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  not  leaflike,  shorter  than  the  flower  and  its  stalk. 

See  C  in  MELANTHACEAE  (p.  53) 
OO.     Plant  with  bulb  or  corm. 

Q.     Flowers  in  an  umbel.  See  BB  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

OQ.     Flowers  in  an  elongated  raceme  or  panicle. 

R.     Styles  3;  capsule  septicidal.  See  CC  in  MELANTHACEAE  (p.  53) 

RR.     Style  i;  capsule  loculicidal.  See  E  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

NN.     Stem  not  scapose,  leafy  and  not  only  so  at  the  base. 

S.     Leaves  very  many,  50  or  more,  very  tough  and  rigid,  serrulate;   plant  with 

rhizome.  Xerophyllum  in  MELANTHACEAE  (p.  53) 

SS.     Leaves  few,  20  or  fewer,  not  particularly  tough  nor  rigid,  entire;  plant  with 

bulb  or  corm.  See  H  in  LILIACEAE  (p.  55) 

MELANTHACEAE    (BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  erect,  perennial,  with  rootstocks  or  rarely  with  coated 
bulbs;  stem  leafy.  Leaves  wide  or  grasslike,  parallel-veined  but 
often  reticulate  between  the  large  veins.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  a 
raceme  or  a  panicle,  regular.  Perianth  segments  6,  distinct  or 
nearly  so,  usually  persistent.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  3-celled,  superior 
or  partly  inferior;  styles  3,  distinct  or  somewhat  united.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  mostly  septicidal,  rarely  loculicidal.  Seeds  several  to 
many,  often  tailed. 

A.     Leaves  narrow,  linear;  plants  glabrous  (except  Tofieldia  in  part). 
B.     Leaves  few,  25  or  fewer,  not  rigid,  not  rough-margined;  inflorescence  bracted. 
C.     Stems  with  rhizomes;   anthers  2 -celled;  leaves  equitant. 
D.     Perianth  segments  oblanceolate;    pedicels  bracted  near  the  flower;    fila- 
ments naked;  anthers  round- cordate;  capsule  ovate,  3-beaked,  septicidal. 

TOFIELDIA  (p.  54) 


54  MELANTHACEAE   (BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY) 

DD.  Perianth  segments  lanceolate;  pedicels  bracted  near  the  middle;  fila- 
ments woolly;  anthers  linear;  capsule  oblong,  attenuate  upward,  loculicidal. 
U.  —  (An  anagram  of  Anthericum,  from  Greek  anther ikos,  the  supposed  name  of 
the  Asphodel.)  Narthecium  californicum  (BOG  ASPHODEL) 

CC.     Stems  from  bulbs;   anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  i-celled;   leaves  not  equi- 

tant. 

E.     Flowers  nodding,  yellowish  purple;  perianth  segments  acuminate,  glandless. 

W.  C.  —  (Gk.  stenos  =  narrow,  anthos  —  a  flower;    referring  to  the  narrow 

perianth  segments.)  Stenanthium  occidentale  (STENANTHIUM) 

EE.     Flowers  erect,  white  or  yellowish;    perianth  segments  acute  or  blunter, 

with  1-2  glands  just  above  the  narrowed  base.  ZYGADENUS  (p.  54) 

BB.     Leaves  many,  50  or  more,  rigid,  rough-margined;    inflorescence  bractless; 

anthers  2-celled;   stem  from  a  rhizome.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  xeros  =  dry,  phyllon 

=  a  leaf ;  the  leaves  are  not  juicy.)  Xerophyllum  tenax  (BEAR  GRASS) 

AA.     Leaves  wide,  lanceolate  to  broadly  elliptic;  stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent; 

inflorescence  bracted;  anthers  i -celled;  stem  from  a  rhizome. 

VERATRUM  (p.  55) 

TOFIELDIA    (FALSE  ASPHODEL) 

Slender,  mostly  tufted,  with  rootstock.  Stems  simple,  leafy  only  at  base. 
Leaves  2-ranked,  equitant,  linear,  grasslike.  Flowers  in  a  terminal 
bracted  spike  or  raceme,  perfect,  usually  involucrate  by  3  bractlets  on  the 
pedicel.  Perianth  persistent;  segments  3-veined,  white  or  greenish. 
Stamens  equaling  the  perianth.  Capsule  septicidal,  3-lobed,  beaked  by  3 
persistent  styles.  —  In  mountain  marshes.  (Honor  of  a  Mr.  Tofield,  a 
little-known  English  botanist.) 

A.  Involucre  bracts  united  f  or  more  of  the  distance  to  the  apex;  perianth  segments 

2-4  mm.  long;  capsule  widest  below  the  middle.  W.  C.  E.  T.  intermedia 

AA.  Involucre  bracts  united  5  or  less  of  the  distance  to  the  apex;  perianth  segments 

about  6  mm.  long;  capsule  widest  above  the  middle.  C.  T.  occidentalis 

ZYGADENUS  (ZYGADENUS) 

Stem  leafy,  from  a  coated  bulb.  Leaves  linear.  Flowers  white  or 
yellowish,  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  glabrous  panicle  or  raceme. 
Perianth  segments  similar,  with  1-2  glands  just  above  the  narrowed  base. 
Stamens  free.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Capsule  3-lobed,  the  compartments  not 
diverging.  —  (Gk.  zygos  =  a  yoke,  adenos  —  a  gland ;  because  some  species 
have  glands  on»each  perianth  segment.)  The  2d  and  3rd  are  known  to  be 
poisonous  to  cattle.  The  others  are  so  nearly  like  them  that  all  are  under 
suspicion. 

A.     Perianth  segments  8-14  mm.  long. 

B.     Glands  not  obcordate;    perianth  segments  10-14  mm.  long;    leaves  12-24  mm. 

wide.     U.  Z.  douglasii 

BB.     Glands  obcordate;    perianth  segments  8-10  mm.  long;    leaves  4-12  mm.  wide. 

W.  E.  Z.  elegans 

AA.     Perianth  segments  2-8  mm.  long. 


LILIACEAE   (LILY  FAMILY)  55 

C.  Stem  leaves  not  sheathing;    racemes  usually  simple;    perianth  segments  4-8  mm. 
long;   capsule  8-12  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  Z.  venenosus  (DEATH  CAMAS) 

CC.     Stem  leaves  usually  sheathing;    racemes  usually  panicled;     perianth  segments 
2-4  mm.  long;   capsule  12-24  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  Z.  paniculatus 

VERATRUM    (FALSE  HELLEBORE) 

Tall.  Leaves  wide,  strongly  veined,  plicate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal 
pubescent  panicle,  rather  large,  the  lower  mostly  staminate  only.  Perianth 
segments  similar.  Stamens  free.  Capsules  sessile,  membranous,  3-beaked 
by  the  persistent  diverging  styles,  septicidal.  Seeds  flat,  margined  or  winged. 
—  (L.  vere  =  true,  ater  =  black ;  referring  to  the  root.)  Poisonous,  specially 
the  roots. 

A.  Flowers  green;    panicle  drooping;    perianth  segments  8-15   mm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

—  Medicinal  plant.  V.  viride   (GREEN  HELLEBORE) 

AA.     Flowers  white;    panicle  erect;    perianth  segments   15-20  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  californicum   (WHITE  HELLEBORE) 

LILIACEAE    (LILY  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  with  bulbs  or  corms  or  rarely  with  a  rhizome, 
stems  scapose  or  leafy,  mostly  simple.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
mostly  conspicuous.  Perianth  segments  6,  distinct  or  united; 
mostly  alike  in  color  and  form  (not  in  Calochortus}.  Stamens  6, 
or  3  of  these  replaced  by  staminodia,  on  the  perianth  or  the  recep- 
tacle. Styles  none  (Calochortus),  or  united  partly  or  wholly. 
Stigmas  i  or  3.  Ovary  3-celled,  superior.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
loculicidal  (septicidal  in  Calochortus). 

A.     Perianth  segments  plainly  united ;  inflorescence  with  scarious  bracts ;  leaves  linear. 
B.     Plants  with  rhizomes;  perianth  salverform,  white,  tube  very  narrow,  segments 
several-veined;    pedicels  not  jointed;    anthers  circinate  when  dry.     E.  —  Be- 
lieved to  be  poisonous  to  sheep.     (Gk.  leukos  =  white,  krinon  =  a  lily;  the  white 
flower  is  lily-like.)  Leucocrinum  montanum  (LEUCOCRINUM) 

BB.     Plants  with  coated  bulbs;    perianth  not  salverform,  mostly  not  white,  seg- 
ments i-veined;  pedicels  jointed;   anthers  not  circinate. 
C.     Perianth  funnelform,  not  saccate  at  base,  various  in  color. 

HOOKERA  (p.  58) 

CC.     Perianth  broadly  tubular,  6-saccate  at  base,  deep  scarlet  with  yellowish  lobes. 
U.  C.  —  (Honor  of  J.  C.  Brevoort,  of  New  York.) 

Brevoortia  idamaia  (Ida  May's  Fire  Crackers) 

AA.     Perianth  segments  distinct,  or  slightly  united  at  base  (some  species  of  Allium); 
leaves  various;  plants  from  scaly  or  solid  bulbs. 

D.  Odor  onion-like;  flowers  in  a  terminal  umbel,  on  a  scapose  stem;  inflorescence 
subtended  by  a  whorl  of  2-5  scarious  bracts  which  are  distinct  or  united. 

ALLIUM  (p.  56) 

DD.     Odor  none  or  not  onion-like;  flowers  not  in  umbels,  or  if  so  stems  not  scapose; 
inflorescence  not  subtended  by  a  whorl  of  scarious  bracts. 


56  LILIACEAE   (LILY  FAMILY) 

E.     Inflorescence  distinctly  a  raceme  or  panicle,  with  scarious  bracts;    pedicels 

jointed;  anthers  versatile. 

F.     Stem  simple;   inflorescence  a  raceme;   perianth  segments  3-7- veined,  17-30 

mm.  long.  CAMASSIA  (p.  61) 

FF.     Stem  branched;    inflorescence  a  raceme  or  panicle;    perianth  segments 

i-3-veined. 

G.  Stem-leaves  few;  perianth  segments  5-10  mm.  long,  apparently  i-veined 
but  closely  3-veined;  style  short.  —  Mountain  plants,  not  common.  (Gk. 
schoenos  =  a  reed, /mow  =  a  lily;  apparently  referring  to  the  reed-like  stems.) 

*  Schoenolirion 

GG.  Stem  leaves  rather  numerous;  perianth  segments  16-20  mm.  long, 
plainly  3-veined;  style  long.  U.  C.  —  (Gk.  chloros  =  green,  gala  —  milk; 
from  the  greenish  white  juice.)  Chlorogalum  pomeridianum  (SOAP-ROOT) 

EE.     Inflorescence  not  distinctly  racemose,  with  foliaceous  bracts  or  none;  pedi- 
cels not  jointed;  anthers  basifixed  (except  in  Lilium). 
H.     Perianth  segments  all  alike;  capsule  loculicidal;  style  present. 

I.  Leaves  only  2,  basal,  wide;   capsule  3-angled.        ERYTHRONIUM  (p.  60) 

II.  Leaves  more  than  2,  not  all  basal. 

J.  Perianth  segments  0.8-1  cm.  long,  white;  stem  5-13  cm.  high;  leaves 
grasslike,  not  in  a  whorl,  basal  ones  exceeding  the  stem:  capsule  3-angled. 
W.  C.  E.  —  (Probably  in  honor  of  A.  J.  Lloyd,  an  English  surveyor  and  natu- 
ralist. Lloydia  serotina  (WHITE -FLOWERING  GRASS) 
JJ.  Perianth  segments  2.5-10  cm.  long,  mostly  not  white;  stem  mostly 
higher;  leaves  mostly  not  grasslike,  often  in  whorls,  not  exceeding  the 
stem;  capsule  6- angled. 

K.     Perianth  segments  oblanceolate;    nectary  a  linear  groove;   bulb  scales 

lanceolate.  LILIUM  (p.  58) 

KK.     Perianth  segments   lanceolate;    nectary  a   shallow   pit;     bulb  scales 

wider  than  lanceolate,  very  thick.  FRITILLARIA  (p.  59) 

HH.     Outer  perianth  segments  smaller  then  the  inner,  greenish;   capsule  sep- 

ticidal;  style  none.  CALOCHORTUS  (p.  60) 

ALLIUM    (ONION) 

Perennial,  mostly  with  coated  bulbs,  with  onion-like  odor.  Leaves 
basal,  linear  or  lanceolate.  Pedicels  not  jointed.  Perianth  segments 
nearly  equal,  lanceolate  to  linear,  i-veined,  more  or  less  gibbous  at  base. 
Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  perianth ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  sessile, 
subglobose;  style  filiform.  Capsule  obtusely  3-lobed.  Seed  obovoid, 
wrinkled.  —  Many  flavor  milk  when  eaten  by  cattle.  The  cultivated  onion 
is  A-.  cepa.  (A  Latin  name  for  Garlic.) 

A.     Perianth  segments  acute  or  blunter. 

B.     Perianth  shorter  than  the  stamens;  bulb  coat  not  reticulate.     W.  C.    A.  cernuum 
BB.     Perianth  longer  than  the  stamens. 
C.     Perianth  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
D.     Ovary  plainly  6-crested  at  the  summit;    bulb  coat  not  reticulate.     W.  E. 

A.  crenulatum 

*F.  &R.  p.  98. 


LILIACEAE   (LILY  FAMILY)  57 

DD.     Ovary  obscurely  crested  or  ridged. 

E.     Bulb  coat  reticulate;    umbel  nodding;    flowers  white;    perianth  8  mm.  long. 

E.  A.  collinum 

EE.     Bulb  coat  not  reticulate;   umbel  not  nodding;   flowers  red  or  white;   perianth 

10  mm.  long.     E.  A.  tolmiei 

CC.     Perianth  15  times  as  long  as  the  stamens  or  shorter;    bulb  coat  reticulate  in 

some  species. 
F.     Leaves  longer  than  the  scape;    perianth  segments  acute  or  obtuse,  not  apicu- 

late;  bulb  ovoid. 
G.     Spathe  of  2  bracts. 

H.     Leaves  about  4  mm.  wide;    bracts  of  the  spathe  acuminate;    pedicels  8-16 

mm.  long;    perianth  segments  acute,  entire.     E.  A.  watsoni 

HH.     Leaves  less  than  2  mm.  wide;   bracts  of  the  spathe  acute;  pedicels  2-4  mm. 

long;    perianth  segments  obtuse,  delicately  denticulate.     E.          A.  simillimum 

GG.     Spathe  of  3  bracts.     U.  A.  tribracteatum 

FF.     Leaves  shorter  than  the  scape;    perianth  segments  acute  or  apiculate. 

I.  Perianth  segments  entire,  not  cuspidate. 

J.  Bulb  ovoid;  bulb  coat  not  fibrous;  scape  1-2  dm.  high;  bracts  of  the  spathe 
8-10  mm.  long,  acute.  E.  A.  madidum 

JJ.  Bulb  oblong;  bulb  coat  fibrous;  scape  2.5-3.3  dm.  high;  bracts  of  the 
spathe  12-21  mm.  long,  acuminate,  C.  E.  A.  geyeri 

II.  Inner  perianth  segments  serrulate,  abruptly  cuspidate.     (See  M.) 
AA.     Perianth  segments  acuminate. 

K.     Scape  terete  or  nearly  so. 
L.     Inner  perianth  segments  serrulate. 

M.     Perianth  segments  i£  the  stamen-length  or  less,  their  tips  recurved.     W.  C.  E. 

A.  acuminatum 
MM.     Perianth  segments  twice  the  stamen-length,  almost  straight.     U.  E. 

A.  bolanderi 

LL.     Perianth  segments  entire. 
N.     Ovary  not  crested;    bulb  coat  not  reticulate. 

O.     Flowers  dark  red;    scape  17-37  cm.  high;    bulb  ovate.     E.  A.  douglasii 

OO.     Flowers  rose  color;    scape  30-60  cm.  high;    bulb  oblong.     E.  —  Grown  in 
gardens  for  the  edible  tops.  A.  schoenoprasum   (CHIVES) 

OOO.     Flowers  white  to  pinkish;    scape  2.5-10  cm.  high;    bulb  ovate.     E. 

A.  macrum 

NN.     Ovary  crested;    bulb  coat  reticulate  in  some  species. 

P.     Umbels  few-flowered;    bulb  coat  obscurely  or  not  at  all  reticulate;     scape  7.5- 
20  cm.  high;    bracts  of  spathe  acuminate;   flowers  white  or  rose  color.     E. 

A.  nevii 

PP.     Umbels  many-flowered. 

Q.  Bracts  of  the  spathe  abruptly  acute;  scape  15-50  cm.  long;  flowers  white 
or  rose  color.  C.  E.  A.  attenuifolium 

QQ.     Bracts  of  the  spathe  acuminate. 

R.     Scape  10-30  cm.  long;    flowers  pink  or  crimson;    bulb  coat  reticulate.     E. 

A.  serratum 
RR.     Scape   25-63  cm.  long;    flowers  white  or  rose  color;  bulb  coat  fibrous. 

(See  JJ.) 

KK.     Scape  flattened,    somewhat    2-edged    (somewhat    3-angled    below  in   A.    vali- 
dum). 

S.     Scape  30-75  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  leaves;  stamens  exserted.     C.     A.  validum 
SS.     Scape  5-15  cm.  long,  as  long  or  shorter  than  the  leaves;   stamens  included. 
T.     Perianth  segments  15-17  mm.  long,  serrulate.     U.  A.  falcifolium 

TT.     Perianth  segments  6-12  mm.  long,  entire. 
U-     Perianth  segments  very  little  longer  than  the  stamens.     E.  A.  anceps 


58  LILIACEAE    (LILY  FAMILY) 

UU.     Perianth  segments  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
V.     Ovary  not  crested,  ite  cells  shortly  apiculate.     E.  A.  cusickil 

W.     Ovary  6-crested.     E.  A.  pleianthum 

HOOKERA    (FOOL'S  ONION) 

Perennial ;  corms  with  fibrous  membranes,  coated ;  stem  scapose.  Leaves 
narrow.  Flowers  blue  or  purple  or  white  or  yellow,  solitary  or  in  a  bracted 
umbel,  on  jointed  pedicels.  Stamens  either  6,  of  which  i  is  opposite  each 
perianth  segment  and  more  or  less  united  with  it;  or  only  3,  the  3  outer 
replaced  by  staminodia.  Style  persistent,  about  equaling  the  anthers; 
stigmas  3,  short,  divergent.  Capsule  ovate-oblong.  Seeds  angled.  — 
(Honor  of  J.  Hooker,  an  English  botanist.) 

A.     Stamens  with  anthers  3,  alternating  with  3  antherless  staminodia;    anthers  basi- 

fixed;   capsule  subsessile. 

B.     Scapes  7-25  cm.  high;    pedicels  12-100  mm.  long;    capsules  about  6  mm.  long. 

W.  H.  coronaria  (HARVEST  FOOL'S  ONION) 

BB.     Scapes  30-120  cm.  high;    pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;    capsule  about  10  mm.  long. 

C.     Scapes  6-12  dm.  high,  smooth;   umbel  often  elongated  into  a  dense  short  raceme; 

staminodia  deeply  cleft,  projecting  beyond  the  anthers;    seeds  usually  i  in  each 

cell.     W.  C.  H.  pulcheUa  (OOKOW) 

CC.     Scape  3-6  dm.  high,  somewhat  scabrous;    umbel  never  elongated;    staminodia 

entire,  obtuse,  about  equaling  the  anthers;    seeds  several  in  each  cell.     U. 

H.  multiflora 
AA.  Stamens  with  anthers  6;   anthers  versatile  (except  in  H.  capitata);    capsule  stipi- 

tate  (except  in  H.  capitata). 
D.     Perianth  blue  or  purple  or  white. 
E.     Perianth  lobes  from   slightly  longer  to  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  perianth 

usually  blue  or  purple,  but  sometimes  white. 
F.     Stamens  in  2  rows. 
G.     Filaments  of  the  inner  row  of  stamens  narrow;   flowers  dark  blue.     E. 

H.  douglasii 

GG.     Filaments  of  the  inner  row  of  stamens  broad;   flowers  light  blue. 
H.     Perianth  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.     W.  E.  H.  howellii 

HH.     Perianth  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube.     E.  H.  tricolor 

FF.     Stamens  in  one  row. 

I.     Perianth  1.2-2  cm.  long,  the  lobes  slightly  longer  than  the  tube;    pedicels 

1-12  mm.  long.     U.  C.  H.  capitata 

n.     Perianth  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  lobes  slightly  shorter  than  the  tube;    pedicels 

12-50  mm.  long.     U.  H.  bridgesii 

EE.     Perianth  lobes  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;    perianth  white,  with 

green  midveins;   stamens  in  2  rows.     W.  E.  H.  hyacintha 

DD.     Perianth  yellow,  with  blue  midveins;   stamens  in  2  rows.     U.       H.  hendersonl 

LILIUM    (LILY) 

Bulbs  scaly;  stems  leafy,  simple.  Leaves  flat,  sessile,  whorled  or 
scattered,  netted-veined  but  the  chief  veins  from  the  base.  Flowers  in 
bracted  racemes  or  umbel-like  clusters,  usually  large ;  pedicels  not  jointed, 
with  foliaceous  bracts.  Perianth  funnelform.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous, 
included;  anthers  versatile,  extrorse.  Stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  sessile, 


LILIACEAE   (LILY   FAMILY)  59 

erect.  —  L.  longiflomm  is  the  Easter  Lily ;    L.  tigrinum  is  the  Tiger  Lily. 
(Latin  name.) 

A.     Flowers  orange-yellow  or  reddish,  mostly  conspicuously  spotted. 
B.     Flowers   nodding;     perianth  segments  3-3-7-5   cm.   long;    capsule  oblong,   2.5-4 

cm.  long. 

C.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute;  perianth  segments  3.7-5  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide; 
anthers  yellow;  capsule  short-oblong,  2.2-2.8  cm.  long.  W.  C. 

L.  parviflorum  (WILD  TIGER-LILY) 

CO.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate;  perianth  segments  5-7.5  cm. 
long,  12-18  mm.  wide;  anthers  red;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  3-7~4  cm.  long. 
W.  C.  I*-  pardalinum  (WILD  TIGER-LILY) 

BB.     Flowers  erect  or  nearly  so;    perianth  segments  2.5-3.8  cm.  long;    capsule  sub- 
globose,  1.2-2  cm.  long.     C.  L.  parvum  (SMALL  LILY) 
AA.     Flowers  white  or  purplish  or  pale  yellow  or  red,  finely  spotted  or  spotless. 
D.     Flowers  dull  purplish  red  outside,  bright  red  and  dotted  with  maroon  inside.     U. 

L.  bolanderi   (RED  LILY) 
DD.     Flowers  white  or  pale  lilac,  becoming  tinged  with  rose    or    purple  when  old, 

mostly  dotted  with  purple  or  brown. 

E.     Flowers  horizontal,  finely  dotted  with  purple;    perianth  segments  7-S-io  cm. 

long;   anthers  10-12  mm.  long.     U.  C.     L.  washingtonianum    (WASHINGTON  LILY) 

EE.     Flowers  erect  or  ascending,  somewhat  dotted  with  brown;    perianth  segments 

4-7.5  cm.  long;   anthers  4-6  mm.  long.     U.     L.  rubescens  (BROWN-SPOTTED  LILY) 

FRITILLARIA    (RICE-ROOT) 

Bulb  scaly ;  stem  simple,  leafy.  Leaves  flat,  sessile,  whorled  or  scattered. 
Flowers  usually  large,  either  solitary,  or  in  a  raceme  or  subumbellate  cluster 
with  foliaceous  bracts.  Perianth  funnelform  or  campanula te.  Stamens  6, 
hypogynous,  included;  anthers  versatile,  extrorse.  Stigma  3-lobed  or 
-cleft.  Capsule  sessile.  —  (L.  fritillus  =  a  dice  box ;  referring  to  the  spots 
on  the  flower.) 

A.     Flowers  yellow,   sometimes   with   a  slight   purplish   tinge,    not   spotted;     stigma 

shortly  3-lobed;    capsule    obtusely  angled.     E.       F.  pudica    (YELLOW    RICE-ROOT) 

AA.     Flowers  brownish  purple,  more  or  less  spotted  with  green;    stigmas  3,  linear; 

capsule  acutely  angled  (except  F.  camtschatcensis). 
B.     Flowers  distinctly  mottled;   capsule  acutely  angled. 
C.     Leaves  mostly  scattered;    capsule  merely  acute-angled. 
D.     Leaves  6-20,  linear,  not  glaucous;   stamens  about  8  mm.  long.     C.  E. 

F.  atropurpurea 

DD.     Leaves  2-4,   oblong-lanceolate,  glaucous;   stamens   about  12  mm.  long.     U. 

F.  glauca 

CC.  Leaves  in  i  to  3  whorls,  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate;  capsule  broadly 
winged.  W.  C.  E.  F.  lanceolata  (WHORLED  RICE-ROOT) 

BB.     Flowers  obscurely  mottled;   capsule  obtusely  angled.     W.  C. 

F.  camtschatcensis 

AAA.     Flowers  yellow  outside,  yellow  and  spotted  with  scarlet  inside;    stigmas  3, 
linear;   capsule  obscurely  angled.     U.  F.  recurva 


60  LILIACEAE    (LILY   FAMILY) 


ERYTHRONIUM    (DOG-TOOTH  VIOLET) 

Low,  from  membrane-coated  corm;  stem  scapelike.  Leaves  flat, 
smooth,  tapering  at  base.  Flowers  large,  solitary  or  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
Perianth  segments  lanceolate,  deciduous,  mostly  revolute,  the  inner  usually 
with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  of  the  base  and  a  groove  in  the  middle. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous.  Stigma  3-lobed  or  -cleft.  Capsule  nearly  sessile, 
obovoid,  membranous.  —  (Gk.  erythros  =  red ;  because  some  European 
species  have  reddish  flowers.) 

A.     Leaves  mottled. 
B.     Flowers  somewhat  purple  specially  on  the  inside,  often  with  some  white  or  yellow. 

C.  Perianth    segments  acuminate,  white    or    pinkish   rose   outside,  golden   orange 
deepening    to  purple  on  the  inside;    anthers  bright  yellow.     W.     E.  revolutum 

CC.     Perianth  segments  obtuse,  dark  purple  at  base,  bordered  with  yellow  above; 
anthers  brownish.     U.  E.  hendersoni 

BB.     Flowers  white  or  yellow  or  pink,  without  purple. 

D.  Inner   perianth  segments   with    neither   auricles    nor   scales    at  base;     stigmas 
faintly  lobed;    leaves  acute.     U.  E.  howellii 

DD.     Inner  perianth  segments  with  scales  and  sometimes  with  auricles  at  base; 

stigmas  plainly  lobed  or  segmented. 

E.     Leaves  acute;    outer  perianth  segments  acuminate,  3.5-5   cm.  long;    stigmas 

distinct.     W.  E.  giganteum 

EE.     Leaves  obtuse;    outer  perianth  segments  obtuse,  2.5-3.2  cm.  long;    stigmas 

united  by  their  edges.      U.  E.  citrinum 

AA.     Leaves  not  mottled. 

F.     Flowers  white,  orange  at  base,  often  pinkish  when  old;    outer  perianth  segments 

acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  montanum 

FF.     Flowers  bright  yellow,  whitish  at  base;    outer  perianth  segments  obtuse. 

G.     Anthers  white;    flowers  2.5-3.2  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  E.  parviflorum 

GG.     Anthers  purple;   flowers  3.7-7.5  cm.  long.     E.  E.  grandiflorum 


CALOCHORTUS    (MARIPOSA  LILY) 

Perennial,  from  coated  bulb;  stem  simple  or  branched,  leafy.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  only  i  basal,  many-veined,  those  on  the  stem  clasping. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  raceme.  Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  greenish. 
Petals  3,  cuneate-obovate,  wide,  variously  colored.  Stamens  6,  on  the  base 
of  the  perianth  segments,  included;  anthers  linear.  Stigmas  3,  sessile, 
recurved,  persistent.  Capsule  sessile,  elliptic  to  oblong,  thin,  3-angled  or 
-winged,  mostly  septicidal.  —  (Gk.  kalos  =  beautiful,  chortos  =  grass. 
The  leaves  are  grasslike.) 

A.     Flowers  pink  or  purplish  or  lavender,  sometimes  of  a  different  color  at  base. 
B.     Petals  acute  or  acuminate. 

C.     Petals  3.5-5  cm.  long;   anthers  obtuse,  8-12  mm.  long. 

D.     Petals  purple,  hairy  $  way  up  inside.     E.  C.  macrocarpus 

DD.     Petals  pale  blue,  hairy  only  J  way  up  inside.     E.  C.  cyaneus 

CC.     Petals  1.2-1.7  cm.  long;    anthers  acuminate,  about  4  mm.  long.     U. 

C.  maweanus 


LILIACEAE    (LILY   FAMILY)  6 1 

BB.     Petals  obtuse  to  truncate. 
E.     Petals  denticulate. 

F.  Sepals  ovate-lanceolate;    petals  often  with  a  purple  spot  on  each  side  of  the 
scale;   anthers  obovate;   capsule  nodding.     U.  C.  uniflorus 

FF.     Sepals   narrowly   lanceolate;     petals   with   a   purple   band   above   the   gland; 
anthers  ovate;    capsule  erect.     E.  C.  longibarbatus 

EE.     Petals  entire. 

G.  Sepals  3.2-4  cm.  long,  hyaline-margined  on  i  side;    anthers  obtuse,  12-17  mm. 
long.     E.  C.  nitidus 

GG.   Sepals  1.2-2.1  cm.  long;    anthers  acute,  4-8  mm.  long. 

H.     Sepals  hyaline-margined  on  i  side;    petals  white  with  dark   base,  with  short 

hairs  inside;    petal  gland  transversely  oblong;    capsule  erect.     W.         C.  howellii 

HH.     Sepals    not    hyaline-margined;     petals    yellowish   purple,    with    long    hairs 

inside;    petal  gland  rounded;    capsule  nodding.     W.  C.  C.  tolmiei 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  usually  darker  at  base. 

I.     Sepals  3.2-4  cm.  long,  hyaline-margined  on  i  side;    petals  with  an  indigo  spot 

near  the  center.     E.  C.  nitidus 

n.     Sepals  2.5  cm.  long  or  shorter,  either  hyaline-margined  on  both  sides  or  on  neither; 

petals  without  spot  other  than  gland  (except  C.  elegans). 

J.     Petals  narrowly  ovate,  acute;    pod  erect.     C.  E.  C.  lyallii 

JJ.     Petals  broadly  rhombic-ovate  or   broadly  obovate,  obtuse  to  rounded    (except 

C.  maweanus). 
K.     Sepals  somewhat  yellowish  inside;    anthers  obtuse;    capsule  erect.     C.  E. 

C.  nuttallii   (SEGO  LILY) 

KK.     Sepals  not  yellowish  inside;    anthers  acuminate;    capsule  nodding. 
L.     Petals  yellowish  at  least  in  part. 

M.     Petals  thinly  hairy  on  the  inside,  gland  naked;    sepals  without  pit  at  base 

inside;   anthers  acuminate.     E.  C.  apiculatus 

MM.     Petals  densely  hairy  on  the  inside,  gland  more  or  less  covered  by  a  scale. 

N.     Sepals  with  purple  pit  at  base  inside;    anthers  long-acuminate;    stem  1.5- 

2  dm.  high;   leaf  3-8  mm.  wide.     C.  C.  subalpinus 

NN.     Sepals  without  pit;    anthers  abruptly  acuminate;    stem  2-4  dm.  high; 

leaf  8-12  mm.  wide.     W.  C.  purdyi 

LL.     Petals  without  yellow  color. 

O.     Petals  acute,  white  or  tinged  with  rose,  sometimes  purplish  at  base;    anthers 

without  hook  at  tip;    capsule  acute  to  obtuse.     U.  C.  maweanus 

OO.     Petals  obtuse,  white  or  greenish,  sometimes  with  a  purple  spot  at  base; 

anthers  without  hook  at  tip;   capsule  rounded  at  apex.     U.  E.  C.  elegans 

OOO.     Petals  obtuse,  white  or  greenish,  without  purple;    anthers  with  hook  at 

tip;   capsule  narrowly  beaked.     C.  C.  lobbii 

CAMASSIA    (CAMAS) 

Perennial,  with  scaly  bulb;  stem  scapose.  Leaves  usually  basal,  flat. 
Flowers  blue  to  white.  Perianth  segments  persistent.  Stamens  6,  on  the 
base  of  the  perianth,  shorter  than  the  perianth ;  anthers  introrse,  versatile. 
Style  filiform,  apex  slightly  3-lobed,  its  base  persistent.  Capsule  sessile, 
3-lobed  and  3-angled,  3-valved.  —  (The  Indian  name  was  Camas  or  Qua- 
mash.)  The  Indians  gathered  the  bulbs  for  food. 

A.  Perianth  irregular;  segments  3-s-veined,  inner  segments  short-clawed  at  base, 
outer  segments  narrower  and  clawless;  leaves  6-16  mm.  wide;  bracts  of  the  inflo- 
rescence subulate.  W.  E.  Q.  quamasl* 


62       CONVALLARIACEAE   (LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY) 

AA.     Perianth  regular. 
B.     Leaves  12  mm.  or  less  wide. 

C.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate. 

D.     Flowers  blue  or  white;    perianth  segments  usually  7-veined;  capsule  conspic- 
uously veined.     W.  C.  C.leichtlinU 
DD.     Flowers  blue;    perianth  segments  usually  5 -veined;    capsules  not  conspicu- 
ously veined.     E.  C.  suksdorfii 
CC.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  filiform-subulate.     U.  C.  howellii 
BB.     Leaves  13-37  mm.  wide;   perianth  segments  3~5-veined.     E.  C.  cusickii 

CONVALLARIACEAE    (LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  erect,  perennial,  with  rhizomes,  never  with  bulbs  nor 
corms;  tendrils  none.  Leaves  either  wide  or  scalelike,  simple, 
alternate  or  whorled  or  basal;  wide  leaves  parallel-veined  or  with 
chief  veins  from  the  base.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  variously 
arranged.  Perianth  segments  6  or  rarely  4,  distinct  or  partly 
united;  tube  6-lobed  or  -toothed.  Stamens  4  or  6,  hypogynous  or 
on  the  perianth.  Ovary  i-3-celled,  superior;  styles  i  or  3 ;  stigma 
2-3-lobed  or  entire.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry  or  rarely  a  capsule. 
Seeds  few  to  many. 

A.  Leaves  minute,  scalelike;  stem  much  branched;  ultimate  branchlets  thread- 
like. W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for  its  edible  shoots.  (The  Greek  name  for  similar 
plants.)  Asparagus  officinale  (.ASPARAGUS) 

AA.  Leaves  large,  foliaceous,  wide;  stems  simple  or  sparingly  branched;  branchlets 
not  threadlike. 

B.     Leaves  not  3,  or  if  so  not  in  a  whorl  on  the  stem;  flowers  either  more  than  i 
or  not  terminal  (except  Clintonia) ;  none  of  the  perianth  segments  dark  green. 
C.     Perianth  segments  alike;  fruit  a  berry;  leaves  more  than  2  (except.  Unifolium) ; 
stem  plainly  above  ground  (except  Clintonia). 

D.     Leaves  all  basal,  gradually  narrowed  to  a  petiole;   leaf  blade  widest  above 
the  middle.  CLINTONIA  (p.  63) 

DD.     Leaves  alternate  and  scattered  along  an  elongated  stem,  or  only  i,  either 
without  petiole  or  abruptly  petioled;  leaf  blade  widest  below  the  middle. 
E.     Leaves  1-3,  with  slender  petiole;   perianth  segments  4;   stamens  4;   ovary 
2-celled;  stem  simple.     W.    C.  —  (L.  unus  =  i,  folium  =  a  leaf;     because 
sterile  plants  usually  have  only  i  leaf.) 

Unifolium  bifolium  (WILD  LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY) 
EE.     Leaves  more  than  3,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;    perianth  segments  6; 

stamens  6;   ovary  3-celled. 

F.     Flowers  many,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle;   stem  simple;  leaves  not 

oblique  at  base;  berry  i-3-seeded.  VAGNERA  (p.  63) 

FF.     Flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  umbel;    stem  branched;    leaves  somewhat 

oblique  at  base;  berry  3-  to  many-seeded.  DISPORUM  (p.  63) 

FFF.     Flowers  few,  axillary,  solitary  or  2  on  a  forked  peduncle;  stem  simple  or 

branched;  leaves  not  oblique  at  base;  berry  many-seeded. 

STREPTOPUS  (p.  64) 


CONVALLARIACEAE   (LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY)       63 

CC.     Perianth  segments  unlike;    fruit  a  capsule;    leaves  2;    stem  hardly  rising 

above  the  ground.     U.  C.  —  (Gk.  scolex  =  a  worm,  pous  =  a  foot;  referring  to 

the  wormlike  scape.)  Scoliopus  hallii  (TWIN-LEAP) 

BB.     Leaves  3,  in  a  whorl  near  the  stem  tip;   flower  i,  terminal;    perianth  of  3 

dark  green  and  3  brighter  colored  segments.  TRILLIUM  (p.  64) 

CLINTONIA    (CLINTONIA) 

Leaves  all  basal.  Peduncle  elongated,  scapelike.  Flowers  white  or  red. 
Perianth  segments  6,  equal.  Stamens  6 ;  anthers  versatile.  Fruit  a  berry, 
smooth. —  (Honor  of  DeWitt  Clinton,  a  former  governor  of  New  York.) 

A.  Flowers  i  or  rarely  2;  perianth  white,  16-24  mm.  long;  peduncle  shorter  than  the 

leaves.  W.  C.  E.  C.  uniflora 

AA.  Flowers  many;  perianth  deep  rose,  8-14  mm.  long;  peduncle  longer  than  the 

leaves.  U.  C.  andrewsiana 

VAGNERA    (FALSE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL) 

Stem  scaly  below,  leafy  above.  Leaves  wide,  alternate.  Perianth 
segments  distinct,  white  or  greenish  white.  Stamens  on  base  of  perianth ; 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  sessile ;  cells  2-ovuled ;  stigma  obscurely  3-lobed. 
—  (Probably  in  honor  of  M.  Wagner,  a  German  traveler  and  naturalist.) 

A.     Inflorescence  a  raceme,  3-2o-flowered;    flowers  6-10  mm.  long;    perianth  shorter 
than  the  stamens. 

B.  Leaves  spreading,  flat;    racemes  3~9-flowered;    perianth   twice   as  long  as  the 
stamens;    rhizome  slender.      W.  C.  E.  V.  sessilifolia 

BB.     Leaves  ascending,  folded;    raceme  6-2o-flowered;    perianth  less  than  i$  times 
as  long  as  the  stamens;   rhizome  stout,  fleshy.     E.  V.  stellata 

AA.     Inflorescence  a  panicle,  many-flowered;  'flowers  2  mm.  or  less  long;    perianth 
longer  than  the  stamens. 

C.  Leaves  acuminate,  the  lower  ones  with  a  very  short  petiole,  not  clasping.     W.  E. 

V.  racemosa  (WILD  SPIKENARD) 
CC.     Leaves  acute,  all  sessile,  more  or  less  clasping.     W.  C.  E.  V.  amplexicaulis 

DISPORUM    (FAIRY  BELLS) 

Stem  branched,  scaly  below,  leafy  above.  Leaves  somewhat  oblique. 
Flowers  rather  small,  in  a  terminal  few-flowered  umbel.  Perianth  segments 
distinct.  Stamens  hypogynous;  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  sessile;  cells 
mostly  2-ovuled;  stigmas  i  or  3.—  (Gk.  dis  =  double,  spora  =  a  seed; 
because  the  cells  of  the  ovary  are  2-ovuled.) 

A.     Leaves  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  not  clasping;   stigma  3-cleft. 

B.  Plant  much  branched;    perianth  segments  12-22   mm.   long;    stamens  about  f 
as  long  as  the  perianth;    berry  short-beaked,  nearly  smooth  except  at  beak,  3-6- 
seeded.     W.  C.  D.  smithii 

BB.     Plant  sparingly  branched;    perianth  segments  12-14  mm.  long;    stamens  about 
equaling  the  perianth;    berry  not  beaked,  papillose,  3~i8-seeded.     E.     D.  ma  jus 
AA.     Leaves  mostly  cordate  at  base  (except  D.  trachyandrum) ,  at  least  the  lower  mostly 
clasping;   stigma  entire. 

C.  Leaves  averaging  about  3.7-5  cm.  long;    stamens    more  than  f  as  long  as  the 
perianth;   filaments  elongated,  longer  than  the  anthers. 


64  SMILACEAE   (SMILAX   FAMILY) 

D.     Leaves    long-acuminate;    pedicels    woolly-pubescent;    stamens  about  if  times 

as  long  as  the  perianth;    berry  acutish.     W.  C.  E.  D.  oreganum 

DD.     Leaves  acute  or  short-acuminate;    pedicels  not  woolly-pubescent;    stamens 

about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  perianth;    berry  beaked  or  obtuse. 
E.     Leaves  deeply  cordate  at  base;    stamens  about  equaling  the  perianth;    ovary 
pubescent,  obtuse.     U.  D.  hooker! 

EE.     Leaves  rounded  to  cordate  at  base;   stamens  about  f  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
ovary  glabrous,  with  short  stout  beak.     U.  D.  trachyandrum 

CC.     Leaves  averaging  about  2.5  cm.  long;    stamens  J  as  long  as  the  perianth;    fila- 
ments very  short,  much  shorter  than  the  anthers.     U.  D.  parvifolium 

STREPTOPUS    (TWISTED-STALK) 

Stem  leafy.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  2  on  a  forked  peduncle.  Peri- 
anth segments  distinct.  Stamens  on  base  of  perianth.  Ovary  sessile; 
stigma  entire  to  3-cleft.  —  (Gk.  streptos  =  twisted,  pous  =  foot ;  because 
the  peduncles  are  bent  or  twisted  about  the  middle.) 

A.     Flowers  rotate.     C.  S.  streptopoides 
AA.     Flowers  narrowly  campanulate. 

B.     Leaves   glaucous   beneath,   strongly  clasping   at   base;     flowers   greenish  white; 

stigma  entire.     W.  C.  E.  S.  amplexifolius 

BB.     Leaves   green   on   both  sides,   not  clasping,    but  sessile;    flowers   rose-purple; 

stigma  3-cleft.     W.  C.  E.  S.  roseus 

TRILLIUM  (TRILLIUM) 

Glabrous;  rhizome  short,  tuber-like;  stem  short,  simple,  with  scarious 
sheaths  at  base.  Leaves  netted- veined,  but  the  chief  veins  from  the  base. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous.  Ovary  3~6-angled 
or  3-6-lobed,  3-celled;  styles  3.  Fruit  a  capsule,  3-celled  or  imperfectly 
i-celled,  berry-like.  Seeds  many.  —  (L.  trilix  =  triple ;  because  leaves 
and  flower  parts  are  in  3*5.) 

A.     Flowers  sessile. 

B.  Leaves  sessile,  mottled;   petals  whitish;    sepals  obtuse;    anthers  white.     W. 

T.  chloropetalum  (MOTTLED  TRILLIUM) 

BB.     Leaves  long-petioled,  usually  not  mottled;    petals  brown-purple;  sepals  acute; 
anthers  dark  purple.     E.  T.  petlolatum  (PURPLE  TRILLIUM) 

AA.     Flowers  with  peduncle  2.5-7.5  cm.  long. 

C.  Ovary  3-lobed  or  -angled;   leaves  oblong.     U.  T.  rlvale 
CC.     Ovary  6-angled;   leaves  rhombic-ovate.     W.  C.  E.                                   T.  ovatum 

SMILACEAE    (SMILAX  FAMILY) 

Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  wide, 
netted-veined,  petioled,  with  stipular  tendrils.  Flowers  small, 
dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels;  yellowish  or  greenish.  Perianth 
segments  6,  similar,  distinct.  Stamens  mostly  6;  filaments 
ligulate;  anthers  basifixed,  introrse.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled 
or  rarely  i -celled;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit 


IRIDACEAE   (FLAG  FAMILY)  65 

a  berry,  globose,  small.     Seeds  1-6. —  (Gk.  smile  =  a  grater;  from 
the  prickly-rough  stems  of  some.)     U.  C.     Smilax  californica  (SMILAX) 

IRIDACEAE   (FLAG  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial.  Leaves  equitant,  sheathing,  2-ranked,  sword- 
like  or  linear,  evergreen  or  withering  in  the  fall.  Inflorescence 
subtended  by  the  spathelike  bracts.  Flowers  showy,  perfect, 
regular.  Perianth  petal-like,  6-cleft;  segments  in  2  series,  wither- 
ing-persistent. Stamens  3,  on  the  base  of  the  j  outer  perianth 
segments;  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled,  inferior.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  3-lobed  or  angled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  few  to  many. 

A.  Perianth  30-60  mm.  long,  white  or  blue;  styles  petal-like;    style  branches 
opposite  the  anthers.  IRIS  (p.  65) 

AA.     Perianth  6-17  mm.  long;    styles  filiform;    style  branches  alternate  with  the 

anthers. 
B.     Flowers  blue,  rarely  whitish;  filaments  united  to  the  top. 

SISYRINCHIUM  (p.  66) 

BB.     Flowers  not  blue,  rarely  whitish;  filaments  united  only  at  base. 
C.     Flowers  yellow,  with  veins  or  stripes  of  black  or  brown  or  orange;    scape 
broadly  2-winged.  HYDASTYLUS  (p.  66) 

CC.     Flowers  from  whitish  to  bright  purplish-red;    scapes  compressed  but  not 
winged.     W.  E.  —  (Meaning  not  determined.) 

Olsynium  grandiflorum  (PURPLE  STAR-GRASS) 

IRIS    (FLAG) 

Rhizome  horizontal.  Flowers  in  a  forked  corymb,  or  only  i ;  spathe- 
bracts  2  or  more,  the  inner  scarious.  Perianth  segments  clawed;  outer 
obovate,  spreading  or  recurved;  inner  narrower,  erect;  tube  extending 
somewhat  above  the  ovary.  Anthers  beneath  the  arching  style-branches. 
Style  3-parted;  base  adnate  to  the  perianth  tube;  branches  thin,  tip  a 
wide  2-parted  crest.  Seeds  many.  —  (Gk.  iris  =  the  rainbow ;  referring 
to  the  colors  of  the  flowers.) 

A.     Flowers  blue  or  purple. 

B.  Stem  leafless;   bracts  largely  scarious;    perianth  tube  6-8  mm.  long.     W.  E. 

I.  missouriensis 

BB.     Stem  leafy;    bracts  green,  not  scarious. 

C.     Leaves  8-16  mm.  wide;    flowers  2-3;    perianth  tube  12-15  mm.  long;    capsule 
3.8-4.2  cm.  long.     U.  I.  douglasiana 

CC.     Leaves  3-5   mm.    wide;    flower    i;    perianth    tube  less  than    10    mm.  long; 
capsule  1.7-2.5  cm.  long.     W.  I.  tenax 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  yellow,  sometimes  striped  or  blotched  with  other  colors. 
D.     Leaves  not  evergreen;   bracts  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

E.     Plant  i-flowered;  flower  white;   outer  perianth  segments  5-7  cm.  long;   capsule 
oblong.     (See  CC.) 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  5 


66  ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHID   FAMILY) 

EE.  Plant  2-flowered;  flowers  white,  blotched  and  striped  with  yellow  and  purple; 
outer  perianth  segments  3~3-5  cm.  long;  capsule  globose.  C.  I.  tenuis 

DD.  Leaves  evergreen;  bracts  5-7.5  cm.  long. 

F.  Flowers  yellow;  perianth  tube  less  than  2.5  cm.  long,  funnelform;  spathe  bracts 
short-acuminate.  U.  I.  bracteata 

FF.  Flowers  white  to  yellow,  with  blue  veins;  perianth  tube  5-7.5  cm.  long,  fili- 
form; spathe  bracts  long-acuminate.  U.  I.  chrysophylla 

SISYRINCHIUM    (BLUE-EYED  GRASS) 

Tufted,  slender;  stem  2-edged  or  -winged.  Leaves  grasslike.  Flowers 
in  a  terminal  umbel,  or  only  i,  mostly  blue;  spathe  bracts  2,  green  or 
purplish,  erect.  Perianth  segments  spreading,  alike,  mostly  aristulate. 
Filaments  united  at  least  at  base.  Stigmas  filiform.  Seeds  9-12.  —  Mostly 
in  wet  grassy  places.  (Gk.  sisyrinchion  =  the  name  of  some  Flaglike  plant.) 

A.     Inner  bracts  exceeding  the  flowers. 

B.  Stem  2-3  mm.  wide;  perianth  12-14  mm.   long,  deep  blue,  with  orange  yellow 
eye.     W.  S.  littorale 

BB.     Stem  1-1.5  mm.   wide;    perianth    7-10  mm.    long,  light  blue,  without  eye.    C. 

S.  sarmentosum 
AA.     Inner  bracts  not  reaching  the  tips  of  the  flowers. 

C.  Perianth  4-7  mm.  long,  white  or  pale;   leaves  and  stem  0.5-1  mm.  wide.     E. 

S.  septentrionale 

CC.     Perianth  10-22  mm.  long,  dark  blue;    leaves    and  stem    i  mm.  or  more  wide 

(except  5.  occidental). 

D.     Stem  usually  2-branched.     W.  S.  biramium 
DD.     Stem  always  simple. 

E.     Outer  spathe  bracts  3-7  cm.  long.     W.  E.  S.  macounii 

EE.     Outer  spathe  bracts  1.8-3.8  cm.  long.     W.  E.  S.  occidental e 

HYDASTYLUS    (YELLOW  STAR-GRASS) 

Black  to  purplish  when  dry ;  stem  simple,  scapose.  Leaves  linear,  wider 
at  base,  somewhat  equitant.  Spathe  bracts  2,  inclosing  membranous 
scales ;  perianth  segments  not  aristulate  nor  emarginate.  Anthers  versatile. 
Capsule  more  or  less  3-angled.  —  (Gk.  hydor  =  water,  stylos  =  a  style ; 
application  not  clear.) 

A.  Perianth  8-10  mm.  long;  leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  mostly  very  dark  in  drying;  anthers 
2-2.5  mm.  long.  W.  H.  borealis 

AA.  Perianth  12-18  mm.  long;  leaves  2-5  mm.  wide,  mostly  not  very  dark  in  drying; 
anthers  3-4  mm.  long.  W.  H.  brachypus 

ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHID  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial.  Leaves  parallel-veined,  flat.  Flowers  in  a 
spike  or  a  raceme  or  solitary,  very  irregular.  Perianth  superior, 
of  6  segments:  outer  segments  3,  alike  or  nearly  so ;  2  of  the  inner 
segments  alike;  the  third  (lip)  unlike  the  other  2,  often  quite 
different,  usually  larger.  Stamens  adhering  to  the  style  and  form- 


ORCHIDACEAE    (ORCHID   FAMILY)  67 

ing  a  column;  perfect  anthers  1-2.  Ovary  inferior;  stigma  con- 
cave, upper  margin  often  a  beak.  Capsule  dehiscent,  usually 
3-celled  and  loculicidal.  Seeds  very  many,  minute,  mostly  spindle- 
shaped. 

A.     Plants  without  green  herbage,  often  reddish,  saprophytic  or  parasitic. 

B.  Stems   white;     flowers   white,    spurless.*    C.    E.  —  (Gk.    cephaln  =  a    head, 
anthera  =  anther.)  Cephalanthera  austinae  (SNOW  ORCHID) 

BB.     Stems  more  or  less  purplish;  flowers  white  or  reddish,  spurred. 

CORALLORHIZA  (p.  69) 
AA.     Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage,  not  saprophytic  nor  parasitic. 

C.  Leaf  i;    flower  i;    plant  bulbous.     W.  E.  —  (Honor  of  the  Greek  goddess 
Calypso,  who  once  held  Ulysses  captive.)  Calypso  bulbosa  (CALYPSO) 

CC.     Leaf  more  than  i ;  flower  usually  more  than  i ;  plants  mostly  not  bulbous. 
D.     Fertile  anthers  2;  lip  an  inflated  sac.  CYPRIPEDIUM  (p.  67) 

DD.     Fertile  anther  i;  lip  not  saclike  (except  Epipactis). 
E.     Leaves  2. 

F.     Leaves  near  middle  of  stem,  opposite.  LISTERA  (p.  69) 

FF.     Leaves  basal,  alternate. 

G.  Leaves  orbicular;  flowers  spurred;  lip  12  mm.  long.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk. 
lysis  =  a  loosening;  application  doubtful.)  Lysias  orbiculata 

GG.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate  to  oblong;  flowers  spurless;  lip  5  mm.  long, 
yellowish  green.  E.  —  (Gk.  liparos  —  fat  or  shining;  referring  to  the 
smooth  leaves.)  Liparis  loeselii  (SPURLESS  ORCHID) 

EE.   Leaves  more  than  2. 
H.     Flower  spurred;  spur  2  mm.  or  more  long. 

I.  Stem  leaves  abruptly  reduced  to  bracts;    leaves  withering  at  flowering; 
lateral  sepals  with  base  adhering  to  claw  of  lip;    tubers  rounded;     spike 
spirally  twisted.  PIPERIA  (p.  68) 

II.  Stem  leaves  gradually  reduced  to  bracts;   leaves  not  withering  until  fruit 
is  formed;  lateral  sepals  free;  tubers  elongated,  rootlike;  spike  not  spirally 
twisted.  LIMNORCHIS  (p.  68) 

HH.     Flowers  spurless. 

J.     Leaves  without  whitish  spots  or  lines;   flowers  in  a  dense  spike  which  is 
somewhat  spiral;  lip  not  distinctly  saclike  at  base,  with  a  hornlike  projec- 
tion on  each  side  near  base.  SPIRANTHES  (p.  69) 
JJ.     Leaves  with  whitish  spots  or  lines;    flowers  in  a  loose  spike  or  raceme 
which  is  not  at  all  spiral;  lip  saclike  at  base,  without  projections  near  base. 
K.     Stem  leafy  at  least  below;    perianth  strongly  purple-veined.     W.  E. 
—  (The  Greek  name.)                                Epipactis  gigantea  (HELLEBORINE) 
KK.     Leaves  all  basal;   perianth  not  purple- veined.     W.  C.  E.  —  (L.  per  = 
through,  amium  =  love;  on  account  of  reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

Peramium  decipiens  (RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN) 

CYPRIPEDIUM    (LADY'S-SLIPPER) 

Glandular-pubescent.  Leaves  large,  wide,  many-veined,  sheathing  at 
base.  Flowers  in  a  leafy  raceme  or  solitary,  large,  showy.  Sepals  spreading, 
separate,  or  2  of  them  united  under  the  lip.  Petals'  similar  to  the  sepals 


68  ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHID   FAMILY) 

but  usually  narrower;  column  with  an  anther  at  each  side,  with  petal-like 
stamen  at  tip.  Pollen  masses  4.  Stigma  disklike,  obscurely  3-lobed.  — 
(Gk.  kypris  =  Venus,  pedilon  =  a  shoe;  the  corolla  is  slipper-like.) 

A.     Stem  with  more  than  2  leaves;   lip  1.4  mm.  or  more  long,  color  not  as  in  AA. 
B.  Lip  white  to  rose,  veined  with  purple. 

C.  Flowers  1-3;    sepals  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  brownish  ;    lip  3-5  cm.  long. 
C.  E.  C.  montanum  (LARGE  LADY'S-SLIPPER) 

CC.     Flowers    1-20;     sepals  widely   oval,    greenish  yellow;     lip    1.7-2.1    cm.    long. 
U.  C.  C.  calif ornicum 

BB.     Lip  bright  yellow,  1.5-3  cm.  long;   flowers  1-3.    E. 

C.  parviflorum  (YELLOW  LADY'S-SLIPPER) 

AA.  Stem  with  2  nearly  opposite  leaves  near  its  middle  and  i  small  lanceolate  bract 
above  them;  lip  8-13  mm.  long,  greenish  yellow,  with  brown  or  purplish  margins. 
E.  C.  fasciculatum  (BROWN  LADY'S-SLIPPER) 

PIPERIA    (ORCHIS) 

Stem  leafy-bracted.  Flowers  small,  greenish  white,  in  a  terminal  spike. 
Sepals  and  petals  i~3-veined.  Pollen  masses  2,  parallel.  Stigma  a  small 
beak  between  the  anther  cells.  —  (Meaning  not  determined.) 

A.     Spur  slightly  longer  than  the  lip.     W.  C.  E.  P.  unalaskensis 

AA.     Spur  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  lip. 

B.     Leaves  withering  at  flowering  time;    spike  10-30  cm.  long;    upper  sepals  lanceo- 
late.    W.  C.  E.  P.  elegans 
BB.     Leaves  withering  before  flowering  time;    spike  4-10  cm.  long;    upper  sepals 
ovate.     W.                                                                                                             P.  michaeli 

LIMNORCHIS    (ORCHIS) 

Stem  leafy.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  white,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Sepals 
and  petals  3~7-veined,  free,  spreading;  lip  entire.  Pollen  masses  2,  parallel. 
Stigma  beak  without  appendages.  —  (Gk.  limne  =  a  swamp  or  pool, 
orchis  =  the  old  Greek  name  of  some  of  these  plants.) 

A.     Flowers  green  or  purplish. 

B.  Spur  only  $-$  as  long  as  the  lip;    lip  linear;    spike  long,  1-3   dm.,  not  dense; 
flowers  purplish.     W.  C.  E.  L.  stricta 

BB.     Spur  equaling  or  exceeding  the  lip;    lip  lanceolate;    spike  short,  dense;   flowers 
green.     C.  E.  L.  viridiflora 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  whitish. 

C.  Lip  linear;   spike  not  dense. 

D.  Lower  leaves  oblanceolate,   obtuse;     upper    leaves    lanceolate,   acute;     lateral 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute;   lip  6-8  mm.  long.     C.  E.  L.  sparsiflora 

DD.     Leaves  all  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute  to  acuminate;  lateral  sepals  ovate, 
acuminate;   lip  12  mm.  long.     U.  L.  aggregata 

CC.     Lip  lanceolate;    spike  lax  or  dense. 

E.  Spur  shorter  than  the  lip,  or  very  little  longer;  flowers  12-14  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

L.  dilatata 
EE.     Spur  J-i  longer  than  the  lip;  flowers  15-20  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

L.  leucostachys 


ORCHIDACEAE   (ORCHID   FAMILY)  69 

SPIRANTHES    (LADIES'  TRESSES) 

Erect;  roots  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous.  Stem  leafy.  Flowers  small. 
Upper  sepals  cohering  to  the  petals.  Lip  dilated,  spreading.  Pollen 
masses  i  pair.  —  In  wet  places.  (Gk.  speira  =  a  coil,  anthos  =  a  flower ; 
referring  to  the  spirally  twisted  racemes.) 

A.     Perianth   about   8   mm.  long;    lip   much   dilated  at  apex,  basal   swellings   small. 

W.  C.  E.  S.  romanzoffiana 

AA.     Perianth  about  6  mm.  long;    lip  little  dilated  at  apex,  basal  swellings  large. 

W.  C.  E.  S.  porrifolia 

LISTERA    (TWAYBLADE) 

Small.  Leaves  nearly  opposite,  sessile.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
spurless,  greenish  or  madder-purple.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  free. 
Lip  longer  than  the  sepals,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft  at  summit.  Pollen  masses 
i  pair.  Stigma  with  a  somewhat  rounded  beak.  —  In  dense  damp  woods. 
(Honor  of  M.  Lister,  an  English  naturalist.) 

A.     Raceme  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  lip  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  about  4-5  mm.  long. 

W.  C.  E.  L.  cordata 

AA.     Raceme  densely  glandular-pubescent;   lip  2-lobed  or  merely  retuse,  the  divisions 

less  than  £  the  distance  to  the  base. 

B.     Leaves  rounded   to  truncate  at  base;    petals  3-4   mm.  long;    lip   5  mm.  long; 

capsule  ovoid.     W.  C.  L.  caurina 

BB.     Leaves  cordate  to  reniform  at  base;    petals  4-6  mm.  long;    lip  9  mm.  long; 

capsule  obovoid.     C.  E.  L.  convallarioides 

CORALLORHIZA    (CORAL  ROOT) 

Saprophytes  or  root  parasites ;  roots  coral-like,  branched ;  stems  scapose, 
simple.  Leaves  sheathlike,  membranous,  white  to  red,  without  green. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  more  or  less  showy.  Lateral  sepals  united 
at  base  into  a  short  spur  or  a  swelling.  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
i~3-veined ;  lip  i-3-ridged ;  pollen  masses  2  pairs.  — •  In  dense  woods. 
(Gk.  korallion  =  coral,  riza  =  a  root;  on  account  of  the  knotted,  fungus- 
covered  roots.) 

A.     Sepals  and  petals  6-8  mm.  long;   spur  present. 

B.     Sepals  and  petals  3-veined;   spur  prominent;   capsule  oblong-cylindric. 
C.     Lip  crenulate,  with  2  lobes  at  base;   spur  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  multi flora 

CC.     Lip  not  crenulate,  with  or  without  2  basal  lobes;    spur  free  for  its  apical  half. 

W.  C.  C.  mertensiana 

BB.      Sepals  and  petals  i-veined;    spur  very  short,  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary;    lip 

2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above  the  base;  capsule  oblong-elliptical.     E.     C.  corallorhiza 

AA.     Sepals  and  petals  12-17  mm.  long,  3-veined;    spur  none.         W.  E.     C.  striata 


DICOTYLEDONS 

SALICACEAE    (WILLOW  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs;  bark  bitter.  Leaves  simple,  alternate. 
Flowers  of  both  sexes  in  aments,  dioecious,  naked.  Stamens  long, 
i  to  many.  Pistil  i;  ovary  i-celled;  stigmas  2,  simple  or  2-4-cleft. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  2-4-valved.  Seeds  many,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at 
one  end;  hairs  long,  silky,  mostly  white. 

A.  Ament  scales  entire;  stamens  i-io;  flowers  with  1-2  glandlike  projections  at 
base;  buds  with  only  i  bud  scale.  SALIX  (p.  70) 

AA.  Ament  scales  lacerate  or  sharply  serrate  at  tip;  stamens  4-60;  flowers  with  a 
cuplike  disk  at  base;  buds  with  more  than  i  bud  scale.  POPULUS  (p.  72) 

SALIX    (WILLOW) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  short-petioled.  Staminate  aments  dense; 
stamens  i-io,  usually  2.  Ovary  sessile  or  short-stalked;  stigmas  2,  entire 
to  2-clef t.  Capsule  mostly  2-valved.  —  (Celtic  sal  =  near,  Us  =  water ; 
referring  to  the  usual  habitat.) 

A.     Ament  scales  pale  yellow,  deciduous.  . 

B.     Trees,  with  furrowed  bark;   leaves  closely  serrulate;    stamens  2-9. 
C.     Leaves  without  glands  where  petiole  joins  blade. 

D.     Leaves    deep   green    beneath    when    mature,    narrowly  lanceolate    to    linear- 
lanceolate;     stipules   semicordate;     stamens    3-5.     E.  —  Leaves    medicinal. 

S.  nigra   (BLACK  WILLOW) 

DD.     Leaves  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  even  when  mature. 

E.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate;   stipules  narrow;    twigs  strik- 
ingly long  and  pendulous;    stamens  2;    cultivated.      W.  E. 

S.  babylonica  (WEEPING  WILLOW) 
EE.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  broadly  lanceolate;   twigs   not  strikingly  long;   stamens 

5-9- 

F.     First  few  leaves  at  base  of  twigs  plainly  widest   below  the  middle   of  the 
blade;    stipules  reniform;    petioles  slender,  nearly  terete.     E. 

S.  amygdaloides   (PEACH  WILLOW) 

FF.     First  few  leaves  at  base  of  twigs  mostly  widest  at  or  above  the  middle  of 
the  blade;    stipules  ovate;    petioles  wide,  plainly  grooved.      W.  C.  E. 

S.  laevigata   (SMOOTH  WILLOW) 
CC.     Leaves  with  glands  where  petiole  joins  blade.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  lasiandra  (GLAND  WILLOW) 
BB.     Shrubs  or  trees,  with  unfurrowed  bark;    leaves  remotely  serrulate  or  entire; 

stamens  2. 

G.     Leaves  linear  or   linear-lanceolate;    blade  widest   below  the   middle,  entire  or 
remotely  denticulate;    pistillate  aments  10-20  mm.  wide. 

70 


SALICACEAE   (WILLOW  FAMILY)  71 

H.     Leaves   canescent   or   silky   at   least   beneath;    pedicel   of   capsule   0-0,7    mm. 
long. 

I.  Stigma  short  and  thick;    stipules  none;    twigs  glabrous. 

J.      Capsule   glabrous;     leaves   canescent   on    both   surfaces   or   silky-tomentose 
beneath,  rarely  on  both  sides  on  very  vigorous  shoots.     W.  E.  S.  exigua 

JJ.      Capsule  pubescent;    leaves  appressed-silky  on  both  sides.     E. 

S.  argophylla  (SPOTTED  WILLOW) 

II.  Stigma  long  and  slender;    stipules  present,  acute,  deciduous;    twigs   hoary- 
pubescent.     W.  S.  sessilifolia  (SILVER-LEAF  WILLOW) 

HH.     Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides;   pedicel  of  capsule  0.5-1.5  mm.  long.     E. 

S.  fluviatilis  (SANDBAR  WILLOW) 

GG.     Leaves  elliptical  to  oblanceolate;    blade  widest  at  or  above  the  middle,  rather 
closely  denticulate;    pistillate  aments  7-8  mm.  wide.     W.  E. 

S.  melanopsis  (DUSKY  WILLOW) 
A.A.     Ament  scales  not  pale  yellow,  mostly  brown  to  black,  at  least  the  tip  darker, 

persistent. 

K.     Aments  sessile,  or  their  peduncles  naked  or  merely  with  bracts. 
L.     Leaves  glabrous  beneath;    stipules  present;    capsule  glabrous. 
M.     Leaves  glaucous,  or  at  least  distinctly  pale  beneath. 
N.      Most  of  the  leaf  blades  widest  below  the  middle.      W.  E. 

S.  cordata  (HEART  WILLOW) 

NN.     Most  of  the  leaf  blades  widest  above  the  middle. 

O.     Bracts  below  the  ament  oblanceolate;    scales  long-hairy,  obtuse  or  rounded. 
W.  E.  S.  piperi 

OO.     Bracts  below  the  ament  lanceolate;   scales  glabrous,  acute.     E. 

S.  mackenziana 

MM.     Leaves  deep  green  on  both  sides,  never  pale  beneath. 

P.     Leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  oblong;    ament  peduncles  1-2  mm.  long;    stipules 

ovate  to  lanceolate.     E.  S.  pseudomyrsinites 

PP.     Leaves  ovate  to  obovate;   ament  peduncles  2.5-4  mm.  long;    stipules  lunate 

to  broadly  ovate.     E.  S.  pyrifolia   (PEAR  WILLOW) 

LL.     Leaves  either  hairy  beneath  or  else  stipules  none;    capsule  hairy. 

Q.     Leaves  densely  silvery-hairy  beneath;    style  elongated;    capsule  silvery-hairy. 

R.     Twigs   densely  covered   with   a   bluish   bloom,  glabrous,   brownish;     stipules 

none  or  on  vigorous  shoots  lanceolate.     C.  E.  S.  subcoerulea 

RR.     Twigs  not  dense  with  bloom,  either  yellow  or  hairy;    stipules  none  or  on 

vigorous  shoots  lunate  or  reniform. 

S.     Stamens   2;    twigs  yellow,   glabrous;    staminate   aments    1.2-2.5   cm.  long, 

their  scales  acute.     E.  S.  bella 

SS.     Stamen  r;    twigs  brownish,  hairy;    staminate    aments  2.5-5  cm.  long,  their 

scales  obtuse.     W.  C.  E.  S.  sitchensis  (SITKA  WILLOW) 

QQ.     Leaves  often   hairy   beneath  but  not  silvery-hairy;    style  short   (except  in 

S.  phylicifolia);    capsule  pubescent  or  tomentose  but  not  silvery-hairy. 
T.     Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides,  margin  not  revolute;    style  1-1.5  mm.  long. 
C.  S.  phylicifolia  (TEA-LEAVED  WILLOW) 

TT.     Leaves   either   hairy   beneath   or  else   margin    revolute;    style    0-0.3    mm. 
long. 
U.     Tall  shrubs,  3-15  m.  high,  not  alpine;   leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long;   aments  stout, 

2.5-7.5  cm.  long;    capsule  7-9  mm.  long. 
V.     Capsule  pubescent;    scales  black.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  scouleriana  (SCOULER  WILLOW) 
W.     Capsule  tomentose;   scales  yellow.     W. 

S.  hookeriana  (HOOKER  WILLOW) 

UU.     Low  shrubs,  less  than  i  m.  high,  alpine;    leaves  0.7-4.5  cm.  long;  aments 
not  particularly  stout,  less  than  2.5  cm.  long;    capsule  2.5-5  mm.  long. 


72  SALIC  ACE  AE   (WILLOW   FAMILY) 

W.     Stems  ascending,  30-90  cm.  high;  leaves  long-hairy  beneath,  3-4.5  cm.  long, 

2-3.5  cm.  wide,  obscurely  crenulate;   aments  3-3.5  cm.  long.     E.    S.  vestita 

WW.     Stems  creeping,  3-10  cm.  high;    leaves  glabrous  beneath,    0.7-2.5  cm. 

long,  0.4-1.5  cm.  wide,  entire;    aments  1-2  cm.  long. 

X.     Leaves  15-25  mm.  long,  10-15  mm-  wide;    aments  1-2  cm.  long,  many- 
flowered.      C.  S.  saximontana 
XX.     Leaves  7-12   mm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;    aments  0.5-1  cm.  long,  3-6- 
flowered.     C.  S.  nivalis 
KK.     Aments  on  leafy  peduncles. 

Y.  Shrubs  1.5  m.  or  less  high  (except  S.lemmoni,  S.  bardayi,  and  5.  macrostachya); 
ament  scales  wider  than  linear,  obtuse  or  acute,  brown  or  gray -brown  or  black, 
not  reddish  at  tip;  capsule  peduncle  2-5  mm.  long. 

Z.     Stipules  present,  rather  large  on  vigorous  shoots  (except  S.  wolfii);  stigma  entire. 
a.     Leaves  lanceolate;   scales  of  aments  black.     E.  S.  lemmoni 

aa.     Leaves  either  ovate-lanceolate  or  else  widest  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the 

blade;   scales  of  aments  not  black. 

b.     Leaves  glabrate  above,  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  crenate  or  serrulate. 
W.  C.  E.  S.  barclayi  (BARCLAY  WILLOW) 

bb.     Leaves  quite  hairy  on  both  sides,  not  glaucous  beneath. 
c.     Stipules  large,  ovate.     W.  C.  E.  S.  commutata 

cc.     Stipules  small  or  none. 
d.     Twigs  ash-colored,  hairy;   pistillate  aments  2.5-5  cm.  long.     E. 

S.  macrostachya 

dd.     Twigs  yellow-brown,  glabrous;    pistillate  aments  1-2.5  cm.  long.     C.  E. 

S.  wolfii 

ZZ.     Stipules  none  or  very  small;   stigma  not  entire. 

e.     Erect  shrubs,  bog  plants,  alpine  or  low-land,  4  dm.  or  less  high;   mature  leaves 

mostly  3-6  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  S.  myrtilloides  (BOG  WILLOW) 

ee.     Depressed  or  creeping  shrubs,  rock  plants,  alpine,  less  than   i   dm.   high  ; 

mature  leaves  mostly  1-3  cm.  long. 
f.     Leaves  2-4  cm.  long,  pale  beneath,  broadly  elliptic  to  obovate.     E. 

S.  petrophila   (ROCK  WILLOW) 

ff.     Leaves  1-1.2  cm.  long,  deep  green  or  slightly  pale  beneath,  narrowly  ellip- 
tic to  obovate.     C.  S.  tenera  (SMALL-LEAVED  WILLOW) 
YY.     Shrubs   2-5   m.   high;    ament  scales  linear-oblong,  acute,  tawny,  reddish  at 

tip;   capsule  peduncle  0-1.5  mm.  long. 

g.     Leaves  elliptical -oval;   peduncle  of  ament  2-5  mm.  long;   twigs  without  bloom. 

E.  S.  bebbiana  (BEBB  WILLOW) 

gg.     Leaves  linear-oblanceolate;    peduncle  of  ament  1.5-2.5  mm.  long;    twigs  with 

bloom.     W.  E.  S.  geyeriana  (GEYER  WILLOW) 

POPULUS    (POPLAR) 

Trees ;  bud  scales  resinous.  Leaves  wide,  petioled ;  stipules  minute, 
fugaceous.  Disk  cup-shaped,  oblique.  Staminate  aments  dense,  pendu- 
lous; stamens  6-40.  Pistillate  aments  sometimes  raceme-like:  ovary 
sessile;  style  short;  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.  Seed  hairs  often  very 
long  and  conspicuous.  —  (L.  populus  =  the  common  people ;  planted  in 
public  places  by  the  Romans.) 

A.     Petiole  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

B.  Tree  not  strikingly  narrow  for  its  height;  branches  spreading,  their  angle  with 
the  stem  more  than  45°;  leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular,  short-pointed.  W.  E. 

P.  tremuloides  (ASPEN) 


MYRICACEAE   (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY)  73 

BB.  Tree  strikingly  narrow  for  its  height;  branches  nearly  erect,  their  angle  with 
the  stem  less  than  45°;  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate.  W.  E.  — 
Common  shade-tree.  P.  dilatata  (LOMBARDY  POPLAR) 

AA.     Petiole  terete  or  channeled,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  flattened  laterally. 
C.     Leaves  persistently  and  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  3~5-lobed  or  irregularly 
dentate.     W.  —  Common  shade-tree.  P.  alba   (SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR) 

CC.     Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature,  crenate  or  crenulate. 
D.     Petiole  2.5-5  cm.  long;    leaves  mostly  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  base;   capsule  3-valved.     W.  E.  —  Wood  used  in  making  paper. 

P.  trichocarpa  (COTTONWOOD) 

DD.     Petiole  0.6-1.3  cm.  long;   leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  base; 
capsule  a-valved.     E.  P.  angustifolia  (NARROW-LEAVED  COTTONWOOD) 

MYRICACEAE    (SWEET-GALE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  resinous-dotted. 
Flowers  in  aments,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  naked,  only  i  in  the  axil 
of  each  scale.  Stamens  4-8,  on  the  receptacle;  anthers  ovate, 
2-celled.  Ovary  i -celled,  subtended  by  2-4  bractlets;  style 
very  short;  stigmas  2,  linear.  Fruit  a  small  drupelet.  Seed  i.  — 
Only  the  following  genus. 

MYRICA 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  dentate.  Staminate  aments  oblong  or  nearly 
cylindric.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose.  Fruit  globose  or  ovoid, 
waxy.  —  (Gk.  myrike  =  the  name  of  the  Tamarisk.) 

A.  Shrub,  0.3-2  m.  high;  leaves  deciduous,  2-5  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  12-21 
mm.  long.  W.  M.  gale  (SWEET  GALE) 

AA.  Tree,  3-6  m.  high;  leaves  evergreen,  5-10  cm.  long;  staminate  aments  6-10  mm. 
long.  W.  M.  californica  (WAX  MYRTLE) 

BETULACEAE   (BIRCH  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple;  stipules 
fugaceous.  Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious,  in  aments  or 
headlike  clusters;  staminate  aments  pendulous;  pistillate  aments 
spikelike  or  headlike  or  budlike.  Flowers  1-4  in  each  scale  axil; 
perianth  membranous  or  none,  entire  or  2-4  toothed;  stamens 
2-10;  style  2-cleft  or  divided.  Fruit  a  nut  or  samara,  flat  or  ovoid- 
globose,  mostly  i -celled  and  i -seeded. 

A.  Leaves  densely  stiff-hairy  making  them  velvety  to  the  touch;  pistillate  inflores- 
cence budlike,  5-10  mm.  long;  fruit  a  nut,  i  cm.  or  more  in  diameter,  solitary 
or  2-3  in  a  group,  each  inclosed  in  a  leafy  involucre;  shrub.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk. 
korys  =  a  helmet;  referring  to  the  involucre.)  Corylus  californica  (HAZEL) 

AA.  Leaves  not  densely  stiff-hairy  nor  velvety  to  the  touch;  pistillate  inflorescence 
amentlike  or  conelike;  fruits  small,  many  grouped  together  in  cones  or  aments, 
without  involucre;  shrubs  or  trees. 


74  BETULACEAE    (BIRCH    FAMILY) 

B.  Bark  often  cracking  in  the  direction  of  the  tree  circumference;   lenticels  elon- 
gated in  the  direction  of  the  tree  circumference;  winter  buds  covered  by  imbricate 
scales;    stamens  2,  bifid;  pistillate  aments  solitary;    scales  of  pistillate  aments 
thin,  3-lobed.  BETULA  (p.  74) 

BB.  Bark  cracking  up  and  down  the  tree  or  not  at  all;  lenticels  not  elongated  in 
the  direction  of  the  tree  circumference;  winter  buds  inclosed  by  2  scales;  sta- 
mens 4,  not  bifid;  pistillate  aments  or  cones  in  racemes;  scales  of  pistillate  aments 
or  cones  thick,  entire  or  erose  or  5-toothed.  ALNUS  (p.  74) 

BETULA    (BIRCH) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  serrate  or  dentate,  sometimes  also  lobed.  Flowers 
in  aments,  expanding  before  the  leaves ;  aments  monoecious.  Staminate 
flowers  about  3  in  each  scale  axil,  subtended  by  2  bractlets ;  scales  entire ; 
perianth  membranous,  usually  4-toothed;  filaments  2-cleft,  each  fork 
bearing  i  pollen  sac.  Pistillate  flowers  1-3  on  each  scale;  perianth  none; 
ovary  sessile ;  styles  2.  Fruit  a  nutlet  or  samara,  small,  flat.  —  (The  Latin 
name.) 

A.     Branchlets  not  or  very  little  warty-glandular.     W.  C.  E. 

B.  occidentalis  (WESTERN  BIRCH) 
AA.     Branchlets  very  much  warty-glandular. 

B.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  3-12  m.  high;    leaves  sparsely  pubescent;    body  of  the  fruit 

much  narrower  than  the  wings.     E.  B.  microphylla   (ROCKY-MOUNTAIN  BIRCH) 

BB.      Shrub,  1-3  m.  high;    leaves  glabrous;    body  of  fruit  as  wide  or  wider  than  the 

wings.     W.  C.  E.  B.  glandulosa  (PEAT-BOG  BIRCH) 

ALNUS    (ALDER) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  dentate  or  serrate,  sometimes  also  slightly  lobed. 
Flowers  in  aments ;  aments  monoecious.  Staminate  aments  fascicled,  long- 
cylindric ;  flowers  3  or  6  on  each  scale ;  perianth  mostly  4-parted.  Pistillate 
aments  oval  or  elliptic;  flowers  2-4  on  each  scale;  perianth  none;  ovary 
sessile;  styles  2.  Fruit  flat.  —  (The  Latin  name.) 

A.     Leaves  doubly  dentate  or  serrate,  or  more  or  less  lobed  and  serrate;   stamens  4. 

B.  Teeth  of  leaves  almost  equilateral  triangles;  tip  of  tooth  almost  a  right  angle, 
often  with  a  gland;  mature  pistillate  ament  or  cone  12-25  mm.  long;  leaves  rusty- 
pubescent  beneath  at  least  on  the  veins.  W.  C.  A.  oregona  (RED  ALDER) 

BB.  Teeth  of  leaves  rather  narrow;  tip  of  tooth  acuminate  or  narrowly  acute, 
without  gland;  mature  pistillate  ament  or  cone  8-15  mm.  long. 

C.  Winter  buds  12-13  mm.  long,  acuminate;    leaves  somewhat  brown-hairy  along 
the  veins  beneath;    stipules  oblong  to  spatulate,  6-7  mm.  long;    pistillate  aments 
inclosed  during  the  winter.     W.  C.  E.  A.  sinuata   (LATE  ALDER) 

CC.  Winter  buds  6-9  mm.  long,  obtuse;  leaves  without  brown  hairs;  stipules 
ovate,  12-13  mra-  long;  pistillate  aments  naked  during  the  winter.  C.  E. 

A.  tenuifolia   (MOUNTAIN  ALDER) 

AA.     Leaves  simply  serrulate,  not  at  all  lobed;   stamens  1-3;    mature  pistillate  ament 
or  cone  8-13  mm.  long.     E.  A.  rhombifolia   (WHITE  ALDER) 


FAG  ACE  AE    (BEECH   FAMILY)  75 


FAGACEAE  (BEECH  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  pinnately 
veined;  stipules  deciduous  or  none.  Flowers  monoecious,  small. 
Staminate  flowers  in  aments  or  heads;  perianth  4-y-lobed;  stamens 
4-20.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  in  clusters,  each  cluster  of  i  or 
more  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  bracts  which  become  a  cup  or  bur; 
perianth  4-8-lobed,  adnate  to  the  ovary;  ovary  3-y-celled;  styles 
as  many  as  the  ovary  cells.  Fruit  1-3  nuts.  Seed  i. 

A.     Leaves  serrate  or  dentate  or  entire,  not  lobed;    filaments  many  times  as  long 

as  the  anthers;   pistillate  flowers  on  the  bases  of  the  staminate  aments. 
B.     Leaves  entire,  coated  beneath  with  yellow  persistent  scales;  involucre  inclosing 
1-3  nuts,  very  prickly  with  branched  prickles.     C.  E.  —  (Castania  is  the  genus 
of  the  chestnut;   Gk.  opsis  =  like;  hence  chestnut-like.) 

Castanopsis  chrysophylla  (CHINQUAPIN) 

BB.     Leaves  entire  or  serrate  or  dentate,  without  scales  beneath;    nuts  solitary; 

involucre  covering  only  the  base  of  the  nut,  not  prickly  or  at  least  the  prickles  not 

branched.     W.  —  (Perhaps  from  L.  pascere  =  to  feed;   on  account  of  the  food 

in  the  acorns.)  Pasania  densiflora  (CHESTNUT  OAK) 

AA.     Leaves  often  deeply  lobed  but  in  some  serrate  or  entire;   filaments  not  longer 

than  the  anthers;  pistillate  flowers  not  on  the  staminate  aments;  fruit  a  single  nut 

(acorn),  partly  inclosed  in  a  scaly  cup  which  is  not  prickly.       QUERCUS  (p.  75) 

QUERCUS    (OAK) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  deciduous  or  evergreen.  Staminate  flowers  in 
aments,  i  on  each  scale ;  aments  slender,  many-flowered :  perianth  mostly 
6-lobed :  stamens  6-12.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary:  perianth  adherent  to 
the  ovary :  ovary  usually  3-celled ;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cells.  — 
(Celtic  quer  =  fine,  cuez  =  a  tree ;  because  the  sacred  Mistletoe  grew  upon 
it.)  Wood  fine  for  floors  and  furniture. 

A.     Leaves  not  lobed,  entire  or  sinuate  or  serrate  or  dentate,  evergreen. 

B.  Leaf-blade  widest  above  rather  than  below  the  middle;    acorns  maturing  the 
first  season,  shell  glabrous  inside.     W.  Q.  sadleriana 

BB.     Leaf-blade  widest   below  rather  than  above  the  middle;    acorns  maturing  the 
second  season,  shell  hairy  inside.     W.  C.  E.  Q.  chrysolepis  (LIVE  OAK) 

AA.     Leaves  lobed,  deciduous. 

C.  Leaf -lobes    mostly    sharp-pointed;     acorns    maturing    the    second    season,    shell 
silky-tomentose  on  the  inside;    stamens  4-6.     W.  C.       Q.  californica   (BLACK  OAK) 

CC.     Leaf-lobes  mostly  with  rounded  tips;    acorns  maturing  the  first  season,  shell 
glabrous  on  the  inside;   stamens  5-10. 
D.     Shrubs  or  trees,  45  m.  high  or  less;    notches  of  the  leaf-blades  rounded.     W. 

Q.  gar ry ana   (WHITE  OAK) 

DD.     Shrubs,  2  m.  high  or  less;    notches  of  the  leaf-blades  mostly  acute.     W.  C. 

Q.  oerstediana   (SCRUB  OAK) 


76  ULMACEAE   (ELM   FAMILY) 

ULMACEAE    (ELM  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  veined  but  often 
with  3-5  chief  veins  from  the  base.  Flowers  in  lateral  or  axillary 
clusters,  or  the  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  small.  Perianth  3-9- 
parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  segments.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
perianth-segments  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  i -celled  or  rarely 
2-celled,  superior;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara  or  drupe  or 
nut.  Seed  i. 

A.  All  flowers  in  clusters;  fruit  dry,  winged;  leaves  with  i  vein  from  the  base. 
W.  —  Several  eastern  species  cultivated  for  shade  trees,*  but  none  wild.  —  (The 
Latin  name.)  Ulmus  (ELM) 

AA.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe;  leaves  with  3  chief  veins  from  the  base. 
E.  —  An  eastern  species,  C.  occidentals,  is  sometimes  planted  for  shade.  (The 
Latin  name  of  an  African  Lotus  on  account  of  resemblances  in  fruit.) 

Celtis  douglasii  (HACKBERRY) 

MORACEAE   (MULBERRY  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees;  juice  milky  or  watery.  Stipules  pres- 
ent. Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  staminate  flowers  in  panicles 
or  spikes;  pistillate  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads  or  cymes,  sometimes 
flowers  solitary;  both  kinds  of  clusters  axillary.  Perianth  4-5- 
parted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-segments.  Ovary 
superior,  i-celled;  styles  1-2.  Fruit  various,  either  conelike  or 
blackberry-like.  Seed  i. 

A.  Shrubs  or  trees;  sap  milky;  leaves  alternate;  stipules  fugacious;  fruit  a  berry. 
E.  —  Berries  edible.  (L.  morus  =  the  name  of  the  Mulberry.) 

Morus  rubra  (RED  MULBERRY) 

AA.  Twining  herbs;  sap  watery;  leaves  opposite;  stipules  persistent;  fruit  cone- 
like.  W.  E.  —  Fruits  used  in  the  making  of  beer.  (L.  humus  =  the  ground; 
because  prostrate  when  unsupported.)  Humulus  lupulus  (.CULTIVATED  HOP) 

URTICACEAE    (NETTLE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  ;  juice  watery.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple  ; 
pinnately  veined  but  with  a  number  of  chief  veins  from  the  base; 
petioles  present.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious  or  po- 
lygamous, small,  greenish,  the  clusters  axillary.  Perianth  2-5 
cleft  or  -parted,  or  of  2-5  distinct  segments.  Stamens  as  many  as 
the  segments  or  lobes  of  the  perianth,  opposite  them.  Ovary 
superior,  i-celled;  style  i.  Fruit  an  akene.  Seed  i. 

*  See  Gray's  New  Manual  of  Botany.     American  Book  Co. 


SANTALACEAE   (SANDALWOOD   FAMILY)  77 

A.     Perennial;    herbage  with  stinging  hairs;    leaves  opposite,  coarsely  serrulate; 

stipules  present;  flowers  not  involucrate.  URTICA  (p.  77) 

AA.     Annual;    herbage  without  stinging  hairs;    leaves  alternate,  entire;    stipules 

none;  flowers  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts.  PARIETARIA  <p.  77) 

URTICA    (NETTLE) 

Herbs,  tall.  Stem  4-angled.  Flowers  small;  clusters  paired,  racemes 
or  spikes  or  heads.  Perianth  4-parted.  Staminate  flowers  with  4  stamens 
and  a  rudimentary  ovary.  —  (L.  urere  =  to  burn ;  referring  to  the  sensa- 
tion produced  by  the  stinging  hairs.)  The  stinging  hairs  produce  intense 
itching. 

A.     Leaves  soft-pubescent  on  both  sides;    staminate  flower-clusters  nearly  equaling 

the  leaves.     E.  U.  holosericea  (HAIRY  NETTLE) 

AA.     Leaves  glabrous  above  or  nearly  so,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath;    staminate 

flower-clusters  hardly  exceeding  the  petiole. 

B.     Inner  perianth-segments  rather  widest  below  their  middle,  in  fruit  shorter  than 

the  akene;   akene  1-1.5  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  U.  lyallii   (COMMON  NETTLE) 

BB.     Inner  perianth-segments  rather  widest  above  their  middle,  in  fruit  about  3 

times  as  long  as  the  akene;   akene  0.5-0.7  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  U.  brewer! 

PARIETARIA    (PELLITORY) 

Herbs,  low,  diffuse  or  tufted.  Flowers  polygamous;  clusters  headlike, 
involucrate  by  leafy  bracts.  Perianth  of  staminate  flowers  4-parted  or  of 
3-4  distinct  segments.  Perianth  of  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  tubular 
or  campanulate,  4-lobed.  —  In  dry  open  places.  (L.  paries  =  a  wall ; 
because  some  species  prefer  to  grow  on  old  walls.) 

A.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate;    involucre  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers.     E. 

P.  pennsylvanica 
AA.     Leaves  ovate;   involucre  about  equaling  the  flowers.     W.  E.  P.  debilis 


SANTALACEAE   (SANDALWOOD  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  sometimes  root  parasites.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  per- 
fect, mostly  greenish.  Perianth  adnate  to  base  of  ovary  or  to  disk. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth  lobes  and  opposite  them.  Ovary 
i -celled;  placenta  central;  style  o-i.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  i. 
—  Only  the  following  genus. 

COMANDRA    (COMANDRA) 

Perennial,  erect,  glabrous,  mostly  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants. 
Leaves  alternate,  almost  sessile.  Flower  clusters  cymose,  bractless.  Per- 
ianth campanulate,  4-5-lobed.  Anthers  attached  to  the  calyx  lobes  each 
by  a  tuft  of  hair.  —  (Gk.  komn  =  hair,  andros  =  a  man  or  male ;  referring 
to  the  anther  hairs.) 


78  LORANTHACEAE   (MISTLETOE   FAMILY) 

A.  Leaves  pallid,  acute,  3-7  mm.  wide;   flowers  many,  corymbosely  clustered  near  the 

top  of  the  stem;   style  slender. 

B.     Leaves  oblong,  pale  green  beneath;    fruit  globose,  constricted  above  the  line  at 

which  the  perianth  joins  it.     W.  E.  C.  umbellata 

BB.     Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  those  of  the  main  stem  oblong,  glaucous 

beneath;   fruit  ovoid-oblong,  constricted  at  the  line  at  which  the  perianth  joins  it. 

E.  C.  pallida  (PALE  COMANDRA) 

AA.     Leaves  green,  obtuse,  7-13  mm.  wide;   flowers  few,  on  axillary  peduncles;   styles 

short.     E.  C.  livlda  (GREEN  COMANDRA) 


LORANTHACEAE   (MISTLETOE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  green  or  yellowish-  or  olive-  or  brownish-green, 
ours  parasitic  on  woody  plants.  Leaves  opposite,  in  some  merely 
scales.  Flowers  dioecious,  regular.  Perianth  of  similar  parts; 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  limb  entire  or  toothed  or  lobed.  Sta- 
mens 2-6.  Style  o-i ;  stigma  entire.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seed  i. 

A.     Herbs,  parasitic  on  branches  of  Abies  or  Pseudolsuga  or  Tsuga  or    Larix  or 
Finns;  anthers  i -celled;  berry  stalked;  inflorescence  not  bracted. 

RAZOUMOFSKYA  (p.  78) 

AA.     Shrubs,  parasitic  on  Quercus  or  Juniperus  or  Libocedrus;   anthers  2-celled ; 
berry  sessile ;  inflorescence  bracted.  PHORADENDRON  (p.  78) 

RAZOUMOFSKYA    (SMALL  MISTLETOE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  parasitic  on  branches  of  conifers,  fleshy,  small  or  minute, 
glabrous;  branches  4-angled.  Leaves  scalelike,  opposite.  Flowers 
solitary  or  several  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.  Perianth  of  staminate 
flowers  2-4-parted;  stamens  usually  i  on  each  perianth  lobe;  anthers 
sessile.  Perianth  of  pistillate  flowers  with  2-parted  limb.  —  (Honor  of 
A.  Razoumofski,  a  Russian  botanist.) 

A.     On  Pinus  contorta  or   Pinus  flexilis;   staminate  plants   5-10  cm.    high,  0.5-2   mm. 

thick   at   base;     pistillate   plants   much   smaller;     staminate   flowers     dichotomously 

paniculate,  nearly  all  terminal  on  pedunclelike  joints.     W.  E.  R.  americana 

AA.     On  trees  other  than  those  in  A;    staminate  flowers  nearly   all  axillary,  forming 

simple  or  compound  spikes. 
B.     On  Pinus  ponderosa;   stems  5-13  cm.  high,  4-5  mm.  thick  at  base.     W. 

R.  campylopoda  (SNAPPERS) 
BB.    On  conifers  other  than  Pinus;  stems  0.8-4  cm.  high.     C.  E.  R.  douglasii 

PHORADENDRON    (MISTLETOE) 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  yellowish-green  or  olive-green;  twigs  brittle, 
usually  jointed.  Leaves  flat,  coriaceous.  Flowers  small  in  bracted  spikes. 
Perianth  2~4-lobed.  Anther  i  at  the  base  of  each  perianth  lobe,  sessile, 
transversely  2-celled.  Ovary  inferior ;  stigma  entire.  —  (Gk.  phor  =  a 
thief,  dendron  =  a  tree ;  because  it  is  parasitic  on  trees.) 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE    (BIRTHWORT   FAMILY)  79 

A.  On  oaks;  even  the  younger  branches  terete;  leaves  orbicular  to  spatulate,  1.2-4.2 
cm.  long,  not  scales,  permanently  villous;  berry  white.  W. 

P.  villosum  (OAK  MISTLETOE) 

AA.  On  junipers  or  Incense  Cedar;  younger  branches  4-angled;  leaves  broadly  tri- 
angular, mere  scales,  ciliate;  berry  white  or  red.  W.  E.  P.  juniperinum 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE    (BIRTHWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  with  rhizome-like  stem.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
cordate  or  reniform;  stipules  none.  Flowers  solitary,  perfect, 
mostly  large,  regular.  Perianth  3-lobed.  Stamens  12,  on  the 
ovary.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior.  Fruit  a  capsule,  6-celled. 
Seeds  many.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

ASARUM    (WILD  GINGER) 

Rhizome  ginger-like  to  taste,  bearing  several  scales  and  1-2  leaves. 
Leaves  entire,  evergreen;  petioles  very  long.  Flowers  brown-purple  or 
mottled,  on  long  peduncles.  —  In  damp  forests.  (Said  to  be  from  Gk.  a  = 
not,  seiro  =  to  bind ;  because  it  withers  too  easily  to  use  for  garlands.) 

A.  Leaves  not  marked  with  white;  free  tip  of  connective  much  shorter  than  the 
anther;  ovary  about  8  mm.  wide;  seed  3  mm.  long.  W.  C.  E.  A.  caudatum 

AA.  Leaves  marked  with  white  above;  free  tip  of  connective  1-2  times  as  long  as 
the  anther;  ovary  about  12  mm.  wide;  seed  4  mm.  long.  W. 

A.  hertwigi  (MOTTLED  WILD  GINGER) 

POLYGONACEAE   (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  or  herbaceous  twining  vines,  or  shrubs;  juice  acid  or 
acrid.  Stems  plainly  jointed  when  long  enough.  Leaves  simple, 
mostly  entire;  stipules  sheathing  and  united,  or  none.  Flowers 
regular.  Perianth  2-6-cleft  or  -parted.  Stamens  2-9;  filaments 
distinct.  Ovary  superior,  i-celled;  ovule  i;  style  2-4-cleft  or 
-parted.  Fruit  an  akene,  lens-shaped  or  ^-angled  or  rarely  4-angled. 
—  No  keys  to  species  in  unimportant  and  difficult  genera.  (F.  & 
R.  pp.  130-140.) 

A.  Lower  leaves  fan-shaped,  2-lobed,  distinctly  toothed,  4-13  mm.  long;  all  leaves 
opposite,  scattered  along  the  stem.  W.  —  (Gk.  pteron  =  a  wing,  stege  =  a  cover- 
ing; referring  to  the  bractlike  involucre  inclosing  the  solitary  flowers.) 

Pterostegia  drymarioides 
AA.     Leaves  never  fan-shaped,  not  lobed,  rarely  faintly  serrulate,  often  more  than 

13  mm.  long,  alternate  or  whorled  in  almost  all  species,  often  in  basal  tufts. 
B.     Stipules  none;  flowers  involucrate;  juice  nearly  tasteless;  styles  3;  stamens  9. 
C.     Involucre  i-flowered,  coriaceous;   its  teeth  cuspidate,  often  hooked;   annual. 

Chorizanthe 

CC.     Involucre  several-flowered,  either  herbaceous  or  without  sharp  point  to  its 
teeth. 


go  POLYGONACEAE   (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

D.     Akene  lens-shaped;    involucre  3-4-lobed,  shortly  awned;    annual.     E.  — 
(Gk.  oxys  =  sharp,  theke  =  sac  or  case;    referring  to  the  pointed  anthers.) 

Oxytheca  dendroidea 
DD.     Akene  3-angled;  involucre  4-8-lobed,  pointless;  annual  or  perennial. 

ERIOGONUM  (p.  80) 
BB.     Stipules  scarious  and  sheathing;  flowers  not  involucrate;   juice  usually  sour 

or  acrid ;  styles  2-3 ;  stamens  fewer  than  9  (except  sometimes  in  Polygonurri) . 
E.     Leaves  kidney-shaped,  wider  than  long;  akene  orbicular  and  broadly  winged; 
perianth  lobes  4;  stigmas  2.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  oxys  =  sharp  or  sour;  the  leaves 
are  sour.)  Oxyria  digyna  (MOUNTAIN  SORREL) 

EE.     Leaves  not  kidney -shaped,   longer  than  wide;    akene  3-angled  or  lens- 
shaped,  not  winged;  perianth  lobes  5-6  (4  in  a  few);  stigmas  2-3. 
F.     Perianth  lobes  6,  outer  smaller  and  reflexed,  inner  erect  and  enlarging  in 
fruit  (except  R.  acetosella  with  very  sour  leaves);    stigmas  3,  tufted;    akene 
3-angled.  RUMEX  (p.  80) 

FF.     Perianth  lobes  5,  rarely  4  or  6,  all  about  equal  and  remaining  so;   stigmas 

2-3,   capitate;   akene  3-angled  or  lens-shaped. 

G.     Plants  vines;  akene  3-angled.  POLYGONUM  (p.  81) 

GG.     Plants  not  vines;  akene  3-angled  or  lens-shaped. 

H.  Plants  not  fleshy;  calyx  exceeding  the  mature  akene;  surface  of  akene 
without  pinnate  striation;  basal  angles  of  leaves  either  projecting  downward 
or  else  rounded.  POLYGONUM  (p.  81) 

HH.  Plants  rather  fleshy;  calyx  only  \  as  long  as  the  akene;  mature  akenes 
with  pinnate  striation  on  each  face;  basal  angles  of  leaves  pointed,  the  points 
projecting  outward.  W.  —  Cultivated  for  honey  and  flour.  (Gk.  phagos 
=  edible,  or  the  beech;  pyros  =  wheat;  the  seed  resembles  a  beechnut.) 

Fagopyrum  esculentum  (CULTIVATED  BUCKWHEAT) 

ERIOGONUM   (ERIOGONUM) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  shrubbery  at  base.  Stems  often  tufted.  Leaves 
entire.  Flowers  in  clusters;  clusters  involucrate.  Perianth  6-cleft  or 
-parted,  usually  colored.  —  Plants  mostly  of  dry  plains.  (Gk.  erion  = 
wool,  gonu  =  knee ;  on  account  of  the  woolly  and  jointed  stems.) 

RUMEX    (DOCK) 

Herbs,  juice  more  or  less  sour  or  acrid.  Stem  grooved.  Leaves 
alternate,  flat  or  crisped,  entire  or  undulate ;  stipules  sheathing.  Flowers 
small,  green,  in  racemose  or  paniculate  whorls  or  fascicles.  Perianth 
6-parted  or  of  6  distinct  segments,  more  or  less  colored,  the  inner  often  with 
cork  swellings  in  fruit.  Stamens  6.  Fruit  inclosed  in  the  3  inner  perianth 
segments.  —  (L.  rumo  =  to  suck ;  because  the  Romans  sucked  the  leaves 
to  allay  thirst.)  The  leaves  of  most  species  are  sometimes  used  for  greens. 

A.     Coarse  plants,  usually  over  4  dm.  high,  not  strongly  sour;    flowers  not  dioecious. 
B.     Inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  entire,  or  merely  erose  or  undulate. 
C.     None  or  only  r  of  the  inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  with  cork. 
D.     Inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  15-37   mm.  wide,  20-40   mm.   long,  without 
corks;   leaves  flat.     E.  R.  venosus   (BIG-SEED  DOCK) 


POLYGON  ACE  AE  (BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY)       8 1 

DD.     Inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  4-9  mm.  wide,  6-10  mm.  long. 
E.     All  inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  without  cork. 
F.     Leaves  crisped,  oblong,  truncate  at  base.     W.  E. 

R.  occidentalis  (WESTERN  DOCK) 

FF.     Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  rounded  at  base.     E.  R.  hesperius 

EE.     One  inner  perianth  segment  in  fruit  with  cork.     E. 

R.  patientia  (PATIENCE  DOCK) 

CC.     Each  inner  perianth  segment  in  fruit  with  a  cork. 
G.     Inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  3-6  mm.  wide. 
H.     Stems  tufted,  ascending;    leaves  flat,  not  crisped.     W.  E. 

R.  mexicanus  (WILLOW  DOCK) 
HH.     Stems  mostly  not  tufted,  erect;    leaves  crisped  at  margin.     W.  E. 

R.  crispus 

GG.     Inner  perianth   segments   in  fruit  scarcely  2    mm.  wide;    leaves   somewhat 
crisped.     W.  R.  conglomerates  (RING-SEED  DOCK) 

BB.     Inner  perianth  segments  in  fruit  with  slender  teeth. 

I.     Perennial;    teeth  of  inner  perianth  segments  more  than  4,  shorter  than  the  seg- 
ments are  wide;    fruit  mostly  with  1-2  corks. 

J.     Stems   sparingly   branched;     often   some   of  the  lower  leaves  fiddle-shaped; 

inner  perianth  segments  with  10-20  teeth.     W.  R.  pulcher  (FIDDLE  DOCK) 

JJ.     Stems   branched   at   every  joint;     none   of   the   leaves  fiddle-shaped;     inner 

perianth  segments  with  6-10  teeth.     W:  E.  R.  obtusifolius  (BITTER  DOCK) 

n.     Annual;   teeth  of  inner  perianth  segments  4,  longer  than  the  segments  are  wide; 

fruit  with  3  corks.     W.  C.  R.  persicarioides  (GOLDEN  DOCK) 

AA.     Slender  plants,  4  dm.  or  less  high,  very  sour;    flowers  dioecious. 

K.     Leaves  gradually  narrowed  at  base,  not  hastate,  spatulate  or  lanceolate;   pedicels 

jointed  at  the  base;   inner  perianth  segments  winged  in  fruit;   akene  smooth.      C.  E. 

R.  paucifolius  (MOUNTAIN  DOCK) 

KK.  Leaves  hastate,  oblanceolate;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  summit;  inner  perianth- 
segments  not  winged  in  fruit;  akene  granular.  W.  C.  E.  —  A  bad  weed  of  ranges 
and  waste  places.  R.  acetosella  (FIELD  SORREL) 

POLYGONUM    (KNOTWEED) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic.  Stems  erect 
or  prostrate  or  climbing  or  floating.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  petioled. 
Inflorescence  various,  terminal  or  axillary.  Flowers  small,  normally  per- 
fect, green  or  white  or  pink  or  purple ;  pedicels  not  jointed.  Perianth  4-6- 
parted  or  -cleft.  Stamens  3-9;  filaments  glabrous.  Style  2~3-parted  or 
-cleft.  Fruit  lens-shaped  or  3-angled,  rarely  4-angled.  —  (Gk.  polys  = 
many,  gonu  =  knee,  joint ;  because  the  stems  are  distinctly  many- jointed.) 

A.     Plants  erect  to  prostrate,  but  not  vines;    leaves  cordate  to  attenuate  at  base. 
B.     Leaf  blade  jointed  to  the  petiole  (except  those  included  in  CC),  less  than  i  cm. 
wide   (except    one    in    D);    sheath    2-lobed,    becoming    lacerate;    flowers    either  in 
axillary  fascicles  or  in  spikelike  racemes  with  non-scarious  bracts. 
C.     Leaf  blade  not  longitudinally  3-veined,  jointed  to  the  petiole. 
D.     Plants  annual,  glabrous  or  not;    stems  not  woody,  greenish,  mostly  striate, 

not  scaly.  —  Large  but  difficult  group.     (F.  &  R.  pp.  136-138.) 
DD.     Plants  perennial,  glabrous;    stems  shrubby,  chestnut-brown;     bark  loose- 
scaly. 

E.     Seacoast  plant,  in  sandy  soil;    leaves  strongly  revolute;    sheaths  12-21  mm. 
long;    flowers  in  subspicate  clusters  near  the  ends  of  the  branches.     W. 

P.  paronychia  (SHRUB  KNOTWEED) 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  6 


82  POLYGONACEAE   (BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY) 

EE.      Mountain  plant,  in  rocky  soil;    leaves  not  revolute;    sheaths  4-6  mm.  long; 
flowers  2-3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.     C.  E. 

P.  shastensis  (SHASTA  KNOTWEED) 

CC.     Leaf  blade  longitudinally  3-veined,  not  jointed  to  the  petiole. 
F.     Akene  obovate;    spike  rather  stout. 
G.     Sheath  6-8  mm.  long,  its  segments  rigid;    upper  leaves  reduced.     E. 

P.  greenei 

GG.     Sheath   2-3  mm.  long,  its  segments  not  rigid;    leaves  much  the  same  size 

throughout.     E.  p.  parryi 

FF.     Akene  narrowly  lanceolate;    spike  very  slender;    sheath  about  2   mm.   long; 

upper  leaves  reduced.     W.  C.  P.  californicum 

BB.     Leaf  blades  not  jointed  to  the  petiole,  at  least  some  over  i  mm.  wide;   sheath 

not  2-lobed   (except    P.  alpinum);    flowers  in  most  species   in   spikelike  racemes; 

bracts  small,  scarious,  or  none. 

H.      Perennial  or  annual,  without  rhizomes,  mostly  lowland  plants;  sheath  cylindric, 
truncate;    stamens  4-8;    akenes  3-angled  or  lens-shaped. 

I.  Sheaths  bristly-ciliate. 

J.     Sepals  dotted  with  dark  glands;    annual;   akene  lens-shaped  or  3-angled. 
K.     Racemes  drooping;    akene  granular  or  dull.     W.  E. 

P.  hydropiper  (WATER  PEPPER) 
KK.     Racemes  erect;    akene  smooth,  shining.     W.  E. 

P.  punctatum   (DOTTED  SMARTWEED) 
JJ.     Sepals  not  dark-dotted. 

L.     Spike  3-6  cm.  long,  slender,  not  dense,  interrupted;  style  3-cleft;   akene 

3-angled.     W.  E.  P.  hydropiperoides   (MILD  WATER  PEPPER) 

LL.     Spike  1.2-3.5  cm.  long,  thick,  dense,  not  interrupted  except  sometimes  at 

base;    styles  2  or  2-cleft,  rarely  3-cleft;    akene  lens-shaped,  rarely  3-angled. 
M.      Leaves  mostly  with  a  dark  blotch  near  the  middle;  plant  glabrous,  never 
aquatic;    spikes  several.      W.  E.  —  A  bad  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 

P.  persicaria   (LADY'S  THUMB) 

MM.     Leaves  not  dark-blotched;  plant   hispid  unless  in  water;  spike  only   i. 
W.  E.  P.  hartwrightii 

II.  Sheaths  nearly  or  quite  without  cilia. 

N.     Annual,  in  damp  places;    spikes  several. 

O.     Leaves  white-tomentose  beneath.    E.    P.  tomentosum  (WOOLLY  SMARTWEED) 
OO.     Leaves  not  white-tomentose  beneath. 

P.     Spikes  erect;    akene  orbicular.      E.  P.  pennsylvanicum 

PP.     Spikes  drooping  at  least  at  tip;   akene  ovoid. 
Q.     Calyx  and  style  each  parted  to  below  the  middle.     W.  E. 

P.  lapathifolium 

OQ.     Calyx  and  style  each  parted  nearly  to  the  base.     E.         P.  incarnatum 
NN.     Perennial,  in  water  or  mud;    spike  only  i. 

R.     Leaves  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse;  spikes  1.2-2.5  cm-  long;    peduncles  glabrous 

or  nearly  so.     W.  E.  P.  amphibium  (WATER  SMARTWEED) 

RR.     Leaves  ovate,  acuminate;  spikes  3-10  cm.  long;   peduncles  hispid,  often 

glandular.     W.  E.  P.  emersum   (SWAMP  SMARTWEED) 

HH.     Perennial,  with    horizontal  and  elongated  or    cormlike  rhizomes,  alpine  or 

subal  pine  plants;    sheath  oblique;    stamens  8;    akenes  3-angled. 
S.     Inflorescence  of  but  i  spikelike  raceme,  terminal;  plants  not  growing  in  water 

nor  particularly  wet  places. 
T.     Rhizome  elongated;    spike  bearing  flowers  throughout.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  bistortoides 

TT.     Rhizome  cormlike;   spike  bearing  bulblets  at  base.     C.  E.         P.  viviparum 
SS.     Inflorescence  of   more  than  i   cluster,  axillary  and  terminal;    plants  growing 
in  wet  places. 


CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY)  83 

U.     Sheaths  1-12  mm.  long;   flower  clusters  mostly  axillary. 

V.     Sheaths  1-3  mm.  long;    flowers  usually  more  than  4  in  a  cluster;    perianth 

segmented  to  near  the  base.      C.  P.  newberryi 

W.     Sheaths  6-1 2  mm.  long;    flowers  2-4  in  a  cluster;    perianth  segmented  to 

near  the  middle.     C.  E.  P  davisiae 

UU.     Sheaths  13-50  mm.  long;   flower  clusters  mostly  panicled. 

W.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;   perianth  white  or  greenish;    akene 

obovoid.     C.  E.  P-  alpinum 

WW.     Leaves  ovate    to    ovate-lanceolate;    perianth  white  or   pinkish;     akene 

ovoid.     E.  P-  phytolaccaefolium 

AA.     Plants  twining  or  climbing,  vines;   leaves  sagittate  or  sagittate-cordate. 

X.     Annual;  stems  somewhat  rough;  outer  perianth  segments  narrowly  winged  or  not 

at  all;    akene  minutely  roughened,  dull.     W.  E.    P.  convolvulus  (BLACK  BINDWEED) 

XX.     Perennial;     stems  smooth;     outer   perianth   segments   broadly  winged;     akene 

smooth,  shining.     W.  E.  P.  scandens  (FALSE  BUCKWHEAT) 

CHENOPODIACEAE    (GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  mealy.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
simple,  entire  to  lobed,  sometimes  mere  scales  or  ridges  (Salicornia) ; 
stipules  none.  Flower  commonly  in  panicled  spikes,  green  or  green- 
ish, regular  or  nearly  so;  bracts  none  or  green  or  fleshy.  Perianth 
none  or  various  ;  segments  alike.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth- 
segments  or  fewer,  opposite  them.  Ovary  mostly  superior,  i -celled; 
styles  1-3.  Fruit  a  utricle.  Seed  i.  —  Family  too  difficult  for 
beginners.  Key  mostly  only  to  genera.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  140-145.) 

A.     Leaves  not  reduced  to  scales,  alternate  in  nearly  all;    branches  not  conspicu- 
ously opposite;   stems  not  conspicuously  jointed,  not  very  fleshy. 
B.     Leaves  opposite. 

C.  Plants  perennial,  herbs,  not  shrubby;   flowers  perfect;    perianth  of  5-7  seg- 
ments.    E.  —  (Gk.   nitron  =  native    soda,   philos  =  loving;    from    its    alkali 
habitat.)  Nitrophila  occidentalis 

CC.     Plants  either  annual  herbs  or  shrubby  perennials;  flowers  imperfect;   per- 
ianth none  or  2-5-parted.     (See  F.) 
BB.     Leaves  alternate. 

D.  Herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  at  base;   leaves  entire  or  not;  flowers  perfect  in 
most;  fertile  flowers  with  perianth  in  most. 

E.     Leaves  not  linear;   perianth  segment  i;   stamen  i.     E.  —  (Gk.  monos  =  i, 
lepis  =  a  scale;   referring  to  the  single  perianth  segment.) 

Monolepis  (MONOLEPIS) 

EE.     Either  leaves  linear,  or  perianth  segments  and  stamens  2  or  more. 
F.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;  fertile  flowers  without  perianth;  leaves 
not  linear  in  most.  —  Often  in  alkali  places.     (Gk.  atraphaxos  =  not  nourish- 
ing; they  are  weeds.)  Atriplex  (ATRIPLEX) 
FF.     Flowers  perfect;  perianth  of  1-5  segments  or  lobes;  leaves  various. 
G.     Leaves  wider  than  linear.  —  Common  weeds.     Some  cooked  for  greens. 
(Gk.  chen  =  a  goose,  pous  =  a  foot;    referring  to  the  form  of  the  leaf  in 
some  species.)                                                          Chenopodium  (GOOSEFOOT) 


84  AMARANTHACEAE   (PIGWEED   FAMILY) 

GG.     Leaves  linear. 
H.     Leaves  flat,  not  fleshy,  not  spinelike. 

I.  Stem  not  hairy,  glabrous  or  slightly  mealy;    leaves  mealy  beneath; 
flowers  clustered  or  panicled,  with  2-5-toothed  or  -parted  perianth.     (See 
G.) 

II.  Stem  more  or  less  villous-pubescent,  not  mealy;    leaves  not  mealy; 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves,  naked  or  with 
i  perianth  segment.     E.  —  (Gk.  koris  =  a  bug,  sperma  =  a  seed;    the 
seed  is  buglike  in  appearance.)  Corispermum  (BUGSEED) 

HH.     Leaves  somewhat  terete  or  angular,  sometimes  fleshy  or  spinelike. 
J.     Leaves  rigid  and  prickly-pointed,   making  the  plant   prickly  to   the 
touch;    tumbleweed.     W.    E.  —  A  bad  weed,  very  common  in   wheat 
fields.     (Diminutive  of  L.  salstis  =  salt;    because  most  of  the  species 
grow  in  saline  soil.)  Salsola  kali  (RUSSIAN  THISTLE) 

JJ.     Leaves  not  pricklelike;  plant  not  prickly  to  the  touch,  not  a  tumble- 
weed. 

K.     Stem  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;    perianth  not  hairy;    styles 
2-4.  Suaeda  (SEA  ELITE) 

KK.     Stem  more  or  less  villous-tomentose;    perianth    densely  white- to- 
mentose;  style  i.     E.  —  (Honor  of  W.  D.  J.  Koch,  a  German  botanist.) 

Kochia  americana  (WHITE  SAGE) 

DD.     Shrubs;  leaves  entire;  flowers  unisexual;  fertile  flowers  without  perianth. 

L.     Plant  densely  white-tomentose  with  stellate  hairs,  not  spinescent;  bracts  of 

fruit  with  4  tufts  of  long  hairs;    pericarp  hairy.     E.  —  (Gk.  euros  =  mold; 

referring  to  the  white-hairy  herbage.)  Eurotia  lanata  (WINTER  FAT) 

LL.     Plant  not  hairy  as  above,  spinescent  (except  A  triplex  nuttallii);  pericarp 

glabrous. 

M.  Leaves  linear,  quite  fleshy,  somewhat  terete;  perianth  present  in  pistillate 
flowers  but  not  in  staminate.  E.  —  (Gk.  sarkos  =  flesh,  batos  =  a  bramble; 
referring  to  the  fleshy  leaves  and  thorny  stems.) 

Sarcobatus  vermiculatus  (GREASEWOOD) 

MM.     Leaves  wider  than  linear,  not  or  only  slightly  fleshy,  flat,  not  terete; 
perianth  present  in  staminate  flowers  but  not  in  pistillate. 
N.     Leaves  12-31  mm.  long;  plant  spiny;  bracts  obcompressed,  in  fruit  united 
into  a  sac;  perianth  segments  of  staminate  flowers  4.    E.  —  (Honor  of  Asa 
Gray,  an  American  botanist.)  Grayia  spinosa  (HOP  SAGE) 

NN.  Either  leaves  only  4-17  mm.  long  or  plant  not  spiny ;  bracts  compressed, 
in  fruit  united  but  not  to  the  top;  perianth  segments  of  staminate  flowers  5. 
(See  F.)  ATRIPLEX  (ATRIPLEX) 

AA.  Leaves  almost  none  or  mere  scales,  opposite;  branches  opposite;  stems  con- 
spicuously jointed,  very  fleshy.  W.  —  (L.  sal  =  salt,  cornu  =  a  horn;  salt 
plants  with  hornlike  branches.)  Salicornia  ambigua  (SALT-HORN) 

AMARANTHACEAE   (PIGWEED  FAMILY) 

Annual  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple.  Flowers  imperfect, 
small,  green  or  white  or  purplish,  with  scarious  bractlets,  variously 
grouped.  Perianth  herbaceous  or  membranous,  scarious,  2-5- 


NYCTAGINACEAE    (4-O'CLOCK   FAMILY)  85 

parted.     Stamens    1-5.     Ovary    superior,    i-celled;     stigmas    1-3. 
Fruit  a  utricle.     Seed  i.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

AMARANTHUS    (PIGWEED) 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  petioled.  Flowers  mostly  with  3-5  bractlets, 
in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  clusters.  Utricle  2~3-beaked  by  the 
persistent  styles.  —  Mostly  weeds.  (Gk.  amarantos  —  unfading ;  because 
the  colored  calyx  and  bracts  are  chaffy  and  do  not  wither.) 

A.     Stems  erect,  3-20  dm.  high;   flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes;   sepals  5;   stamens  5. 

B.  Spikes  green,  stout,  8-14  mm.  thick.     E.  A.  retroflexus   (ROUGH  PIGWEED) 
BB.     Spikes  purple,  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick.      E.    A.  paniculatus   (PURPLE  PIGWEED) 

AA.  Stems  spreading  or  ascending  (rarely  erect  in  A.  graecizans),  1.5-6  dm.  long; 
flowers  crowded  in  close  small  axillary  clusters;  sepals  1-3  (4-5  in  A.  blitoides); 
stamens  3  or  fewer. 

C.  Fertile  flowers  with  3  bracts  and  3-5  sepals. 

D.     Branches  and  flower  heads  and  under  side  of  leaves  all  pinkish  to  deep  flesh- 
color.     E.  A.  carneus 
DD.      Branches  and  flower  clusters  and  leaves  all  whitish  or  green. 
E.     Plant  prostrate;     sepals   3-5,   very  little  longer  than  the   bracts;     fruit  not 
rugose;    seed  about  1.5  mm.  wide.     W.  E.      A.  blitoides   (PROSTRATE  PIGWEED) 
EE.     Plant  ascending  or  erect;   sepals  3,  much  longer  than  the  bracts;   fruit  rugose; 
seed  about  0.8  mm.  wide.     E.                                      A.  graecizans  (TUMBLEWEED) 
CC.     Fertile  flowers  with  i  bract  and  i  sepal.     E.                                      A.  californicus 


NYCTAGINACEAE    (4-O'cLOCK  FAMILY) 

Herbs;  juice  watery.  Stems  fragile;  joints  swollen.  Leaves 
opposite,  simple,  entire,  petioled;  stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect, 
in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters;  clusters  involucrate.  Perianth 
corolla-like,  tubular  or  campanulate  or  salverform,  4~5-lobed  or 
toothed.  Stamens  few.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled;  stigma  capi- 
tate. Fruit  in  akene,  somewhat  ribbed  or  grooved  or  winged,  in- 
closed by  the  hardened  perianth  base.  Seed  i. 

A.     Leaves  narrowly  ovate  or  wider;  perianth  not  purple. 

B.  Flowers  about  5  cm.  long;  involucre  bracts  25-38  mm.  long,  united  to  above 
their  middle;  fruit  not  winged  nor  even  strongly  angled.  C.  E.  —  (L.  mirabilis 
=  wonderful;  any  striking  flower  is  wonderful  when  first  found.)  C.  E. 

Mirabilis  greenei  U-O'CLOCK) 

BB.  Flowers  1-2.5  cm.  long;  involucre  bracts  4-19  mm.  long,  distinct  to  base; 
fruit  3-5 -winged.  ABRONIA  (p.  85) 

AA.     Leaves  linear;   perianth  purple.     E.  —  (Honor  of  C.  Allioni,  an  Italian  bot- 
anist.) Allionia  linearis  (UMBRELLA-WORT) 

ABRONIA    (ABRONIA) 

Perennial ;  stems  prostrate  to  erect,  mostly  glandular-pubescent.  Leaves 
thick,  one  of  each  pair  somewhat  the  larger.  Flowers  sessile,  conspicuous ; 


86  PHYTOLACCACEAE   (POKEWEED   FAMILY) 

clusters  solitary  or  again  clustered,  on  long  peduncles.  Perianth  5-lobed ; 
lobes  spreading,  obcordate  or  emarginate.  Stamens  3-5,  unequal,  on  the 
perianth,  included.  Styles  filiform.  Akenes  i-5-winged ;  wings  reticulate- 
veined.  Seed  cylindric.  —  (Gk.  abros  =  graceful,  delicate.  Does  not  seem 
to  apply  to  ours  very  well.) 

A.     Plants  of  the  seashore;    flowers  not  white. 

B.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  reniform;    involucre  bracts  rounded  to  ovate  or  oblong; 
flowers  yellow;    wings  of  the  fruit  thick,  hollow.     W. 

A.  latifolia   (YELLOW  ABRONIA) 

BB.     Leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong;   involucre  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate;   flowers 
rose  colored;    wings  of  fruit  thin,  not  hollow.     W.       A.  umbellata  (PINK  ABRONIA) 
AA.     Not  plants  of  the  seashore;   flowers  white. 

C.  Stems  prostrate;    involucre  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate;    wings  of  the  fruit  thin, 
not  hollow.     E.  A.  mellifera 

CC.     Stems  erect  or  ascending;    involucre  bracts  broadly  ovate;    wings  of  the  fruit 
thick,  hollow.     E.  A.  fragrans 

PHYTOLACCACEAE    (POKEWEED  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  tall.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire;  stip- 
ules none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  in  racemes.  Perianth  4-5- 
parted  or  of  4-5  distinct  segments;  segments  all  alike.  Stamens 
10.  Ovary  superior,  lo-celled;  cells  i-ovuled;  stigmas  10,  filiform. 
Fruit  a  berry,  dark  purple.  E.  —  (Gk.  phyton  =  a  plant;  L.  lacca 
=  lacquer;  referring  to  the  red  juice  in  the  berries.) 

Phytolacca  decandra  (POKE-BERRY) 

AIZOACEAE    (CARPET-WEED  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual;  stems  mostly  prostrate,  branching.  Leaves 
whorled;  stipules  scarious.  Flowers  small,  regular,  solitary, 
whitish.  Perianth  5-parted  and  segments  all  alike.  Stamens 
3-5,  hypogynous.  Ovary  usually  superior,  3-5-celled.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many.  E.  —  (L.  mollis  =  soft;  they 
form  a  carpet-like  growth.)  Mollugo  verticillata  (CARPET-WEED) 

PORTULACACEAE   (PURSLANE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  low,  mostly  fleshy  or  succulent,  rarely  somewhat  woody. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  axillary  or 
terminal.  Sepals  usually  2,  in  some  more.  Petals  none  to  many. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer,  rarely  more,  opposite 
the  petals  when  of  the  same  number;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary 
superior,  I -celled;  placenta  central,  free;  styles  2-g-cleft  or  -di- 
vided. Fruit  a  capsule,  membranous  or  crustaceous,  circumscissile 
or  2-3-valved.  Seeds  2  to  many. 


PORTULACACEAE   (PURSLANE   FAMILY)  87 

A.     Sepals  not  scarious;  styles  or  stigmas  3  or  more. 

B.  Ovary  quite  free  from  the  calyx;  leaves  either  mostly  basal  or  mostly  scattered 
along  the  stem. 

C.  Caudex  beset  with  short  subulate  spines  which  are  the  persistent  midribs 
of  former  leaves;  leaves  terete,  about  12  mm.  long;  sepals  deciduous;  stamens 
20-30.  E.  —  (The  native  name  of  an  African  species.) 

Talinum  spinescens  (ROCK  PINK) 

CC.  Caudex  not  beset  with  spines  or  none;  leaves  either  not  terete  or  else  more 
than  12  mm.  long;  sepals  persistent;  stamens  fewer  (except  in  some  species  of 
Lewisia). 

D.     Leaves  either  in  a  basal  tuft  or  scattered  along  the  stem;  sepals  2-3;  petals 
2-5;   stamens  3-10;   styles  or  stigmas  3;   capsule  not  circumscissile,  3-valved 
from  apex. 
E.     Most  of  the  leaves  scattered  along  the  stem,  alternate,  linear  to  lanceolate. 

F.  Leaves  not  scarious  nor  clasping  at  base,   the  upper  linear,  the  lower 
lanceolate  and  petioled;    stamens  3  or  more;    seed  minutely  tuberculate. 
W.  —  (Honor  of  J.  L.  Calandrini,  a  Swiss  botanist.) 

Calandrinia  caulescens  (RED  MAIDS) 

FF.     Leaves  somewhat  scarious  and  clasping  at  base,  all  linear  and  sessile; 
stamens  3;   seed  quite  smooth.  MONTIA  (p.  88) 

EE.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  characters. 

G.  Stems  and  leaves  from  a  subterranean  corm  or  the  crown  of  a  fleshy  root; 
most  of  the  leaves  at  the  surface  of  the  ground;  involucre  leaves  not  united; 
either  petals  not  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  involucre  leaves  oblong  or 
narrower.  CLAYTONIA  (p.  87) 

GG.     Plants  without  corms  or  fleshy  roots  (except  M .  sibirica,  which  has  a 

fleshy  root  crown);    leaves  scattered  along  a  stem  above  the  ground,  or 

involucre  leaves  united,  or  petals  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  sepals  and 

involucre  leaves  oblong.  MONTIA  (p.  88) 

DD.     Leaves  in  a  tuft  on  the  top  of  the  caudex;    sepals   2-8;    petals  10-16; 

stamens  5-50;  styles  or  stigmas  3-8;  capsule  circumscissile.     LEWISIA  (p.  89) 

BB.     Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  along  at  least  its  lower  half;  most  of  the  leaves 

scattered  along  the  stem.     E.  —  A  weed  in  cultivated  land.     (From  L.  portula 

=  a  small  gate ;  referring  to  lid  of  capsule.)  Portulaca  oleracea  (PURSLANE) 

AA.     Sepals  scarious  at  least  at  margin;  styles  or  stigmas  2. 

H.  Stamens  3,  longer  than  the  petals  and  opposite  the  3  larger  ones;  style  very 
long,  filiform;  capsule  globose-ovate.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  a  Mr.  Sprague, 
an  artist  who  illustrated  Gray's  Botanies.)  Spragua  multiceps  (SPRAGUA) 

HH.  Stamen  i,  shorter  than  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them;  style  very  short 
or  hardly  any;  capsule  linear  or  oval.  E.  —  (Gk.  calypterion  =  a  covering. 
Not  clear  why.)  Calyptridium  roseum 

CLAYTONIA    (SPRING  BEAUTY) 

Perennial,  glabrous.  Stem  leaves  2,  opposite  (1-3  and  alternate  in  C. 
megarrhiza) ;  basal  leaves  i  or  more.  Flowers  white  or  yellow  or  rose 
colored,  racemose ;  racemes  simple  or  paniculate,  terminal,  naked,  loose. 
Sepals  2.  Petals  always  5,  free,  equal,  conspicuous.  Stamens  always  5. 


88  PORTULACACEAE   (PURSLANE   FAMILY) 

Style  3-cleft.     Seeds  not  more  than  6.  —  (Honor  of  J.  Clayton,  an  American 
botanist.) 

A.     Flowers  yellow.     E.  C.  aurea 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  pink,  with  pink  or  purple  veins. 
B.     Stems  and  leaves  from  a  deep-seated  corm;   stem  leaves  opposite,  2. 
C.     Stem    7.5-15    cm.    high;     stem   leaves   sessile,  narrowly   lanceolate    to    oblong; 
corm  globose.     W.  C.  E.  C.  lanceolata   (PIGEON-ROOT) 

CC.     Stem  2-5  cm.  high;    stem  leaves  petioled,  ovate  to  orbicular;    corm  oblong  or 
fusiform.     E.  C.  umbellata 

BB.     Stems  and  leaves  from  the  top  of  a  fleshy  root;     stem  leaves  usually  alternate. 
1-3.     E.  C.  megarrhiza  (PURPLE-ROOT) 

MONTIA    (MINER'S  LETTUCE) 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous.  Flowers  pale  or  white, delicate,  in  racemes ; 
racemes  axillary  or  terminal,  simple  or  compound,  loose.  Sepals  2-3. 
Petals  0-5,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  usually  unequal,  3  a  little  smaller 
than  the  other  2.  Stamens  3-5,  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla,  opposite 
the  petals.  Seeds  3.  —  (Honor  of  G.  Monti,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  opposite. 

B.     Stem  leaves  i  pair,  often  united  into  a  disk. 
C.     Stem  leaves  not  united. 

D.     Plants  with  creeping  rhizomes;    most  of  the  pedicels  not  subtended  by  bracts. 
W.  C.  E.  M.  asarifolia 

DD.     Plants  without  rhizomes;    most  of  the  pedicels  subtended  by  bracts. 
E.     Basal  leaves  ovate.     W.  C.  E.  M.  sibirica 

EE.     Basal  leaves  narrower  than  ovate. 

F.     Stem  leaves  all  quite  separate;    inflorescence  12-50  mm.  long;    petals  6  mm. 

long.     E.  M.  arenicola 

FF.     Stem  leaves  somewhat  united;   inflorescence  6-12  mm.  long;   petals  2-4  mm. 

long.     (See  G.) 

CC.     Stem  leaves  united  at  least  at  base. 

G.     Stem  leaves  terete  to  ovate-lanceolate,  not  united  into  a  disk   but   usually 
somewhat  united  at  base  at  one  or  both  sides.     W.  E.  M.  spathulata 

GG.     Stem  leaves  wide,  united  into  a  disk  which  may  however  be  lobed. 
H.     Calyx  4  mm.  long;   seed   2   mm.  wide;    pedicels  in  fruit  rarely  longer  than 
the  calyx;    basal  leaves  from  spatulate-obovate  to  reniform.     W.  C.  E. 

M.  perfoliata 

HH.     Calyx  2  mm.  long;   seed  i  mm.  wide;    pedicels  in  fruit  2-6  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx;    basal  leaves  various.     W.  C.  E.  M.  parviflora 

BB.     Stem  leaves  several  pairs,  not  united. 

I.     Plant  perennial,  with  filiform  runners;   petals  6  mm.  long,  pale  rose  color;  leaves 

25-50  mm.  long  including  the  petiole.     W.  E.  M.  chamissonis  (TOAD-LILY) 

n.     Plant  annual,  without  runners;    petals  2  mm.   long,  white;    leaves  1.5-13  mm. 

long  including  the  petiole.     W.  E.  M.  fontana    (BLINKS) 

AA.     Stem  leaves  alternate. 

J.     Annual,  without  stolons;    leaves  not  very  fleshy;    petals  5  mm.  long  or  shorter; 

sepals  4  mm.  long  or  shorter,  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals. 
K.     Leaves  narrow,  sessile,  clasping  at  base;   stamens  2-5;   seed  quite  smooth. 
L.     Leaves  linear,  12-75  mm.  long;    petals  5. 

M.     Leaves  2.5-7.5    cm.   long;    racemes  dense;    sepals  about  4  mm.   long;    petals 
4-5  mm.  long;   seed  about  2  mm.  wide.     W.  E.  M.  linearis 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (CHICK-WEED   FAMILY)  89 

MM.     Leaves  1.2-2.5  cm.  long;    racemes  loose;    sepals  about  2  mm.  long;   petals 

2-3  mm.  long;    seed  less  than  i  mm.  wide.     W.  E.  M.  dichotoma 

LL.     Leaves  spatulate,  4-8  mm.  long;    petals  o  or  2  or  3  or  5,  2  mm.  or  less  long; 

seed  i  mm.  wide.     W.  H.  howellii 

KK.     Leaves  wide,  petioled,  not  clasping  at  base;   stamens  5;    seed  closely  striate. 

W.  M.  diffusa 

JJ.     Perennial,   with   slender    stolons;     leaves   very  fleshy;     petals   8-10   mm.   long; 

sepals  about  2  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  M.  parvifolia  (SPRADDLES) 

LEWISIA    (BITTER-ROOT) 

Perennial ;  caudex  and  root  fleshy,  perpendicular.  Flowers  on  i -flowered 
scapes  or  in  panicles  with  scapose  stalks,  showy,  white  to  rose  color  or  deep 
red.  Styles  2-8-cleft  or  -parted.  Capsule  circumscissile  at  the  very  base. 
Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  M.  Lewis  of  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  expedition.) 

A.     Scapes  i-flowered,  jointed  about  the  middle;  involucral  bracts  5-7,  near  the  middle 
of  the  scape;   sepals  4-8;    petals  10-15.     E.  L.  rediviva 

AA.     Scapes  i-  to  many-flowered,  jointed  at  base;    involucral  bracts  2,  near  the  calyx; 

sepals  2;    petals  3-10. 

B.     Flowers  many,  in  open  paniculate  racemes. 
C.     Leaves  12  mm.  or  more  wide,  spatulate  to  obovate. 

D.  Leaf-margin  not  hyaline  nor  crisped;    filaments  united  at  base.     W. 

L.  cotyledon 

DD.     Leaf  margin  hyaline,  crisped;    filaments  free.     W.  L.  howellii 

CC.     Leaves  8  mm.  or  less  wide,  terete  or  linear-spatulate. 

E.  Petals  10-13  mm.  long;    leaves  not  glaucous,  flat,  linear-spatulate.     W.  C. 

L.  columbiana 
EE.     Petals  about  6  mm.  long;   leaves  glaucous,  terete  or  subspatulate.     W. 

L. leana 

BB.     Flowers  1-5,  in  umbels. 
F.     Leaves  obovate  or  linear-oblanceolate. 

G.     Leaves  obovate;   seed  granulate.     E.  L.  tweedyi 

GG.     Leaves  linear-oblanceolate;    seed  smooth.     W.  L.  oppositifolia 

FF.     Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate. 

H.     Root  fusiform  or  conical;    petals  8  mm.  or  more  long. 

I.     Sepals  entire;   petals  white,  12-16  mm.  long.     E.  L.  nevadensis 

n.     Sepals  erose;    petals  red,  about  8  mm.  long.     C.  E.  L.  pygmaea 

HH.     Root  corm-like,  globular;     petals  about  4   mm.   long.     C.  E.      L.  triphylla 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (  CHICK  WEED  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  often  swollen  at  the  base.  Leaves 
opposite  or  apparently  whorled,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  per- 
fect or  rarely  dioecious,  regular.  Sepals  4-5,  persistent.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  or  none.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
sepals  or  fewer,  hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Ovary  i,  mostly 
i -celled;  styles  2-$;  placenta  central.  Fruit  a  capsule,  membranous, 
opening  by  valves  or  teeth.  Seeds  several  to  many. 

A.     Sepals  united  into  a  cup  or  tube;    petals  always  present,  with  slender  claws; 
stipules  none. 


QO  CARYOPHYLLACEAE    (CHICK-WEED   FAMILY) 

B.     Calyx  with  10  to  many  veins;  styles  3-5. 

C.  Flowers  2.5-4  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx-teeth  2-3  cm.  long,  foliaceous;  petals 
dark  purplish  red;  styles  5,  opposite  the  petals;  leaves  linear.  W.  E.  —  A 
weed.  (Gk.  agros  =  field,  stemma  =  a  crown;  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  the 
flowers.)  Agrostemma  githago  (CORN  COCKLE) 

CC.     Flowers  mostly  not  so  wide;    calyx-teeth  much  shorter,  not  foliaceous  ; 
petals  mostly  not  colored  as  above. 
D.     Leaves  mostly  linear;  styles  3;  capsule  opening  by  3  or  6  teeth. 

SILENE  (p.  90) 

DD.     Leaves  wider  than  linear;   styles  5;   capsule  opening  by  4  or  5  or  8  or  10 
teeth.  LYCHNIS  (p.  92) 

BB.     Calyx  with  5  veins;  styles  2.  SAPONARIA  (p.  92) 

AA.     Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so;  petals  none  or  without  claws. 
E.     Stipules  none. 

F.     Capsule  cylindric;  petals  always  present.  CERASTIUM  (p.  93) 

FF.     Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong. 

G.     Styles  either  fewer  than  the  sepals,  or  else  as  many  and  opposite  them. 
H.     Petals  none  or  entire  or  merely  emarginate;    leaves  often  sharp-pointed, 
either  terete  or  angular  or  narrowly  linear,  or  else  petals  present. 

ARENARIA  (p.  94) 

HH.     Petals  none  or  deeply  divided  into  2  lobes;   leaves  never  sharp-pointed, 

flat,  broadly  linear  or  wider.  STELLARIA  (p.  92) 

GG.     Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them;    petals  none  or 

entire  or  emarginate.  SAGINA  (p.  93) 

EE.     Stipules  present,  scarious. 

I.  Leaves  apparently  in  whorls;    styles  5;    petals  always  present.     W.  E.  —  A 
weed  in  grain  fields.      (L.  spar  gar  e  =  to  scatter;   the  seed  is  widely  sown  with 
grains.)  Spergula  arvensis  (CORN  SPURRY) 

II.  Leaves  opposite;   styles  3,  rarely  5;   petals  sometimes  none.     TISSA  (p.  94) 

SILENE    (CATCH-FLY) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Flowers  mostly  pink  or  white.  Calyx  more  or 
less  inflated,  ovoid  to  campanulate,  5-toothed  or  -cleft,  10-  to  many-veined, 
not  bracted  at  base.  Petals  narrow,  clawed.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  i-celled 
or  incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seeds  many,  spiny  or  tubercled.  —  (Gk.  sialon 
=  saliva;  on  account  of  the  sticky  substance  on  the  stem  of  some  species.) 

A.     Calyx  with  15  or  more  veins. 

B.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  linear;  calyx  veins  18-23,  obscure.     W.     S.  multinervia 
BB.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate;    calyx  veins  15-20,  prominent.     W.  E. 

S.  latifolia   (BLADDER  CATCH-FLY) 
AA.     Calyx  with  5-10  veins. 

C.  Plant  2.5-5  cm.  high;    leaves  crowded  so  as  to  hide  the  stem,  linear.        W.  C.  E. 

S.  acaulis   (MOSS  CATCH-FLY) 

CC.     Plant  taller;   leaves  not  crowded  so  as  to  hide  the  stem,  various  in  width. 
D.     Flowers  25  mm.  or  more  wide. 
E.     Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-elliptic,  acuminate;    flowers  deep  red.     W. 

S.  calif ornica 

EE.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse;   flowers  white  or  pink.     W.    S.  hooker! 
DD.     Flowers  12-25  mm.  wide. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (CHICK-WEED   FAMILY)  91 

F.     Petals  entire,  or  emarginate,  or  2-lobed  or  -cleft,  or  the  2  lobes  again  merely 

emarginate. 
G.     A  part  of  each  of  the  upper  internodes  of  the  stem  glutinous;     stem  otherwise 

glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;    plant  annual  or  biennial. 

H.     Flowers  3-4  mm.  wide,  paniculate;   calyx  ovoid;    leaves  linear  to  lanceolate. 
W.  C.  E.  S.  antirrhina   (SLEEPY  CATCH-FLY) 

HH.     Flowers    12-17    mm.    wide,    cymose;     calyx    club-shaped;     leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate.     W.  E.  S.  armeria   (SWEET-WILLIAM  CATCH-FLY) 
GG.     Stem  either  not  sticky  at  all,  or  else  viscid-pubescent  and  thus  sticky  through- 
out the  whole  of  the  internodes. 
I.     Leaf-blades  widest  below  their  middle. 

J.      Calyx  21-31  mm.  long;   plant  annual  or  biennial,  viscid-pubescent  or  hirsute. 
W.  E.  S.  noctiflora  (NIGHT-BLOOMING  CATCH-FLY) 

JJ.      Calyx  8-20  mm.  long;    plant  perennial. 

K.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate;    flowers  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  thus  form- 
ing a  leafy   inflorescence;     calyx   5-8   mm.   long;     plants   finely  glandular- 
pubescent.     W.  E.  S.  menziesii  (MENZIES  PINK) 
KK.     Leaves  narrower;    flowers  in  cymes  or  spikes  or  panicles    which  are  not 

leafy;   calyx  longer. 

L.  Plant  viscid-tomentose;  inflorescence  subspicate  or  cymose-paniculate; 
petal  blades  scarcely  exceeding  the  4  appendages;  ovary  stipitate.  W.  C.  E. 

S.  spaldingii 

LL.  Plant  pubescent  but  not  viscid;  inflorescences  3-5-flowered  cymes; 
petal  blades  quite  longer  than  the  appendages;  ovary  not  stipitate. 
W.  C.  E.  S.  douglasii 

n.     Leaf  blades  widest  at  or  above  their  middle. 

M.     Inflorescence   a   whorled   spike;    flowers   many;     stem  hairs   not  jointed; 

petals  2-lobed,  the  lobes  again  emarginate.     W.  E.  S.  scouleri 

MM.     Inflorescence  a  simple  i-sided  raceme,  often   spikelike;    flowers  several 

to  many;    stem  hairs  white,  jointed;    petals  entire  to  2-lobed,  the  lobes  not 

emarginate.     W.  S.  anglica   (ENGLISH  CATCH-FLY) 

MMM.     Inflorescence  a  panicle,  or  flowers  only  1-7  and  scattered;    stem  hairs 

not  jointed;    petals  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  the  lobes  not  again  emarginate. 
N.     Plants  1-2.5  dm.  high;    leaves  0.6-2.5  cm.  long. 

O.     Petal  lobes  entire;    petal  appendages  retuse.     C.  E.  S.  suksdorfii 

OO.     Petal  lobes  each  with  a  short  lateral  tooth;    petal  appendages  obtuse. 

W.  C.  S.  watsoni 

NN.     Plants  3-9  dm.  high;   leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long. 

P.     Stem   with   leaves;     basal   leaves    i -veined,    2-4    mm.    wide.     W.  C.  E. 

(See  LL.) 

PP.  Stem  with  1-2  pairs  of  bracts  but  no  leaves;  basal  leaves  3-veined, 
6-1 1  mm.  wide.  E.  S.  scaposa 

FF.     Petals  with  4  or  more  distinct  lobes  or  divisions. 

Q.     Flowers  borne  in  the  forks  of  the  branches  and  forming  a  leafy  inflorescence. 
W.  C.  S.  campanulata 

QQ.     Flowers  in  naked  or  bracted  cymes  or  panicles. 

R.      Calyx  campanulate;    ovary  not  stipitate.      W.  C.  E.  S.  macounii 

RR.      Calyx  cylindric  or  obovoid     ovary  stipitate,  but  in  some  very  shortly  so. 
S.     Calyx  7-9  mm.  long.     W.  S.  lemmoni 

SS.     Calyx  12-19  mm.  long. 

T.     Plant  fetid,  very  viscid.     C.  E.  S.  oregana 

TT.     Plant  not  fetid,  not  glandular  or  only  somewhat  so  above. 
U.     Petals  2-parted,  each  part  again  2-lobed.     W.  S.  montana 

UU.     Petals  3-parted,  each  part  again  2-lobed.     W.  S.  gormani 


92  CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (CHICK-WEED   FAMILY) 

LYCHNIS    (COCKLE) 

Perennial.  Calyx  ovoid  to  clavate,  lo-veined,  usually  inflated,  5-toothed. 
Petal  blade  entire  or  variously  lobed  or  cleft.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  i-celled, 
partly  4~5-celled  at  base.  —  (Gk.  lychnos  =  a  lamp  or  light ;  referring  to 
the  flamelike  color  of  some  species.) 

A.     Plant  white-woolly;    calyx  teeth  twisted;    petals  exserted,   spreading  above  the 

calyx.     W.  E.  L.  coronaria   (MULLEIN  PINK) 

AA.     Plant  ashy-puberulent  to  glabrous;    calyx  teeth  not  twisted;    petals  not  or  very 

little  spreading  above  the  calyx. 

B.     Plant  dwarf,  caespitose;   stems  i-flowered;    petals  exserted.     E.  L.  kingii 

BB.     Plant  2-5  dm.  high,  erect;    stems  few-flowered;    petals  included  or  nearly  so. 

W.  E.  L.  drummondii   (DRUMMOND  PINK) 

SAPONARIA    (SOAPWORT) 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  diffuse  or  erect.  Leaves  wide.  Flowers 
white  or  pink  or  red.  Calyx  ovoid  to  tubular,  5-toothed.  Petals  entire 
or  emarginate.  Stamens  10.  Ovary  i-celled.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong, 
opening  by  4  valves  which  appear  as  apical  teeth.  —  (L.  sapo  =  soap ;  the 
mucilaginous  juice  lathers  with  water.) 

A.  Annual,  dichotomously  branched;  calyx  sharply  s-angled,  1-15  mm.  long,  oblong 
or  ovate.  W.  E.  S.  vaccaria  (cow  HERB) 

AA.  Perennial,  not  dichotomously  branched;  calyx  terete,  16-21  mm.  long,  tubular. 
E.  S.  officinalis 

STELLARIA  (CHICK WEED) 

Annual,  tufted,  low.  Flowers  either  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils  or  else  in 
cymes.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals  none  or  white.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  hypogy- 
nous.  Ovary  i -celled;  styles  usually  3,  usually  opposite  the  sepals. 
Capsule  globose  to  oblong ;  valves  usually  6.  Seeds  several  to  many.  — 
(L.  stella  =  a  star ;  referring  to  the  star-shaped  flowers.) 

A.     Lower  leaves  petiolate. 

B.  Pubescence  of  stem  scattered;   styles  5;    petals  always  present.     W. 

S.  aquatica   (WATER  CHICKWEED) 

BB.     Pubescence  of  stem  a  line  of  hairs;    styles  3-4;    petals  always  present.     W.  E. 

S.  media  (COMMON  CHICKWEED) 

BBB.     Pubescence  of  stem  none  except  at  base;    styles  3-4;    petals  sometimes  none. 
W.  C.  E.  S.  nitens  (SHINING  CHICKWEED) 

AA.     Leaves  all  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

C.  Petals  bifid  to  the  middle  or  less,  always  present. 

D.  Stem  smooth  except  for  a  puberulent  line.     E.  S.  oxyphylla 
DD.     Stem  glandular-pubescent  at  least  above.     E.                                   S.  jamesiana 

CC.     Petals  bifid  nearly  to  the  base. 

E.  Inflorescence  bracts  small,  scarious. 

F.     Petals  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx,  always  present. 

G.     Cymes  few-flowered;   pedicels  erect.     W.  C.  E.  S.  longipes 

GG.     Cymes  diffuse;    pedicels  spreading. 

H.     Leaves  lanceolate,  widest  near  the  base;  seed  rough  under  hand  lens.      W.  E. 

S.  gram  in  ea 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE   (CHICK-WEED   FAMILY)  93 

HH.     Leaves  linear,   widest    near  the  middle;   seed  smooth   under  hand  lens. 
W.  E.  S.  longifolia  (LONG-LEAVED  CHICKWEED) 

FF.     Petals  none  or  much  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

I.     Pedicels  grouped  in  somewhat  unbel-like  clusters;    capsule  6-8  mm.  long.      E. 

S.  umbellata  (UMBEL  CHICKWEED) 

n.     Pedicels  scattered,  not  in  umbel-like  clusters;   capsule  3-4  mm.  long.      (See  J.) 
EE.     Inflorescence  bracts  foliaceous. 

J.     Leaves  lanceolate.     W.  C.  E.  S.  borealis  (NORTHERN  CHICKWEED) 

JJ.     Leaves  ovate. 

K.     Sepals  obtuse,  hardly  scarious-margined;    petals  none.     W.  E.  S.  obtusa 

KK.     Sepals  acute,  scarious-margined. 

L.     Petals  exceeding  the  calyx,  always  present.      W.  S.  humifusa 

LL.     Petals  exceeded  by  the  calyx,  sometimes  none. 
M.     Stem  glabrous;   sepals  lanceolate;   petals  minute  or  none.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  crispa 
MM.     Stem  pubescent,  sepals  ovate;   petals  none.     W.  C.     S.  washingtoniana 

CERASTIUM    (MOUSE-EAR) 

Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  pubescent  or  hirsute.  Flowers  white,  in 
dichotomous  terminal  cymes.  Sepals  5.  Petals  bifid  to  entire.  Stamens 
10.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  or  fewer.  Capsule 
i-celled,  often  curved,  valves  twice  as  many  as  there  are  styles.  Seeds 
many,  rough.  —  (Gk.  keras  =  a  horn ;  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  pod.) 

A.     Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals,  always  present. 

B.  Perennial,  flowering  in  summer  and  fall;    pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.     W.  E. 

C.  vulgatum  (COMMON  MOUSE-EAR) 
BB.  Annual,  flowering  in  spring;    pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  viscosum  (SPRING  MOUSE-EAR) 
AA.     Petals  decidedly  longer  than  the  sepals,  rarely  none. 

C.  Flowers  12-21  mm.  wide;   perennial.     W.  C.  E.     C.  arvense  (FIELD  MOUSE-EAR) 
CC.     Flowers  4-6  mm.  wide. 

D.     Annual;   calyx  not  scarious-margined  nor  hairy.     E.    C.  nutans  (POWDERHORN) 
DD.     Perennial;    calyx  scarious-margined,  hairy.     W.  C.  E.          C.  beeringianum 

SAGINA    (PEARLWORT) 

Annual  or  perennial,  tufted  or  matted,  low.  Leaves  subulate  or  fili- 
form. Flowers  small,  whitish,  pedicelled,  terminal.  Sepals  4-5.  Petals 
none,  or  entire  to  emarginate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer,  or 
twice  as  many.  Ovary  i-celled.  Capsule  4~5-valved,  opening  at  base. 
Seeds  many.  —  (L.  sagina  =  fattening ;  first  the  name  of  Spergula,  with 
fleshy  leaves.) 

A.     Herbage  glabrous. 

B.     Annual;    stems  decumbent,  several-flowered,  the  lower  flowers  lateral;    flowers 

1-3  mm.  wide.     W.  C.  E.  S.  occidentalis 

BB.     Perennial;    stems  either  erect,  or  else  with  a  single  terminal  flower;    flowers 

3-5  mm.  wide. 

C.     Stems  decumbent,  filiform,  i-flowered,  the  flower  terminal;    pedicels  at  length 
nodding.     C.  E.  S.  saginoides 


94  ILLECEBRACEAE   (KNOTWORT   FAMILY) 

CC.     Stems    erect,    somewhat   fleshy,    several-flowered,    the    lower   flowers    lateral; 

pedicels  remaining  straight.     W.  S.  crassicaulis 

AA.     Herbage  glandular-puberulent;    annual.  •  W.  S.  ciliata   (HAIRY  PEARLWORT) 

ARENARIA    (SANDWORT) 

Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  low,  often  tufted.  Leaves  sessile  in  most 
species,  often  rigid,  ovate  to  subulate.  Flowers  small,  white,  solitary  or  in 
cymes;  cymes  paniculate  or  headlike.  Sepals  4-5.  Stamens  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals.  Styles  2-5,  usually  3,  opposite  the  sepals.  Capsule 
valves  2-5,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Seeds  few  to  many.  —  (L.  arena  =  sand; 
referring  to  the  habitat  of  many  species.)  Species  difficult.  (F.  &  R.  pp. 
158-160). 

TISSA    (SAND-SPURRY) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  fleshy  in  most,  linear  or  setaceous,  often 
clustered  in  the  axils.  Flowers  small,  whitish  or  pink,  in  terminal  bracted 
or  leafy  cymes  or  racemes.  Sepals  5.  Petals  none  or  entire.  Stamens 
2-10.  Ovary  i-celled.  Pod  3-valved  at  base.  Seeds  many.  —  (A  Latin 
name  of  unknown  meaning.) 

A.     Plants  of  saline  soils;    leaves  very  fleshy. 

B.  Perennial;    roots  large;    mature  capsules  4-5  mm.  in  diameter.      W. 

T.  macrotheca  (LARGE  SAND-SPURRY) 
BB.     Annual;   roots  fibrous;    mature  capsules  less  than  4  mm.  in  diameter.     W. 

T.  marina  (SALT-MARSH  SAND-SPURRY) 
AA.     Plants  not  of  saline  soils;   leaves  not  fleshy. 

C.  Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long;    stamens  usually  5.     W.  E. 

T.  rubra  (PINK  SAND-SPURRY) 
CC.     Stipules  deltoid,  shorter;   stamens  mostly  2-3.     E.  T.  diandra 

ILLECEBRACEAE    (KNOTWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  low,  densely  tufted.  Leaves  mostly  opposite, 
mostly  entire,  subulate,  densely  crowded;  stipules  scarious. 
Flowers  sessile,  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  persistent,  5-parted. 
Petals  minute,  scalelike.  Stamens  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  i-celled; 
style  bifid.  Fruit  a  utricle.  Seed  I.  —  On  sand  near  the  seashore. 
(Gk.  pente  =  5,  kainis  =  a  knife;  referring  to  the  5  sharp-pointed 
sepal  spines.)  W.  Pentacaena  ramosissima  (THORNY  SANDWORT) 

NYMPHAEACEAE   (WATER-LILY  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  aquatic,  perennial;  rhizomes  horizontal.  Leaves  large, 
floating  or  immersed,  or  rarely  emersed.  Sepals  3-12.  Petals  3 
to  many.  Stamens  5  to  many.  Carpels  3  to  many,  distinct  or 
united;  stigmas  distinct  or  united  into  a  radiate  or  ringlike  disk; 
ovules  i  to  many.  Fruits  indehiscent. 


CERATOPHYLLACEAE   (HORNWORT   FAMILY)  95 

A      Leaves  peltate,  on  an  elongated  stem;  flowers  1-2  cm.  wide;   carpels  distinct; 

pistils  4-18,  not  dehiscent.     W.  E.  Brasenia  schreberi  (WATER  SHIELD) 

AA.     Leaves  not  peltate,  all  basal;  flowers  2.5-13.7  cm.  wide;  carpels  united  into  a 

single  dehiscent  pistil. 

B.  Sepals  4,  flat;  petals  2-3.5  cm.  long,  white  or  pinkish,  epigynous.  E.  —  (Gk. 
kastalia  =  a  mythical  fountain  on  Mt.  Parnassus.) 

Castalia  tetragona  (SMALL  WHITE  WATER-LILY) 

BB.  Sepals  8-12,  concave;  petals  1-1.5  cm-  long,  yellow,  hypogynous.  W.  C.  E. 
—  Seeds  edible.  (White  ones  were  dedicated  by  the  Greeks  to  the  water 
nymphs.)  Nymphaea  polysepala  (YELLOW  POND-LILY) 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE    (HORNWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  aquatic,  submerged;  stems  slender,  branching. 
Leaves  whorled;  threadlike  or  stag-horn-like,  terminal  tuft  of  leaves 
slimy  and  persisting  through  the  winter.  Flowers  extremely  rare. 
W.  E.  —  (Gk.  keras  =  a  horn,  phyllon  =  a  leaf;  the  leaves  branch 
Stag-horn-like.)  Ceratophyllum  demersum  (HORNWORT) 

RANUNCULACEAE   (BUTTERCUP  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  annual  or  perennial,  climbing  when  shrubby. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  (Clematis)  or  a  single  whorl  (Anemone), 
simple  or  compound;  stipules  none.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular. 
Sepals  3-15,  often  petal-like,  imbricated  (except  in  Clematis). 
Petals  of  about  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  rarely  more, 
rarely  none.  Stamens  10  to  many,  hypogynous.  Carpels  I  to 
many,  often  separate,  in  fruit  becoming  akenes  or  follicles  or  berries. 

A.     Leaves  either  alternate  or  all  basal. 
B.     Floweis  spurless  or  i-spurred;  leaves  various. 
C.     Flowers  regular;   leaves  various. 
D.     Leaves  simple. 

E.     Leaves  entire;  fruit  of  i-seeded  akenes.  MYOSURUS  (p.  100) 

EE.     Leaves  either  not  entire,  or  else  fruit  of  several-seeded  follicles. 
F.     Petals  none. 

G.     Leaves  entire  or  crenate;  sepals  5-15;  fruit  of  follicles;  follicles  several- 
seeded,  not  4-angled.  CALTHA  (p.  96) 
GG.     Leaves  palmately  lobed;   sepals  4;   fruit  of  akenes;   akenes  i -seeded, 
4-angled.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  E.  R.  von  Trautvetter,  a  Russian  bot- 
anist.)                                                  Trautvetteria  grandis  (FALSE  BUGBANE) 
FF.     Petals  present. 

H.     Plants  glabrous;  petals  15-25;  fruit  of  many-seeded  follicles.     W.  C.  E. 
—  (German  trol  =  something  round;   referring  to  the  form  of  the  flower.) 
Trollius  laxus  (SPREADING  GLOBE-FLOWER) 
HH.     Plants  either  pubescent  or  petals  fewer;  fruit  of  i -seeded  akenes. 


96  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

I.  Flowers  white;    stems  submerged;    leaves  filiform  when  submerged; 
akenes  transversely  rugose;  petals  with  a  naked  spot  or  pit  at  base. 

BATRACHIUM  (p.  100) 

II.  Flowers  yellow;    stems  mostly  not  submerged;    rarely  the  leaves  fili- 
form;   akenes  not  transversely  rugose;    petals  with  a  small  scale  at  the 
base  of  the  claw.  RANUNCULUS  (p.  101) 

DD.     Leaves  compound. 
J.     Petals  not  red;   flowers  often  small;    fruit  of  follicles  or  akenes,  or  a  red 

berry. 

K.     Fruit  of  akenes,  these  each  i -seeded. 

L.  Petals  present;  leaves  rarely  ternately  more  than  i -compound;  inflores- 
cence either  not  panicles  nor  racemes,  or  else  flowers  large;  flowers  perfect. 
(See  HH.) 

LL.  Petals  none;  leaves  ternately  2-3-compound;  inflorescence  panicles  or 
racemes;  flowers  small,  mostly  not  perfect.  THALICTRUM  (p.  102) 

KK.     Fruit  of  follicles  or  berries,  these  each  several-seeded. 
M.     Fruit  of  follicles;    carpels  2  or  more  (except  sometimes  in  Cimifuga 
elata). 

N.     Leaves  withering  in  the  fall,  not  all  basal;    follicles  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  in  heads. 

O.     Stems  9-24  dm.  high,  many-flowered.  CIMIFUGA  (p.  98) 

OO.     Stems  0.5-3  dm.  high,  i-  to  several-flowered.      ISOPYRUM  (p.  97) 

NN.     Leaves  green  throughout  the  winter,  all  basal;   follicles  long-stalked, 

in  umbels.  COPTIS  (p.  97) 

MM.     Fruit  a  red  berry;  carpel  i.  ACTAEA  (p.  97) 

JJ.     Petals  red;  flowers  large;  fruit  of  many-seeded  follicles.     E.  —  (Honor  of 

Paeon,  a  Greek  physician.)  Paeonia  brownii  (PEONY) 

CC.     Flowers  irregular;  leaves  palmately-lobed  or  -cleft  or  -divided. 

P.     Upper  sepal  spurred.  DELPHINIUM  (p.  98) 

PP.     Upper  sepal  arched  into  a  hood.  ACONITUM  (p.  99) 

BB.     Flowers  regular;   petals  5,  each  with  a  long  tubular  spur;   leaves  ternately 

i-3-compound.  AQUILEGIA  (p.  98) 

AA.     Stem  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 

Q.    Stem  herbaceous,  erect ;  stem  leaves  in  a  single  whorl  of  2-3. 
R.     Style  short,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  not  plumose.  ANEMONE  (p.  99) 

RR.     Styles  long,  filiform,  becoming  plumose.   W.  C.  E.  —  (Perhaps  diminutive 
of  L.  pulsare  =  to  beat  or  pulse;   application  not  clear.) 

Pulsatilla  occidentalis  (PASQUE  FLOWER) 

QQ.     Stem  of  ten  woody,  erect  or  viney;  stem  leaves  more  than  3,  opposite;    style 
plumose.  CLEMATIS  (p.  100) 

CALTHA    (MARSH  MARIGOLD) 

Herbs,  glabrous.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  cordate  or  reniform.  Flowers 
white  or  yellow  or  pink.  Sepals  petal-like,  large,  deciduous.  Stamens 
many.  Pistils  5-15,  sessile.  —  Marsh  plants.  (Gk.  kalathos  =  a  goblet; 
referring  to  the  form  of  the  flower.) 

A.     Stem   decumbent,   several-leaved;    flowers  yellow;    follicles   sessile.     W.  —  Poi- 
sonous. C.  palustrls 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  97 

AA.     Stem  erect,  scapose  or  i-leaved;    flowers  white  or  purplish;  follicles  more  or  less 

stalked. 

B.     Leaf  blades  wider  than  long,  reniform-orbicular;    sepals  lanceolate,  acute.     W. 

C.  E.  C.  leptosepala 

BB.     Leaf  blades  longer  than  wide,  roundish  to  oblong-cordate;    sepals  oblong  to 

spatulate,  obtuse.     W.  C.  C.  biflora 

ISOPYRUM    (FALSE  RUE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  low,  smooth.  Leaves  alternate,  ternately  2-3- 
compound.  Flowers  white,  solitary  or  clustered.  Sepals  5—6,  petal- 
like,  regular,  deciduous.  Petals  none  or  very  small.  Stamens  10-40. 
Follicles  2-20.  Seeds  2  to  several.  —  (Gk.  isopyron  =  the  name  of  some 
plant  of  the  genus  Fumaria.) 

A.     Stem  0.5-1  dm.  high,  i-flowered;  sepals  oblong,  6  mm.  long;  follicles  short-stalked. 

W.  I.  stipitatum  (SMALL  FALSE  RUE) 

AA.     Stem   3-9  dm.   high,   several -flowered;    sepals  obovate,   8   mm.   long;     follicles 

sessile.     W.  I.  hallii  (TALL  FALSE  RUE) 

COPTIS    (GOLDTHREAD) 

Herbs,  perennial,  low,  glabrous;  rootstalks  creeping.  Leaves  ternately- 
compound.  Flowers  white,  solitary  or  few,  on  naked  scapes.  Sepals 
5-7,  petal-like,  deciduous,  white  or  greenish.  Petals  5-6,  small,  linear, 
cucullate.  Stamens  10-25.  Follicles  3-12. —  (Gk.  kopto  =  to  cut;  from 
the  divided  leaves.) 

A.    Leaflets  obscurely  3-lobed  ;   sepals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  enlarged  at  the  sum- 
mit.   W.  C.  E.  C.  trifolia 
AA.     Leaflets  rather  deeply  lobed  or  segmented;    sepals  linear  or  ligulate,  attenuate; 

petals  enlarged  near  the  middle. 
B.     Leaves  ternate. 

C.     All   3   leaflets   long-petioluled;     leaf-divisions   obtuse,   obtusely   dentate;     seed 

oblong.     C.  E.  C.  occidentalis 

CC.     Middle  leaflet  long-petioluled,  lateral  short-petioluled;    leaf-divisions  acute, 

acutely  dentate;    seed  oval.     W.  C.  C.  laciniata 

BB.     Leaves  pinnately  s-foliolate.     W.  C.  asplenifolia 

ACTAEA    (BANEBERRY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  tall.  Leaves  alternate,  ternately  3-compound.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  5-6,  nearly  equal,  petal- 
like.  Petals  4-10  or  none,  less  showy  than  the  stamens.  Stamens  many. 
Stigma  wide,  2-lobed,  covering  the  carpel.  Seeds  many.  —  (Gk.  aktea  = 
an  old  name  for  the  Elder.) 

A.     Leaf  teeth  sharp,  acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  A.  arguta 

AA.     Leaf  teeth  rounded  or  mucronate.     E.  A.  rubra 


F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  7 


gg  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

CIMIFUGA    (BUGBANE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  tall.  Leaves  ternately  compound,  large.  Flowers 
small,  white,  in  panicled  racemes.  Sepals  4-6,  falling  soon  after  the  flower 
opens.  Petals  0-8.  Stamens  many.  Follicles  1-8.  Seeds  many.  — 
(L.  cimex  =  bug,  fugere  ;=  to  drive  away;  its  odor  drives  insects  away.) 

A.     Petals  none;    staminodia  1-2  or  more;    follicles  1-3,  not  stalked.     W.     C.  elata 
AA.     Either  petals  or  staminodia  present,  1-5;    follicles  3-5  or  more,  stalked.     C. 

C.  laciniata 

AQUILEGIA    (COLUMBINE) 

Herbs,  perennial.  Leaflets  roundish,  obtusely  lobed.  Flowers  terminal, 
showy.  Sepals  5,  petal-like.  Stamens  many,  outer  long-exserted,  inner 
merely  thin  scales.  Follicles  5,  sessile,  pointed  with  the  slender  style.  — 
(L.  aquila  =  an  eagle ;  referring  to  the  talon-like  spurs  of  the  flowers.) 

A.     Flowers  red  to  yellow,  pendulous  when  open. 

B.  Petal  blade  from  half  to  as  long  as  the  spur.     W.  C.  E.  A.  formosa 
BB.     Petal  blade  very  short  or  none.     W.                                                             A.  truncata 

AA.     Flowers  white  to  bluish,  erect  or  ascending  when  open. 

C.  Flowers  almost  white,  slightly  bluish.     E.          A.  coerulea  (WHITE  COLUMBINE) 
CC.     Flowers  bluish,  somewhat  yellowish  on  lobes  and  spurs.     E. 

A.  oreophila   (BLUE  COLUMBINE) 

DELPHINIUM    (LARK-SPUR) 

Herbs,  erect,  annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  showy, 
in  racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals  5,  usually  colored  and  petal-like.  Petals 
2  or  4,  small ;  2  upper  petals  produced  backward  and  inclosed  in  the  sepal 
spur.  Stamens  many.  Style  persistent.  Follicles  1-5,  sessile.  Seeds 
many.  —  (Gk.  delphin  =  a  dolphin ;  from  a  slight  resemblance  of  the 
flower.)  Many  are  poisonous  to  cattle. 

A.     Flowers  white  or  green  or  blue. 

B.     Most  of  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers  and  the  fruit. 
C.     Flowers  blue  or  purplish. 
D.      Roots  fasciculate,  elongate,  not  tuber-like. 
E.     Leaves  5-7.5  cm.  wide;   stem  3-18  dm.  high. 
F.     Leaf  segments  laciniately  many  parted,  the  lobes  linear.     C.  E. 

D.  scopulorum 
FF.     Leaf  segments  5-9,  the  segments  and  their    divisions  oblong  to  obovate- 

cuneate. 

G.     Mature  follicles  viscid-pubescent.     E.  D.  reticulatum 

GG.     Mature  follicles  glabrous.     (See  F.) 

EE.     Leaves  2.5-5  cm.  wide;    stem  3-6  dm.  high.     E.  D.  andersoni 

DD.      Roots  thickened,  forming  irregular  tubers. 

H/     Plant  pubescent  throughout.     E.  D.  simplex 

HH.     Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     E.  D.  distichum 

CC.     Flowers  greenish.     E.  D.  viridescens 

BB.     Most  of  the  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers  and  the  fruit. 
I.     Mature  follicles  6.5-12.5  mm.  long. 
J.     Stem  i-y-flowered,  only  i-3-leaved.     C.  E.  D.  depauperatum 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY)  99 

JJ.     Stems  many-flowered,  more  than  3-leaved. 
K.     Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so;    sepals  f  as  long  as  the  spur.      W.  C.  E. 

D.  columbianum 

KK.     Stem  puberulent  or  hirsute-pubescent  below;    sepals  about  as  long  as  the 
spur.     W.  D-  hesperium 

II.      Mature  follicles  13-25  mm.  long. 

L.     Plant  pubescent,  1.5-6  dm.  high.     W.  C.  E.  D.  menziesii 

LL.     Plant  glabrous  or  only  the  inflorescence  hairy. 

M.      Plant  1.5-3  dm.    high;     leaves  rarely    over    2.5-5    cm.  wide;     leaf-segments 

obtuse.     W.  C.  E.  D.  bicolor 

MM.     Plant   6-18   dm.    high;      leaves   often     10-15     cm.    wide;      leaf    segments 

acute.     W.  E.  D.  trolliifolium  (POISON  LARK-SPUR) 

AA.     Flowers  scarlet  or  orange. 

N.     Flowers  pale  yellow.     E.  D.  xantholeucum 

NN.     Flowers  red.     W.  C.  D.  nudicaule 

ACONITUM     (WOLFBANE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  tall.  Leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed.  Flowers 
showy,  in  open  racemes.  Sepals  5,  colored,  petal-like.  Petals  2-5 ;  2 
upper  with  long  claw  and  spurlike  blade  concealed  in  the  hood  of  the 
sepals;  3  lower  small  or  obsolete.  Follicles  3-5,  sessile.  Seeds  many.  — 
(Said  to  be  from  the  town  Acone  in  Asia  Minor,  where  first  found.) 
Said  to  be  poisonous. 

A.     Stem  stout,  not  viney;    upper  leaves  without  bulblets  in  their  axils.     C.  E. 

A.  columbianum 
AA.     Stem  weak,  viney;    upper  leaves  with  bulblets  in  their  axils.     E.       A.  bulbosum 

ANEMONE    (ANEMONE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  erect.  Leaves  lobed  or  divided  or  compound,  all  basal 
except  those  of  the  involucre.  Sepals  4-20,  colored  and  petal-like.  Petals 
none.  Stigma  lateral.  Akenes  many,  flat,  pointed.  —  (Gk.  anemos  = 
the  wind;  from  the  exposed  habitats.) 

A.     Akenes  naked  or  merely  pubescent. 
B.     Involucre  leaves  petioled. 

C.     Involucre  leaves  3-5-foliolate;    stems  from  a  horizontal  rhizome. 
D.     Flowers  20-35  mm.  wide,  white.     W.  C.  E.      A.  quinquefolia  (WOOD  ANEMONE) 
DD.     Flowers  8-12  mm.  wide. 

E.     Sepals  white  or  pale  blue.     W.  A.  lyallii 

EE.     Sepals  bright  blue.     C.  E.  A.  oregana 

CC.     Involucre  leaves  2-3  times  dissected;    stems  from  an  erect  caudex.     E. 

A.  tetonensis 

BB.     Involucre  leaves  sessile. 

F.     Basal    leaves    3-foliolate;     leaflets   ovate   or   rhombic-ovate;     akenes    wingless. 

W.  C.  A.  deltoidea  ^-LEAVED  ANEMONE) 

FF.      Basal  leaves  3-parted  or  -divided;    leaf  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear; 

akenes  wing  margined.     E.  A.  narcissiflora 

AA.     Akenes  densely  long-woolly. 

G.     Plants  glabrate;    sepals  not  yellowish,  blue.     W.  C.  E.  A.  drummondii 

GG.     Plants  villous-pubescent;  sepals  yellowish,  sometimes  tinged  with  blue.      W.  E. 

A.  multifida  (CUT-LEAVED  ANEMONE) 


100  RANUNCULACEAE   (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

CLEMATIS    (CLEMATIS) 

Perennial,  more  or  less  woody,  either  climbing  vines  or  else  erect  or 
ascending  herbs.  Leaves  simple  or  compound;  petioles  slender,  serving 
as  tendrils.  Sepals  4-5,  petal-like.  Petals  none  or  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  many.  Akenes  many;  styles  long,  persistent. —  (Gk.  klema 
=  a  tendril ;  the  petioles  coil  tendril-like.) 

A.     Herbs,  erect. 

B.  Petiolules  all  straight;   leaf  segments  linear  to  lanceolate.      E. 

C.  douglasii  (SUGAR  BOWLS) 

BB.     Petiolules  of  some  of  the  leaflets  contorted  as  if  for  climbing;    leaf  segments 
oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate.     E.  C.  scottii  (SCOTT'S    CLEMATIS) 

AA.     Shrubby,  climbing  vines. 

C.  Flowers    white,    cymose-paniculate;     sepals    8-13    mm.    long;     leaves    pinnately 
5-7-foliolate. 

D.  Akenes  silky-pubescent  with  straight  hairs.     E.    C.  ligusticifolia  (VIRGIN  BOWER) 
DD.     Akenes  woolly-pubescent  with  crinkly  hairs.      E.  C.  suksdorfil 

CC.     Flowers  blue,  solitary;    sepals  25-50  mm.  long;    leaves  i-2-ternate. 

E.  Leaves  ternate,  entire  or  merely  toothed.     E.  C.  occidentalis 
EE.     Leaves  biternate,  incisely  toothed  or  lobed.     C.  E.  C.  alpina 

MYOSURUS    (MOUSETAIL) 

Herbs,  annual,  small.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  basal.  Flowers 
solitary,  on  simple  scapes.  Sepals  5-6,  spurred  at  base.  Petals  o  or  5-6, 
with  long  claws,  with  a  pit  at  tip,  greenish  yellow.  Stamens  5-25.  Akenes 
many,  apiculate  or  aristate,  on  a  slender  or  conical  receptacle.  —  (Gk. 
mys  =  a  mouse,  oura  =  a  tail;  referring  to  the  long  tail-like  head  of 
akenes.) 

A.     Carpels  prominently  beaked;   carpel  spike  2-25  mm.  long. 

B.  Carpel  spike  sessile;   petals  always  present;    E.  M.  sessills 
BB.      Carpel  spike  on  a  scape  2.5-5  cm.  long;    petals  sometimes  none.     E. 

M.  ape  talus 
AA.     Carpels  obscurely  beaked. 

C.  Carpel  spike  1-5  cm.  long,  6  mm.  or  less  thick;    seed  oblong.     (See  BB.) 
CC.     Carpel  spike  shorter,  thicker;   seed  oval. 

D.     Not  a  salt-marsh  plant.     W.  E.  M.  minimus 

DD.     Salt-marsh  plant,  mainly  maritime.     W.  M.  major 

BATRACHIUM    (WATER  CROWFOOT) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  aquatic  or  subaquatic.  Submerged  leaves 
filiform-dissected;  emersed  leaves  when  present  with  flat  blade;  petioles 
with  dilated  stipule-like  base.  Peduncles  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Akenes  not  margined.  —  (Gk.  batrachos  =  a  frog ;  on  account  of  the 
aquatic  habitat.) 

A.     Leaves  mostly  submerged;   styles  not  longer  than  the  ovary.      W.  C.  E. 

B.  aquatile  (DITCH  CROWFOOT) 
AA.     Leaves  nearly  all  floating;   styles  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  ovary.     W. 

B.  lobbii 


RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERGfJP  \  FAMILY)    ,          101 


RANUNCULUS    (EUITEACIP)  .    '  J  , /A. 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  mostly  in  wet  places,  sometimes  aquatic. 
Leaves  simple  or  compound.  Sepals  5,  deciduous.  Petals  as  many  as 
the  sepals  or  more,  conspicuous  or  minute,  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  the 
blade.  Stamens  several  to  many.  Akenes  many;  style  minute  or  elon- 
gated. —  (Diminutive  of  L.  rana  =  a  frog ;  on  account  of  the  common  wet 
habitat.) 

A.     Plants  aquatic  or  subaquatic;    leaves  divided  into  filiform  segments  when  sub- 
merged. 

B.  Petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals;    carpels  margined  toward   the  base  with  con- 
spicuous tumid  border.     E.  R.  delphinifolius  (SWAMP  BUTTERCUP) 

BB.     Petals  not  much  exceeding  the  sepals;    carpels  without  distinct  border.     W.  C. 
E.  R.  purshii  (PURSH  BUTTERCUP) 

AA.     Plants  terrestrial  but  often  of  very  wet  places;    leaves  never  dissected  into  fili- 
form segments  (except  R.  sceleratus) . 

C.  Leaves  entire  to  crenate  or  dentate,  not  lobed  nor  more  deeply  separated  into 
segments. 

D.     Leaves  ovate  to  cordate,  coarsely  crenulate  to  dentate. 

E.  Leaves  acute,  dentate;    mature  akenes  not  veined  on  the  faces.     E. 

R.  gormani 

EE.     Leaves  rounded  at  apex,  crenate;     mature  akenes  striate-veined  on  the  faces. 
W.  E.  R.  cymbalaria  (SEASIDE  BUTTERCUP) 

DD.     Leaves  either  narrower  or  else  merely  crenulate  or  denticulate. 

F.  Stem  creeping,  rooting  from  the  joints.     W.  C.  E.    R.  flammula   (SPEARWORT) 
FF.     Stem  erect,  not  rooting  from  the  joints.      C.  E.  R.  alismaefolius 

CC.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  lobed  or  yet  more  deeply  separated  into  segments. 
G.     Faces  of  the  akenes  smooth  or  merely  pilose;    mostly  perennials. 
H.     Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3  dm.  or  less  high  or  long  (except    R.  sceleralus 

and  R.  bongardii). 
I.     Basal  leaves  toothed  or  entire  or  2-7-lobed  for  less  than  £  the  distance  to  the 

base;    stem  leaves  2-s-cleft  or  -parted. 

J.     Basal  leaves  2-4-toothed  or  -lobed;    carpels  forming  a  globose  head. 
K.      Blades  of  basal  leaves  widest  above  their  middle;    petals  broadly  obovate. 
E.  R.  glaberrimus 

KK.      Blades  of  basal  leaves  widest  below  their  middle;   petals  spatulate-oblong. 
E.  R.  jo  vis 

JJ.     Basal  leaves  s-g-lobed  at  apex,  carpels  forming  an  oblong  or  cylindric  head. 
E.  R.  eximius 

n.      Both  basal  and  stem  leaves  parted  or  divided  or  compound. 
L.     Leaves  ternately  divided;    the  segments  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  1-2  mm. 
wide.     E.  R.  triternatus 

LL.     Leaves  not  so  in  every  particular. 
M.     Head  of  akenes  globose. 
N.     Beak  of  the  akene  hooked. 

O.     Segments  of  basal  leaves  again  deeply  lobed.     (See  D.) 
OO.     Segments  of  basal  leaves  not  again  lobed.     E.  R.  jovis 

NN.     Beak  of  the  akene  without  hook. 
P.     Petals  2-4  mm.  long.     W.  E.  —  Very  poisonous  to  cattle. 

R.  sceleratus  (CURSED  BUTTERCUP) 

PP.     Petals  8-13  mm.  long.     W.  C.  R.  suksdorfii 

MM.     Head  of  akenes  2  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide. 


102  RANUNCULACEAE    (BUTTERCUP   FAMILY) 

Q.      Beak  oi  akeie  not  honked. 
H.     Petals  2-4  aim,  Jeng;   auntial.     (See  P.) 

RR.     Petals  6-13  mm.  long;    perennial.     W.  C.  E.  R.  eschscholtzii 

QQ.      Beak  of  akene  hooked;    petals  2-4  mm.  long.     C.  E.  R.  verecundus 

HH.     Plants  pubescent  or  hairy,  usually  3-5  dm.  or  more  high   or   long    (except 

R.  parviflorus  and  R.  cardiophyllus). 
S.     Beak  of  akene  not  hooked. 
T.     Petals  5,  2-4  mm.  long,  not  exceeding  the  calyx;    plant  erect.     W.  E. 

R.  pennsylvanicus  (BRISTLY  BUTTERCUP) 
XT.     Petals  6  or  more  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  calyx. 
U.     Petals  5;    beak  of  akene  less  than  2  mm.  long. 

V.     Leaves  not  white-spotted;   stem  erect  or  ascending;    plant  without  stolons. 

W.  E.  R.  oreganus 

W.     Leaves  mostly  white-spotted;    stem  prostrate;    plant  with  stolons.     W. 

R. repens  (CREEPING  BUTTERCUP) 
UU.     Petals  7-16;    beak  of  akene  3-4  mm.  long. 
W.     Leaf  segments  linear  to  cuneate-obovate,  2-3-lobed  or  -toothed.     W.  E. 

R.  orthorhynchus 

WW.     Leaf  segments  oblong  to  ovate,  3-cleft  or  -parted  and  again  3-Q-toothed. 
E.  R.  platyphyllus 

SS.     Beak  of  akene  hooked. 
X.     Petals  5. 

Y.     Petals  4-6  mm.  long,  less  than  if  times  as  long  as  the  sepals.     W.  C.  E. 

R.  bongardii   (BLOTCHED  BUTTERCUP) 

YY.     Petals  6-15  mm.  long,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
Z.     Basal  leaves  coarsely  crenate  to  3-7  cleft,  segments  entire;    stem  leaves 
palmately  many-cleft,  segments  incisely  crenate.     E.  R.  cardiophyllus 

ZZ.     Basal    leaves     3-parted,    segments     sometimes     again    2-s-lobed;     stem 
leaves  3-parted,  segments  entire  or  2-3-lobed.     E.  R.  ciliosus 

ZZZ.      Basal    leaves    3~s-cleft    or   -parted,  segments    2-3-lobed;     stem   leaves 
3~S-parted  or  -divided;   segments  entire.     W. 

R.  occidentalis  (PRAIRIE  BUTTERCUP) 

XX.     Petals  6-15.     W.  R.  calif ornicus 

GG.     Faces  of  akenes  scabrous  or  muriculate  or  echinate;    annuals. 
a.     Akenes  hispid  with  hooked  hairs;    beak  of  akene  hooked;    plant  pubescent.      E. 

R.  hebecarpus  (BUR-SEED  BUTTERCUP) 
aa.     Akenes  muriculate. 

b.     Plant  villous  or  hirsute;    leaves  3~s-parted  or  -divided;     petals  not  longer 
than  the  sepals;    beak  of  akene  hooked.      W. 

R.  parviflorus   (SMALL-FLOWERED  BUTTERCUP) 

bb.     Plant    nearly    glabrous;     leaves   3-s-cleft;     petals   longer   than   the    sepals; 
beak  of  akene  not  hooked.     W.  R.  muricatus  (ROUGH-SEEDED  BUTTERCUP) 

THALICTRUM    (MEADOW-RUE) 

Herbs,  perennial,  erect,  tall,  usually  smooth.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
perfect  or  polygamous  or  dioecious,  greenish  white.  Sepals  4-5.  Stamens 
many,  exserted.  Akenes  usually  few,  ribbed  or  veined.  —  (Said  to  be  from 
Gk.  thallo  =  to  become  green ;  referring  to  the  young  shoots.) 

A.     Akene  flat,  two  edged. 

B.     Flowers  perfect;   akenes  half  rhombic-ovate.     C.  E.  T.  sparsiflorum 

BB.     Flowers  dioecious. 
C.     Akenes  lanceolate,  acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  T.  occidentale 


BERBERIDACEAE    (BARBERRY   FAMILY)  103 

CC.     Akenes  ovate  or  oblong  or  orbicular,  blunter. 

D.     Akenes  few  to  many,  4-6  mm.  long,  ovate;    seed   head  usually  not  globular 

\V.  E.  T.  fendleri 

DD.     Akenes  many,  about  6  mm.  long,  obovate;    seed  head  dense,  globular.     W. 

T.  polycarpum 

AA.     Akenes  terete  or  but  slightly  flat,  ovate  to  short-oblong. 

E.     Leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous;   flowers  dioecious.     E.  T.  venulosum 

EE.     Leaves  obscurely  glandular  or  waxy;    flowers  polygamous.     E. 

T.  purpurascens 

BERBERIDACEAE    (BARBERRY  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  perennial.  Leaves  simple  or  compound,  alter- 
nate, often  all  basal.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  in  racemes. 
Sepals  and  petals  generally  imbricated  in  several  sets.  Stamens 
opposite  the  petals  and  as  many  as  them;  anthers  extrorse,  opening 
by  valves.  Pistil  i;  style  short,  ovary  superior.  Fruit  a  berry 
or  capsule.  Seeds  2  to  many. 

A.  Herbs ;  leaves  deciduous ;    ternately  i-3-compound,  not  spiny. 

B.  Leaf  only  i ;  leaflets  3  ;  flowers  in  a  spike ;  sepals  and  petals  none.     W.  C.  — 
(Gk.  achlys  =  mist ;  suggested  by  the  flowers.) 

Achlys  triphylla  (SWEET-AFTER-DEATH) 

BB.     Leaves  more  than   i;    leaflets  more  than  3  to  a  leaf;   flowers  in  a  panicle; 
sepals  and  petals  present.  VANCOUVERIA  (p.  103) 

AA.     Shrubs;  leaves  evergreen,  pinnately  i-compound,  spiny-toothed  at  margin. 

BERBERIS  (p.  103) 

VANCOUVERIA    (BARREN-WORT) 

Flowers  white  or  yellow;  panicle  bracted.  Sepals  6,  obovate.  Petals 
6,  shorter  than  the  sepals  and  opposite  them,  linear-spatulate.  Fruit  a 
capsule.  Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  G.  Vancouver,  a  Pacific  explorer.) 

A.     Leaves  thin,  membranous,  not  white  margined.      W.    C.  V.  hexandra 

AA.     Leaves  thick,  somewhat  coriaceous,  narrowly  white  margined.      U. 

V.  chrysantha 

BERBERIS    (BARBERRY) 

Flowers  yellow,  in  bracted  racemes.  Sepals  6-9,  petal-like.  Petals  6. 
Stamens  6 ;  anthers  opening  by  valves  at  the  top.  Pistil  i ;  stigma  pel- 
tate. Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  i  to  few.  —  The  roots  are  medicinal.  (From 
Arabic  berberys  =  the  name  for  the  fruit  of  these  plants.) 

A.     Leaves  with  the  3  chief  veins  from  the  base.     W.  C.  E. 

B.  nervosa   (DULL  OREGON-GRAPE) 
AA.     Leaves  with  but  i  vein  from  the  base. 
B.     Leaflets  3-7,  pale  green,  dull;   leaf  teeth  with  weak  spines.     U.  C.  E. 

B.  repens  (SMALL  OREGON-GRAPE) 

BB.     Leaflets  5-11,  bright  green,  shining;    leaf  teeth  with  strong  spines.     W.  C.  E. 

B.  aquifolium  (SHINING  OREGON-GRAPE) 


104  LAURACEAE   (LAUREL   FAMILY) 

LAURACEAE   (LAUREL  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees,  aromatic.  Leaves  alternate,  evergreen,  shining, 
petioled,  lanceolate-oblong;  stipules  none.  Flowers  small;  yel- 
lowish green,  in  umbels  or  panicles.  Perianth  in  2  whorls,  6-parted. 
Stamens  9,  on  the  perianth,  distinct,  often  some  modified.  Ovary 
superior.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  i.  U.  —  (L.  umbella  =  an  umbel; 
referring  to  the  flower  arrangement.) 

Umbellularia  califoraica   (CALIFORNIA  LAUREL) 

PAPAVERACEAE    (POPPY  FAMILY) 

Herbs;  juice  milky  or  colored  at  least  in  the  root.  Leaves  alter- 
nate or  opposite  or  whorled;  stipules  none.  Peduncles  i -flowered. 
Flowers  regular.  Sepals  2-3.  Petals  4-12  in  2  sets,  imbricated 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  indefinite  in  number.  Ovary  superior. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  i -celled;  placentae  parietal.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Most  of  the  leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  entire. 

B.  Stamens  4  to  many;  filaments  narrow;  carpels  3-4;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

PLATYSTIGMA  (p.  104) 

BB.     Stamens  6;   filaments  very  wide;   carpels  6-1 8;  flowers  yellow.     U.  —  (Gk. 
platys  =  flat,  stemon  =  a  stamen;  the  stamens  have  flat  filaments.) 

Platystemon  californica  (LONG-LEAVED  CREAM-CUPS) 
AA.     Leaves  alternate. 

C.  Leaves  lobed  or  dissected. 

D.     Flowers  bright  yellow;  ovary  and  capsule  with  2  placentae;    stigma  composed 

of  4-6  lobes.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA  (p.  105) 

DD.     Flowers  red;   ovary  and  capsule  with  many  placentae;    stigma  a  radiate 

disk.  PAPAVER  (p.  105) 

CC.     Leaves  entire;  flowers  yellow;  ovary  and  capsule  with  3  placentae;  stigmas  3. 

E.  —  (Honor  of  W.  M.  Canby,  an  American  botanist.)    Canbya  aurea  (CANBYA) 

PLATYSTIGMA    (CREAM-CUPS) 

Annual,  low,  slender.  Flowers  on  long  peduncles.  Sepals  2-3,  distinct. 
Petals  4-6,  deciduous.  Carpels  united  into  a  3-angled  to  nearly  terete 
ovary.  Seed  smooth,  shining.  —  (Gk.  platys  =  flat ;  +  stigma ;  some 
species  have  wide  flat  stigmas.) 

A.     Plant  glabrous;    stem  leafy;    petals  white,  2-4  mm.  long;    stamens  4-6.     W.  C. 

P.  oreganum   (WHITE  CREAM-CUPS) 

AA.     Plant  somewhat    villous;    stem    somewhat  scapelike;  petals  yellow,  8-12  mm. 
long;   stamens  many.     U.  P.  lineare  (YELLOW  CREAM-CUPS) 


FUMARIACEAE    (BLEEDING-HEART   FAMILY)          105 


ESCHSCHOLTZIA    (CALIFORNIA  POPPY) 

Herbs,  glabrous;  juice  bitter,  of  the  stem  colorless,  of  the  root  red  or 
yellow.  Leaves  finely  dissected.  Sepals  2,  united  into  a  conical  cap, 
detached  and  pushed  off  by  the  growth  of  the  petals.  Petals  4.  Stamens 
many.  Capsule  elongated,  strongly  ro-veined,  opening  usually  from  the 
bottom  up  by  2  valves.  Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  J.  F.  Eschscholtz,  a 
German  botanist.) 

A.     Leaves  ternately  i-3-compound;   flowers  2.5-10  cm.  wide. 

B.     Flowers  5-10  cm.  wide;   escaped  from  gardens.     W.  E.  E.  californica 

BB.     Flowers  2.5-5  cm.  wide;    native.     W.  E.  E.  douglasii 

AA.     Leaves  pinnate,  5-foliolate;   flowers  1-2.5  cm.  wide.     U.  E.  hypecoides 

PAPAVER    (POPPY) 

Herbs,  hispid  or  glaucous;  sap  milky,  narcotic.  Leaves  alternate, 
lobed  or  dissected.  Flowers  nodding  when  in  bud,  showy.  Sepals  2-3. 
Petals  4-6.  Stamens  many.  Capsule  globose  to  oblong,  opening  near 
the  tip.  Seeds  many.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Celtic  papa  =  pap ;  because 
poppy  juice  was  formerly  put  into  the  food  of  children  to  make  them  sleep.) 

A.     Leaves  pinnately  parted;    herbage  hairy,  not  glaucous. 

B.     Capsule  club-shaped,  stiff-hairy;    native.     E.  P.  argemone   (CLUB  POPPY) 

BB.     Capsule  subglobose  or  top-shaped,  glabrous;   escaped  from  gardens.     W. 

P.  rhoeas  (FIELD  POPPY) 

AA.     Leaves  merely  lobed;    herbage  glabrate,  glaucous;    escaped  from  gardens.     W. 
—  This  is  the  source  of  opium.  P.  somniferum   (GARDEN  POPPY) 


FUMARIACEAE   (BLEEDING-HEART  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  tender;  juice  watery.  Leaves  compound,  dissected, 
alternate.  Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Sepals  2,  small,  hyaline. 
Petals  4,  1-2  of  them  spurred,  somewhat  united.  Stamens  6,  dia- 
delphous,  opposite  the  outer  petals.  Ovary  superior.  Capsule 
i-celled;  placentae  2,  parietal. 

A.     2  outer  (larger)  petals  alike,  both  spurred  at  base.  DICENTRA  (p.  105) 

AA.     2  outer  (larger)  petals  unlike,  only  i  spurred  at  base.      CORYDALIS  (p.  106) 

DICENTRA    (BLEEDING-HEART) 

Perennial,  acaulescent.  Flowers  in  scapose  racemes.  Corolla  cordate 
at  base ;  petals  in  2  pairs ;  outer  pair  spurred  or  saccate  at  base ;  inner 
pair  clawed,  united  above.  Style  slender.  Capsule  oblong  or  linear, 
2-valved.  —  (Gk.  dis  =  twice,  kentron  —  a  spur ;  from  the  2-spurred  co- 
rolla.) 

A.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  panicle,  white  or  pinkish. 
B.     Corolla  2-spurred  at  base,  white  or  pinkish. 


106  CRUCIFERACEAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 

C.     Spurs  divergent;   corolla  12-16  mm.  long,  white  or  pinkish.     E. 

D.  cucullaria  (DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES) 
CC.     Spurs  not  divergent;   corolla  18-25  mm.  long,  white.     U. 

D.  pauciflora  (WHITE  BLEEDING-HEART) 
BB.     Corolla  2-saccate  at  base,  pink.     C.  E. 

D.  uniflora  (I-FLOWERED  BLEEDING-HEART) 
AA.     Flowers  in  a  thyrsus,  pink.     W.  C.  E.  D.  formosa 

CORYDALIS    (CORYDALIS) 

Leaves  basal  or  cauline.  Flowers  in  racemes,  terminal  or  opposite  the 
leaves.  One  petal  of.  the  outer  pair  spurred ;  inner  petals  narrow.  Cap- 
sule linear  or  oblong,  2-valved.  —  (Gk.  korydalos  =  the  crested  lark ; 
said  to  be  suggested  by  the  spurs.) 

A.     Flowers  pink  or  white,  or  light  yellow  with  bluish  tips;    perennial;    capsule  oval 

or  oblong. 

B.     Leaves  many-pinnatifid;   flowers  pink.     W.  C.  scouleri   (PINK  CORYDALIS) 

BB.     Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid;    flowers  salmon-pink  or  yellow. 

C.     Leaves   3-pinnatifid;     flowers   salmon-pink;     sepals    hastate.    E.     C.  hastatum 
CC.     Leaves  2-pinnatifid;    flowers  yellow;  sepals  laciniate-reniform.     E. 

C.  cusickii 

AA.     Flowers  golden  yellow;    annual  or  biennial;    capsule  linear  or  nearly  so. 
D.     Capsule  incurved-ascending;   seed  acute-margined.     E.  C.  montana 

DD.     Capsule  spreading  or  pendulous;   seed  obtuse-margined.     E. 

C.  aurea  (GOLDEN   CORYDALIS) 

CRUCIFERACEAE    (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubby  at  base,  with  mustard  or  turnip  taste. 
Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered.  Sepals  4, 
deciduous.  Petals  4,  rarely  none,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Sta- 
mens 6,  tetradynamous,  rarely  only  2  or  4.  Ovary  2-celled  by  a 
partition  from  one  lateral  placenta  to  the  other,  rarely  only  i -celled; 
style  o-i.  Fruit  a  pod,  indehiscent  or  2-valved  from  the  base.  — 
Difficult  family,  and  should  not  be  attempted  without  flowers  and 
mature  pods.  Some  difficult  genera  are  not  carried  to  species. 
(F.  &  R.  pp.  176-191.) 

A.     Leaves  palraately-compound  or  -lobed  or  -toothed.  GROUP  1,  L  (p.  107) 

AA.     Leaves  not  palmately  veined,  or  if  so  merely  serrate. 
B.     Basal  leaves  2-4.5  dm.  long,  not  pinnately  compound  nor  pinnatifid. 

GROUP  1,  K  (p.  107) 

BB.     Basal  leaves  smaller,  often  pinnately  compound  or  pinnatifid. 
C.     Flowers  solitary  on  a  scape.  GROUP  2,  KK  (p.  108) 

CC.     Flowers  in  racemes  or  heads. 

D.  Pod  transversely  divided  into  2  terete  or  slightly  flattened  or  angular  seg- 
ments or  joints,  indehiscent,  upper  joint  the  larger;  plant  glabrous;  leaves 
entire  or  sinuate-toothed.  GROUP  1,  Y  (p.  107) 

DD.     Pod  or  plant  or  leaves  not  as  in  D. 


CRUCIFERACEAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  107 

E.     Leaves  awl-shaped;  plants  aquatic.  GROUP  2,  P  (p.  108) 

EE.     Leaves  not  awl-shaped;  plants  mostly  terrestrial. 
F.     Pod  3  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide  including  its  stipe  and  beak. 

GROUP  1  (p.  107) 
FF.     Pod  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  wide  including  its  stipe  and  beak. 

GROUP  2  (p.  108) 

GROUP  1  (with  long  pods) 

A.     Petals  yellow. 

B.     Pod  borne  on  a  stipe  i  cm.  or  more  long.  STANLEYA  (p.  no) 

BB.     Pod  without  a  stipe,  or  with  a  very  short  one. 
C.     Leaves  entire  or  merely  serrate. 
D.     Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod;  mature  pod  3-14  mm.  long. 

DRABA  (p.  115) 
DD.     Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod;   mature  pod  1.5-10  cm.  long  (or 

as  short  as  i  cm.  in  Erysimum  cheiranthoides) . 

E.  Pod  torulose;  valves  veinless  or  faintly  i -veined;  petals  4-6  mm.  long. 
E.  —  (Crambe  is  another  genus;  Gk.  schoenos  =  a  reed;  hence  a  reed-like 
Crambe.)  Schoenocrambe  linifolia  (PLAINS  MUSTARD) 

EE.  Pod  not  torulose;  valves  strongly  keeled  by  the  prominent  mid  vein;  petals 
6-25  mm.  long  (.except  E.  cheiranthoides).  ERYSIMUM  (p.  115) 

CC.     At  least  some  of  the  leaves  lobed  or  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  compound. 
F.     Most  of  the  leaves  of  the  upper  ^  of  the  stem  entire  or  merely  serrate. 
G.     Pod  not  beaked,  5-12.5  cm.  long  when  mature.     (See  EE.) 
GG.     Pod  beaked,  2  cm.  or  less  long  when  mature.  BRASSICA  (p.  112) 

FF.     Most  of  the  leaves  of  the  upper  \  of  the  stem  lobed  or  pinnatifid  or  pin- 
nately compound. 

H.     Pod  indehiscent;   seeds  2-10.  RAPHANUS  (p.  112) 

HH.     Pod  dehiscent;  seeds  usually  more  numerous. 

I.  Pod  beakless  or  the  beak  very  short  and  thick. 

J.     Seeds  flat;  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.  BARBAREA  (p.  112) 

JJ.     Seeds  not  flat;  leaves  not  or  hardly  lyrate-pinnatifid. 

K.      Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod;  valves  of  the  pod  mostly  3-veined; 

pubescence  simple  or  none.  SISYMBRIUM  (p.  in) 

KK.     Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod;   valves  of  the  pod  i- veined ; 

pubescence  often  forked  or  stellate.  RORIPA  (p.  113) 

II.  Pod  with  an  abruptly  slender  or  a  flat  beak  at  least  |  as  long  as  the  fertile 
portion.  BRASSICA  (p.  112) 

AA.     Petals  either  none  or  of  some  color  other  than  yellow. 
L.     Leaves  ternately-  or  palmately-lobed  or  -laciniate  or  -divided. 

DENTARIA  (p.  114) 

LL.     Leaves  pinnately-toothed  to  -compound,  or  entire  and  pinnately-veined. 
M.     Pod  borne  on  a  stipe  i  cm.  or  more  long.  STANLEYA  (p.  no) 

MM.     Pod  without  a  stipe  or  with  a  very  short  one. 
N.     Some  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 
O.     Stem  leaves  all  pinnatifid. 

P.     Pod  indehiscent,  not  longitudinally  2-celled.  RAPHANUS  (p.  112) 

PP.     Pod  dehiscent,  longitudinally  2-celled. 
Q.     Pod  terete,  1-16  mm.  long;  plants  of  ditches.  RORIPA  (p.  113) 


108  CRUCIFERACEAE    (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

QQ.     Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition,  12-31  mm.  long;   mostly  not 

ditch  plants.  CARDAMINE  (p.  113) 

Q  Q  Q.      Pod  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  partition,  6-10  mm.  long;  plants 

of  rather  dry  places.  SMELOWSKIA  (p.  115) 

OO.     At  least  the  leaves  of  the  upper  half  of  the  stem  entire  or  merely  toothed 

or  serrate. 

R.     Pod  3  cm.  or  less  long.  ARABIS  (p.  115) 

RR.     Pod  3.5  cm.  or  more  long. 

S.     Petals  undulate-crisped,  but  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  the  blade 
merely  a  wide  extension  of  the  claw.  CAULANTHUS  (p.  no) 

SS.     Petals  plane,  much  longer  than  the  sepals  or  else  the  blade  well  de- 
veloped. THELYPODIUM  (p.  no) 
NN.     All  of  the  leaves  from  entire  to  shallowly  lobed,  none  pinnatifid. 
T.     Mature  pod  2.5  cm.  or  less  long. 
U.     Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition. 

V.     Leaves  all  petioled;  valves  veinless.  CARDAMINE  (p.  113) 

W.     Stem  leaves  sessile. 

W.     Valves  of  the  pod  veinless;  stem  leaves  not  clasping.  DRABA  (p.  115) 
WW.    Valves  i-veined;   stem  leaves  clasping  in  most  species. 

ARABIS  (p.  115) 

UU.     Pod  terete  or  angular  or  hardly  flattened. 
X.     Plant  glabrous. 

Y.     Pod     2-celled    by     a    transverse     constriction.     mdehiscent.      W.  — 
(Arabic  name.)  Cakile  edentula  (SEA  ROCKET) 

YY.     Pod  2-celled  by  a  longitudinal  wall,  dehiscent. 

THELYPODIUM  (p.  no) 

XX.     Plant  more  or  less  pubescent  with  branched  hairs. 
Z.     Flowers  in  a  globular  head.     C.  —  (Honor  of  F.  G.  DeBray,  a  French 
count.)  Braya  humilis  (LOW  ROCK  CRESS) 

ZZ.     Flowers    in    an   elongated    raceme.      W.  —  (Gk.     stenos  =  narrow, 
phragma  =  a  partition;  referring  to  the  partition  in  the  pod.) 

Stenophragma  thaliana  (MOUSE -EAR  CRESS) 
TT.     Mature  pod  more  than  2.5  cm.  long. 

a.  Caudex  stout  and  branching,  the  branches  densely  clothed  with  the 
persistent  petioles  of  former  seasons.  E.  —  (Honor  of  W.  E.  Parry,  an 
English  explorer.)  Parrya  menziesii 

aa.     Caudex  none  or  not  so  clothed. 

b.     Petals  flat;  anthers  short,  subcordate.  ARABIS  (p.  115) 

bb.     Petals  twisted;  anthers  long,  sagittate.         STREPTANTHUS  (p.  in) 

GROUP  2  (with  short  pods) 
A.    Flowers  yellow. 

B.     Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition. 

C.     Pod  orbicular;  seeds  2  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  a  =  against,  lyssa 
=  madness;  one  was  reputed  a  remedy  for  hydrophobia.) 

Alyssum  alyssoides  (YELLOW  ALYSSUM) 

CC.     Pod  elliptic  to  oblong;  seeds  3  or  more  in  each  cell.  DRABA  (p.  115) 

BB.     Pod  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  partition. 


CRUCIFERACEAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  109 

D.  Leaves  spatulate;    cells  of  the  pod  much  inflated  and  appearing  like  twin 
pods.  PHYSARIA  (p.  114) 

DD.     Leaves  sagittate-clasping;  cells  of  the  pod  not  inflated;  pod  obovoid. 

CAMELINA  (p.  114) 
BBB.     Pods  terete. 

E.  Pod  indehiscent,   globose,    i-celled,  i-2-seeded.     E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  A.  N. 
DeNesle,  a  French  botanist.)  Neslia  paniculata 

EE.     Pod  dehiscent,  oval  to  cylindric,  2-celled,  several  to  many-seeded. 
F.     Pod  oval  or  obovate;  leaves  entire  to  wavy.  LESQUERELLA  (p.  114) 

FF.     Pod  oblong;   in  nearly  all  species  some  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 

RORIPA  (p.  113) 

AA.     Flowers  not  yellow,  petals  often  none. 
G.     Pod  indehiscent,  orbicular,  flattened,  i -celled,  i -seeded. 

H.     Pubescence  branched;    pod  not  wing-margined.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  a  =  with- 
out, thysanos  =  a  fringe ;  because  the  pod  is  not  wing-margined.) 

Athysanus  pusillus 

HH.     Pubescence  simple;  pod  wing- margined.         THYSANOCARPUS  (p.  115) 
GG.     Pod  dehiscent/various  in  form,  often  flattened,  2-celled,  more  than  i-seeded. 

I.  Pod  terete.     W.  —  (L.  cochlear  —  a  spoon;    the  leaves  are  somewhat  spoon- 
shaped.)  Cochlearia  anglica  (SPOON  CRESS) 

II.  Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition. 
J.     Seeds  4  or  more  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 

K.     Flowers  solitary,   on  scapose  stems;    seed  broadly  winged.     E.  —  (Gk. 
platys  =  wide,  sperma  =  a  seed.)  Platyspermum  scapigerum 

KK.     Flowers  in  racemes,  often  on  scapose  stems;   seed  wingless. 

DRABA  (p.  115) 

JJ.     Seed  i  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.     W.  —  (L.  lobulus  —  a  little  lobe;    probably 
referring  to  the  2-lobed  hairs.  Lobularia  maritima  (SWEET  ALYSSUM) 

III.  Pod  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  partition. 

L.     Pod  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate.  SMELOWSKIA  (p.  115) 

LL.     Pod  shorter  for  its  width. 

M.     Valves  of  the  pod  obtusely  keeled  or  rounded  on  the  back. 
N.     Pod  warty-wrinkled  or -tubercled,  2-seeded.  CORONOPUS  (p.  in) 

NN.     Pod  not  as  above,  many-seeded. 

O.     Pod  obcordate  or  triangular-obovate,  much  flattened,  notched  at  apex. 
W.  E.  —  (Diminutive  of  L.  capsa  =  a  box;   referring  to  the  pod.) 

Capsella  bursa-pastoris  (SHEPHERD'S  PURSE) 

OO.     Pod  ovate  or  elliptic,  not  much  flattened,  not  notched  at  apex. 
P.     Leaves  entire,  awl-shaped;  aquatic;  seeds  few.     W.  E.  —  (L.  subula  = 
an  awl;  from  the  leaves.)  Subularia  aquatica  (WATER  AWL  WORT) 

PP.     Leaves  pinnatifid,  not  awl-shaped;    terrestrial;    seeds  many.     W.  E. 
—  (Honor  of  a  Miss  Hutchins,  an  Irish  botanist.) 

Hutchinsia  procumbens 

MM.     Valves  of  the  pod  acute-  or  wing-keeled. 
Q.     Pod  orbicular  or  obovate;  cells  i-2-seeded;  petals  often  none. 

LEPIDIUM  (p.  in) 

QQ.     Pod  ovate  or  oblong;  cells  2-  to  several-seeded;   petals  always  present. 

THLASPI  (p.  in) 


110  CRUCIFERACEAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY) 

STANLEYA 

Biennial  or  perennial,  stout.  Leaves  entire  or  few-toothed.  Flowers 
white  or  greenish  or  yellow,  in  elongated  many-flowered  racemes.  Sepals 
long,  spreading.  Petals  long,  narrow,  slender-clawed.  Stigma  sessile, 
entire.  Pod  terete  or  subterete,  elongated.  Seeds  oblong,  in  i  row  in 
each  cell.  —  (Honor  of  E.  Stanley,  ex-president  of  the  Linnaean  Society.) 

A.     Flowers  white  or  greenish. 

B.     Stem  angular;    buds  scattered  before  opening;   pedicels  in  fruit  6-8  mm.  long.     E. 

S.  viridiflora 

BB.     Stem  terete;    buds  densely  massed  before  opening;    pedicels  in  fruit  12-15  mm. 

long.     E.  S.  confertiflora 

AA.     Flowers  yellow.     E.  S.  rara 

THELYPODIUM    (PURPLE  MUSTARD) 

Annual  or  biennial,  mostly  coarse.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers 
white  or  purple,  in  long  racemes.  Petals  plane.  Stamens  well  exserted. 
Pod  linear,  terete  or  4-angled,  with  short  thick  stipe.  Seeds  in  i  row.  — 
(Gk.  thelys  =  female,  pous  =  foot  or  stalk ;  the  pod  is  short-stalked.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  cordate-clasping  or  auriculate  at  base,  sessile. 
B.     Pods  1.2-3.1  cm.  long;    petals  4-12  mm.  long. 

C.     Flowers  in  young  clusters  opening  considerably  below  the  bud-bearing  apex 
of  the  flowering  axis. 

D.  Plant  hispid  near  the  base;    buds  and  flowers  ascending.     E.         T.  howellii 
DD.     Plant  glabrous  throughout;    buds  and  flowers  widely  spreading.     E. 

T.  eucosmum 
CC.     Flowers  opening  close  to  the  summit  of  the  cluster  while  it  is  still  corymbose. 

E.  Basal  leaves  spatulate;    auricles  of  stem  leaves  obtuse.     E.  T.  torulosum 
EE.     Basal  leaves  lanceolate;   auricles  of  stem  leaves  acute.                   T.  flexuosum 

BB.     Pods  5-7.5  cm.  long;   petals  14-17  mm.  long.     E.  T.  sagittatum 

AA.     Stem  leaves  not  cordate-clasping  nor  auriculate  at  base,  either  sessile  by  a  narrow 

base  or  distinctly  petioled. 

F.     Annual;   racemes  loose;    pods  reflexed.     W.  E.  T.  lasiophyllum 

FF.     Biennial;   racemes  dense;    pods  spreading. 

G.      Leaf  margin  entire  or  wavy;    pods  about  2.5  cm.  long.     E.         T.  integrifolium 
GG.     At  least  some  of  the  leaves  with  margin  serrate  or  more  deeply  lobed. 
H.     Leaves  coarsely  dentate  to  entire;    pedicels  and  rachis  milky-white.      E. 

T.  milleflorum 
HH.     Leaves  laciniate  to  dentate;  pedicels  and  rachis  green.    C.  E.    T.  laciniatum 

CAULANTHUS    (WILD  CABBAGE) 

Biennial  or  perennial,  stout.  Leaves  mostly  pinnatifid.  Flowers  dull- 
colored,  in  long  racemes.  Sepals  large.  Pod  sessile,  terete,  with  short 
thick  stipe.  Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  flat.  —  (Gk.  kaulos  =  a 
stem,  anthos  =  a  flower;  referring  to  the  long  claws  of  the  petals.) 

A.     Stem  somewhat  hairy;   flowers  ascending.     E.  C.  pilosus 

AA.     Stem  glabrous. 

B.     Flowers  erect  or  ascending;   sepals  10-12  mm.  long.     E.  C.  crassicaulis 

BB.     Flowers  horizontal  or  reflexed;   sepals  less  than  10  mm.  long.  E.      C.  hastatus 


CRUCIFERACEAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  in 

STREPTANTHUS    (TWIST  FLOWER) 

Branching.  Flowers  white  or  purple.  Sepals  usually  colored.  Stigma 
entire.  Pod  sessile,  compressed  or  subterete ;  valves  i-veined.  Seed 
flat,  margined  or  winged.  —  (Gk.  streptos  =  twisted,  anthos  =  a  flower ; 
referring  to  the  twisted  petals.)  Not  common. 

LEPIDIUM    (PEPPERGRASS) 

Leaves  small,  dentate  to  pinnatifid.  Flowers  white,  small,  in  terminal 
racemes.  Petals  rounded  at  apex,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  2-6,  free. 
Style  o-i.  Pod  emarginate  to  deeply  notched  at  the  apex.  Seed  not 
winged.  —  (Gk.  lepidion  =  a  little  scale;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit.)  Spe- 
cies too  difficult  for  beginners. 

CORONOPUS    (WART  CRESS) 

Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse.  Leaves  mostly  pinnatifid.  Flowers  small, 
whitish.  Stamens  2-6.  Stigma  sessile.  Pod  small,  sessile;  valves  oblong 
or  subglobose,  obtuse  at  each  end.  —  (Gk.  korone  =  a  crow,  pous  =  foot ; 
referring  to  the  deeply  cleft  leaves.) 

A.     Pod  notched  at  apex,  rough-wrinkled.     W.  C.  didymus 

AA.     Pod  not  notched  at  apex,  tubercled.     W.  C.  procumbens 

THLASPI   (PENNYCRESS) 

Low,  erect,  glabrous.  Leaves  entire  or  dentate;  at  least  the  upper 
stem  leaves  auriculate  and  clasping.  Flowers  white  or  purplish.  Petals 
obovate  or  oblanceolate.  Stamens  free.  Style  o-i.  Seed  wingless. — 
(Gk.  Maein  =  to  crush ;  on  account  of  the  flat  pod.) 

A.     Pod  8-12    mm.   wide,  broadly  wing-margined,  notched  J-f  its    length;    annual. 
W.  E.  T.  arvense  (FIELD  PENNYCRESS) 

AA.     Pod  2-5  mm.  wide,  hardly  wing-margined  or  notched;    perennial.     C.  E. 

T.  alpestre  (PERENNIAL  PENNYCRESS) 

SISYMBRIUM    (TANSY  MUSTARD) 

Annual  or  biennial.  Stamens  free.  Stigma  simple  or  2-lobed.  Pod 
linear,  terete  or  flat.  Seeds  many,  in  i  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  marginless.  — 
(The  Greek  name  of  some  plant  of  this  family.) 

A.     Pubescence  none  or  of  simple  hairs;   stigma  2-lobed;    pod  firm. 

B.  Pod  appressed,  awl-shaped,  1-1.5  cm.  long.     W.  E.  —  A  bad  weed. 

S.  officinale  (HEDGE  MUSTARD) 
BB.     Pod  spreading,  linear,  5-10  cm.  long.     W.  E.  —  A  bad  weed. 

S.  altissimum  (TUMBLING  MUSTARD) 

AA.     Pubescence  of  stellate  or  occasional  forked  hairs  or  reduced  to  minute  granules; 
stigma  entire;   pod  delicate. 

C.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.     E.  S.  canescens 
CC.     Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 


112  CRUCIFERACEAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY) 

D.     Leaves  i-2-pinnatifid,  subglabrous;    pod  0.6-1.5  cm.  long. 
E.     Pod  10-14  mm.  long,  spreading.     W.  E. 

S.  incisum  (WESTERN  TANSY  MUSTARD) 

EE.     Pod  3-6  mm.  long,  on  ascending  pedicels.     W.  E.  S.  incanum 

DD.     Leaves  3-pinnate,  canescent;    pod  about  2  cm.  long.     E. 

S.  sophia  (FLIXWEED) 

BRASSICA    (MUSTARD) 

Annual  or  biennial,  coarse,  erect.  Basal  leaves  pinnatifid  or  lyrate; 
stem  leaves  dentate  or  nearly  entire.  Flowers  large,  in  elongated  racemes. 
Sepals  equal  or  one  pair  saccate  at  base.  Pod  linear,  sessile,  terete,  or  some- 
what 4-sided,  not  stipitate.  Seeds  in  i  row,  globose,  not  margined. — 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  Cabbage.)  Cabbage,  Cauliflower,  Brussels  Sprouts, 
Kohl-rabi,  and  Kale  are  merely  cultivated  varieties  of  Brassica  oleracea. 

A.     Stem  leaves   auriculate   and   clasping  at   the  base.     W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for   its 
root.  B.  campestris  (TURNIP) 

AA.     Stem  leaves  not  auriculate  nor  clasping. 

B.     Pod  beak  less  than  i  as  long  as  the  fertile  part,  terete;    pod  glabrous.     W.  E. 

B.  nigra  (BLACK  MUSTARD) 

BB.     Pod  beak  f-ij  times  as  long  as  the  fertile  portion,  flat  or  2-edged. 
C.     Pod  beak  somewhat  2-edged  but  not  flat;    pod  glabrous.     W.  E. 

B.  arvensis   (WILD  MUSTARD) 
CC.     Pod  beak  flat;    pod  hairy.     W.  —  The  ground  seeds  are  table  mustard. 

B.  alba  (WHITE  MUSTARD) 

RAPHANUS    (RADISH) 

Annual  or  biennial,  coarse.  Leaves  lyrate.  Flowers  showy.  Petals 
large,  clawed.  Pod  linear  to  lanceolate,  distinctly  beaked,  transversely 
divided  by  false  partitions,  fleshy  or  corky.  Seed  spherical  or  nearly  so. 
(Gk.  ra  =  quickly,  phaino  =  to  appear;  referring  to  the  rapid  germina- 
tion.) 

A.     Flowers  white  or  yellow;    dry  pod  grooved  lengthwise;    seeds  2-10.     E. 

R.  raphanistrum   (WILD  RADISH) 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  pink  or  purple;  dry  pod  not  grooved  lengthwise;    seeds  usually 
2-3.    W.  E.  .  R.  sativus  (GARDEN  RADISH) 

BARBAREA  (WINTER  CRESS) 

Biennial  or  perennial,  glabrous,  stems  angled.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnati- 
fid. Petals  spatulate  or  clawed.  Stamens  free.  Style  short;  stigma 
2-lobed.  Pod  linear,  somewhat  4-angled.  —  (Honor  of  St.  Barbara,  who 
used  them  medicinally.) 

A.     Pod  ascending,  2.5-3  cm.  long;    flowers  racemose  even  when  opening.     E. 

B.  vulgar  is 

AA.     Pod  appressed,  1-1.5  cm.  long;    flowers  corymbosely  aggregated  when  opening. 
W.  B.  stricta 


CRUCIFERACEAE    (MUSTARD    FAMILY)  113 


RORIPA    (CRESS) 

Leaves  simple  to  pinnately  compound,  rarely  entire.  Flowers  white  or 
yellow.  Sepals  greenish  yellow.  Petals  short-clawed.  Stamens  1-6. 
Stigma  entire  to  2-lobed.  Pod  terete  or  nearly  so,  not  stipitate.  Seeds 
minute,  turgid,  wingless,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Celtic 
ros  =  dew,  ripa  =  a  bank ;  referring  to  the  habitat  of  some  species.) 

A.     Flowers  white;    leaves  either  pinnately  divided  or  else  very  large. 

B.  Leaves  all  pinnate;    basal  leaves  7.5-15  cm.  long;    pod  linear;    roots  with  mild 
radish  taste.     W.  E.  —  Edible.  R.  nasturtium   (WATER  CRESS) 

BB.     Rarely  some  of  the  lower  leaves  pinnate;    basal  leaves  45  cm.  or  less  long;   pod 
globular;    roots  with  extremely  strong  radish  taste.      W.  E.  —  Ground  roots  com- 
monly eaten  as  a  condiment.  R.  armorica   (HORSE-RADISH) 
AA.     Flowers  yellow;    leaves  various,  mostly  pinnate,  not  extremely  large. 

C.  Perennial  by  running  rhizomes;    stems  diffuse.      E. 

R.  sinuata  (SPREADING  YELLOW  CRESS) 
CC.     Annual  or  biennial,  without  rhizomes. 
D.     Stems  diffuse,  branched  from  the  base;    pedicels  6-8  mm.  long. 

E.  Stem  hispid;   pod  3-5  mm.  long.     E.  R.  hispida  (HAIRY  CRESS) 
EE.     Stem  glabrous  throughout  or  nearly  so;    pod  2-12  mm.  long.     W.  E. 

R.  palustris  (MARSH  CRESS) 
DD.     Stems  erect,  simple  below;    pedicels  2-4  mm.  long. 

F.  Pod  curved;   leaf  lobes  acute.     W.  E.  R.  curvisiliqua  (ARC  CRESS) 
FF.     Pod  straight  or  nearly  so;   leaf  lobes  obtuse.     E.        R.  obtusa  (BLUNT  CRESS) 

CARDAMINE   (BITTER  CRESS) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  entire  to  pinnately  compound.  Flowers 
white  or  purple,  in  racemes  or  corymbs.  Petals  obovate  to  narrowly  spat- 
ulate.  Stamens  4  or  6.  Pod  linear,  not  stipitate.  Seeds  in  i  row  in  each 
cell,  flat,  marginless.  —  (Gk.  kardia  =  the  heart,  damao  =  to  strengthen ; 
from  the  cordial  properties  of  some.) 

A.     Leaves  all  simple. 

B.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  entire;    alpine.     C.        * 

C.  bellidifolia  (ALPINE  BITTER  CRESS) 
BB.     Leaves  cordate  to  reniform,  sinuate  to  toothed;    subalpine.     C.  E. 

C.  cordifolia  (MOUNTAIN  BITTER  CRESS) 
AA.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnately  compound. 

C.  Basal  leaves  simple;   stem-leaves  3-s-foliolate.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  breweri  (BREWER'S  BITTER  CRESS) 
CC.      Basal  leaves  pinnately  compound. 

D.     Leaves  all  3-foliolate  or  sometimes  s-foliolate;    leaflets  coarsely  3-s-toothed. 

W.  C.  C.  angulata  (S-LEAVED  BITTER  CRESS) 

DD.     Leaves  3-1 3-foliolate,  only  the  smaller  leaves  if  any  3-s-foliolate;    leaflets 

coarsely  toothed  in  some  species. 
E.     Leaves  7-i3-foliolate;    leaflets  of  basal  leaves  orbicular.     W.  E. 

C.  pratensis  (CUCKOO  FLOWER) 
EE.     Leaves  3~7-foliolate. 

F.     Flowers  2-3   mm.  wide;    leaflets  petiolulate,  lateral  ones  oblong.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  parviflora  (SMALL  BITTER  CRESS) 
FF.     Flowers  4-8  mm.  wide. 
F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  8 


114       CRUCIFERACEAE  (MUSTARD  FAMILY) 

G.     Leaflets  petiolulate,  roundish;   seeds  8-20.     W.  C.  C.  oligosperma 

GG.     Leaflets  of  the  stem  leaves  tending  to  be  decurrent  along  the  leaf  axis, 
lateral  ones  oblong  to  oval;   seeds  20-40.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  pennsylvanica  (PENNSYLVANIA  BITTER  CRESS) 

DENTARIA    (TOOTHWORT) 

Perennial;  rhizome  horizontal;  stems  erect,  leafless  below.  Leaves 
palmately  laciniate  or  3-divided,  petioled.  Flowers  white  or  rose  or  purple, 
in  corymbs  or  short  racemes.  Pod  linear,  straight,  flat,  without  stipe, 
dehiscent.  Seeds  i  row  in  each  cell,  flat,  wingless.  —  (L.  dens  =  a  tooth ; 
referring  to  the  toothlike  projections  of  the  rootstock.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  of  3  petiolulate  leaflets;   basal  leaves  entire  or  with  3  leaflets.     U. 

D.  californica 

AA.     Stem  leaves  either  not  completely  divided  into  leaflets  or  these  not  petiolulate. 
B.     Basal  leaves  round-cordate,  crenate  or  sinuate;    racemes  few-flowered.     W.  C. 

D.  tenella  (DELICATE  TOOTHWORT) 

BB.     Basal  leaves  parted  or  divided  into  3-5   segments;    racemes  densely  many- 
flowered.     U.  C.  E.  D.  macrocarpa 

PHYSARIA    (TWIN  POD) 

Perennial,  low,  stellate-hairy.  Leaves  mostly  entire.  Flowers  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  Style  filiform.  Pod  mem- 
branous, stellate-pubescent;  partition  narrow;  cells  subglobose,  several- 
seeded.  Seed  not  margined.  —  (Gk.  physa  =  a  bladder ;  the  pod  is  inflated.) 

A.     Mature  pod  much  inflated,  1.2-1.7  cm.  wide,  its  upper  sinus  acute.     E. 

P.  didymocarpa 

AA.     Mature  pod  but  little  inflated,  its  upper  sinus  shallow  and  rounded. 
B.     Pedicels  6  mm.  long;  pod  5-8  mm.  wide,  its  partition  ovate.     E.  P.  geyeri 

BB.     Pedicels  12  mm.  or  more  long;    pod  10-20  mm.  wide,  its  partition  narrowly 
linear.     E.  P.  oregana 

LESQUERELLA  (BLADDER  POD) 

Annual  or  perennial,  low.  Leaves  entire  or  repand-dentate.  Petals 
spatulate  to  obovate,  entire.  Valves  of  pod  veinless ;  partition  hyaline, 
veined  from  apex  to  middle.  Seeds  rounded,  flat. —  (Diminutive,  honor 
of  L.  Lesquereux,  an  American  bryologist.) 

A.     Hairs  stellate;    pod  obovate,  its  cells  2-ovuled.     E.  L.  douglasii 

AA.     Hairs  not  stellate;   pod  oval,  its  cells  4-ovuled.     E.  L.  occidentalis 

CAMELINA    (FALSE  FLAX) 

Annual,  erect.  Leaves  entire  to  pinnatifid.  Sepals  somewhat  colored. 
Petals  spatulate  to  obovate,  clawed.  Valves  of  pod  strongly  convex; 
partition  obovoid,  persistent.  Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  many,  wingless. 
—  (Gk.  chamai  =  a  dwarf,  linon  =  flax.) 

A.     Pod  6-7  mm.  wide;    plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     W.  E.  C.  satlva 

AA.     Pod  4-5  mm.  wide;   plant  pubescent  at  least  below.     E.  C.  microcarpa 


CRUCIFERACEAE   (MUSTARD   FAMILY)  115 

DRABA    (WHITLOW-GRASS) 

Annual  or  perennial,  low,  tufted.  Leaves  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 
Flowers  white  or  yellow.  Pod  elliptic  to  linear,  flat,  dehiscent.  Seeds 
wingless,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  (Gk.  drabe  =  biting ;  referring  to  the 
sharp  taste.)  Too  difficult  for  beginners. 

THYSANOCARPUS  (LACE  POD) 

Annual,  slender,  erect,  sparingly  branched.  Basal  leaves  toothed  or 
pinna tifid.  Flowers  minute,  white  or  rose,  in  long  racemes.  Pod  plano- 
convex, i-celled,  i-seeded.  Seed  somewhat  flat,  margined.  —  (Gk.  thy- 
sanos  =  a  fringe,  karpos  =  a  fruit  or  body ;  referring  to  the  wing-margined 
pod.) 

A.  Upper  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate;  pod  not  radiately  veined;  pedicels 
4-8  mm.  long.  E.  T.  curvipes  (FRINGED  LACE  POD) 

AA.  Upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong;  pod  radiately  veined;  pedicels 
8-17  mm.  long.  U.  T.  radians  (RADIATE  LACE  POD) 

SMELOWSKIA 

Herbs,  perennial,  low,  caespitose ;  pubescence  simple  or  stellate.  Leaves 
i-2-pinnatifid.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  obovate 
or  spatulate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Stigma  sessile.  Pod  lanceolate  or 
lance-oblong ;  valves  sharply  keeled.  Seeds  few.  —  (Evidently  named  after 
some  Russian.) 

A.     Capsule  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end;    petals  i$  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

W.  C.  E.  S.  calycina 

AA.  Capsule  ovate,  obtuse  to  subcordate  at  base,  acute  to  attenuate  at  apex;  "petals 

if  times  as  long  as  the  sepals.  W.  C.  S.  ovalis 

AAA.  Capsule  linear,  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate  at  apex;  petals  3  times  as  long  as 

the  sepals.     U.  S.  fremontii 

ARABIS  (ROCK  CRESS) 

Herbs.  Flowers  white  or  purple,  in  bractless  racemes.  Sepals  equal 
or  the  lateral  ones  saccate  at  base.  Pod  linear,  flattened  parallel  to  the 
partition.  Seeds  in  1-2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  (Named  after  Arabia,  the 
country  where  first  found.)  Too  difficult  for  beginners. 

ERYSIMUM  (WALL-FLOWER) 

More  or  less  pubescent  or  hoary.  Leaves  simple.  Stigma  lobed.  Pod 
linear.  Seed  oblong.  —  (Gk.  eryein  =  to  draw  blisters ;  a  property  of 
the  ground  seeds  of  many  plants  of  this  family.) 

A.     Petals  4-5  mm.  long;   pod  1-2  cm.  long.     E. 

E.  cheiranthoides  (TREACLE  MUSTARD) 

AA.     Petals  6-25  mm.  long  (unknown  in  E.  arenicola) ;   pod  2.5-10  cm.  long. 
B.     Pod  terete  or  4-angled. 


Il6        CAPPARIDACEAE  (CAPER  FAMILY) 

C.     Petals  6-10  mm.  long;    pod  2.5-5  cm.  long.     E. 

E.  parviflorum  (SMALL  WALL-FLOWER) 
CC.     Petals  12-25  mm.  long;   pod  5-12.5  cm.  long. 

D.     Seed  4-angled.     W.  C.  E.  E.  asperum 

DD.     Seed  lens-shaped.     C.  E.  E.  elatum 

BB.     Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  partition. 

E.     Biennial;    stems  simple,   not  caespitose.     W.  E.  arenicola 

EE.     Perennial;   stems  branched,  caespitose.     E.  E.  occidentale 

CAPPARIDACEAE    (CAPER  FAMILY) 

Annual  herbs,  often  with  a  radish  or  turnip  taste.  Leaves  alter- 
nate; ternately- or  palmately-compound;  stipules  none.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  racemes.  Sepals  4-8.  Petals  4  or  rarely  more. 
Stamens  4-32,  not  tetradynamous,  on  the  receptacle.  Ovary 
i-celled;  placentae  2,  parietal;  style  i.  Fruit  a  pod,  elliptic  to 
linear,  pedicelled.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Stamens  6;  pods  pendulous,  long  stiped,  opening  from  the  base  upward. 

CLEOME  (p.  116) 

AA.     Stamens   12-19;    pods  erect,   unstiped;    opening  from   the  tip  downward. 
E.  —  (Gk.  polys  =  many,  anisos  =  not  equal;  referring  to  the  stamens.) 

Polanisia  trachysperma  (CLAMMY-WEED) 

CLEOME 

Erect,  branched.  Leaves  palmately  3-8-foliolate.  Pod  opening  from 
the  base  upward.  —  (Gk.  kleio  =  to  close ;  referring  to  the  flower.) 

A.     Leaflets  3;   calyx  4-cleft;    petals  white  to  purplish.     E. 

C.  serrulata  (STINKING  CLOVER) 
AA.     Leaflets  5  or  on  the  upper  leaves  3;    calyx  4-cleft;    petals  yellow.     E. 

C.  lutea  (STINKING  MUSTARD) 
AAA.    Leaflets  3  ;  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals ;  petals  yellow.    E.  C.  platycarpa 

SARRACENIACEAE    (PITCHER-PLANT  FAMILY) 

Marsh  herbs.  Leaves  all  basal,  tubular  or  pitcher-shaped. 
Flowers  large,  nodding,  on  scapes.  Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals 
5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  many;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  5- 
celled;  style  lobed.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  densely 
soft-spiny.  U.  —  (Honor  of  Wm.  Darlington,  an  American 
botanist.)  Darlingtonia  calif ornica  (PITCHER  PLANT) 

DROSERACEAE    (SUNDEW  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  biennial  or  perennial,  glandular-pubescent,  exuding  a 
copious  clear  viscid  liquid.  Leaves  mostly  basal.  Flowers  perfect. 
Calyx  persistent,  4-5  parted  or  segmented,  Petals  5,  distinct  or 


CRASSULACEAE   (STONECROP   FAMILY)  117 

nearly  so.  Stamens  4-20.  Ovary  free,  globose  or  ovoid,  7-5- 
celled;  styles  1-5,  simple  to  2-parted.  Capsule  many-seeded. 
—  Only  the  following  genus. 

DROSERA    (SUNDEW) 

Plants  of  peat  bogs,  often  reddish.  Leaves  with  glandular-  hairs  which 
hold  insects.  Flowers  in  scapose  racemes.  —  (Gk.  droseros  =  dewy ; 
the  leaf  glands  exude  drops  of  clear  liquid.) 

A.     Leaf  blade  not  longer  than  wide,  orbicular  or  transversely  elliptic.      W.  E. 

D.  rotundifolia  (ROUND-LEAVED  SUNDEW) 
AA.     Leaf  blade  much  longer  than  wide,  linear  to  obovate-spatulate.     C. 

D.  anglica  (LONG-LEAVED  SUNDEW) 

CRASSULACEAE    (STONECROP  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  mostly  fleshy.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  fleshy; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  cymose,  or  rarely  racemose  or  solitary, 
regular.  Calyx  persistent,  mostly  4~5-parted  or  -lobed.  Petals 
o  or  4  or  5,  distinct  or  somewhat  united.  Stamens  as  many  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Carpels  4-5,  superior,  distinct  or 
united  below.  Fruit  a  follicle,  i -celled,  opening  along  the  inner 
edge.  Seeds  minute,  i  to  many,  in  2  rows. 

A.     Leaves  opposite. 

B.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  leaves  2-6  mm.  long;    petals  greenish,  not 
over  2  mm.  long.  TILLAEASTRUM  (p.  117) 

BB.     Flowers  clustered  in  the  leaf  axils;   leaves  1.5-3  mm.  long;   petals  greenish, 
about  i  mm.  long.     U.  C.  —  (Honor  of  M.  A.  Tilli,  an  Italian  botanist.) 

Tillaea  erecta  (PIGMY  WEED) 

BBB.     Flowers  in  terminal  cymes;  leaves  5-8  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  about  6  mm. 
long.  SEDUM  (p.  118) 

AA.     Leaves  alternate. 

C.  Petals  more  or  less  united. 

D.  Corolla  tubular,  yellow,  its  lobes  erect;  basal  leaves  acute.  U.  —  (Honor  of 
W.  R.  Dudley,  an  American  botanist.)  Dudleya  farinosa 

DD.     Corolla  short-campanulate  or  rotate,  yellow  or  red,    its  lobes  spreading; 

basal  leaves  obtuse.  GORMANIA  (p.  118) 

CC.     Petals  distinct.  SEDUM  (p.  118) 

TILLAEASTRUM  (PIGMY  WEED) 

Annual,  glabrous,  small  or  minute ;  sometimes  aquatic.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, entire.  Sepals  mostly  4,  distinct.  Petals  distinct  or  united  at  base. 
Carpels  distinct. — (Possibly  Tillaea;  +  L.  aster  =•  a  contemptuous  dimin- 
utive suffix;  from  their  lack  of  beauty.) 

A.     Leaves  obtuse;   flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.     E.  T.  aquaticum 

AA.     Leaves  acute;    with  pedicels  at  least  equal  to  the  calyx.     E.          T.  drummondii 


Il8  SAXIFRAGACEAE   (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 


GORMANIA 

Low,  Sedum-like,  perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks.  Leaves  spatulate 
to  orbicular;  stem  leaves  smaller.  Flowers  cymose  or  thyrsoid.  Stamens 
10,  on  the  corolla.  Carpels  many-seeded,  united  below,  erect  or  nearly 
so  even  in  fruit.  —  (Honor  of  M.  W.  Gorman,  an  American  botanist.) 

A.     Corolla  red  or  pink.     U.  G.  laxa 

AA.     Corolla  yellow. 
B.     Corolla  segments  long-acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  filaments.     W.  C.  E. 

G.  oregana 

BB.     Corolla  segments  acute  to  acuminate,  little  longer  than  the  filaments. 
C.     Leaves  spatulate.     E.  G.  watsoni 

CC.     Leaves  orbicular.     E.  G.  debilis 

SEDUM     (SXONECROP) 

Flowers  clustered ;  clusters  often  i-sided.  Calyx  4~5-lobed  or  -parted. 
Petals  distinct  or  united  at  base,  in  ours  yellow  or  purple.  Stamens  8  or 
10.  Carpels  distinct  or  united  at  the  very  base,  few-  to  many-seeded.  — 
(L.  sedere  =  to  sit;  because  the  basal  tuft  of  leaves  is  often  flat  on  the 
rocks.) 

A.     Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  widest  above  their  middle,  flat. 

B.     Flowers  purple,  dioecious;    racemes  not  i-sided.      C.  E.  S.  integrifolium 

BB.     Flowers  yellow,  perfect;    racemes  i-sided. 

C.     Follicles  erect  or  nearly  so;    leaves  with  line  of  pits  underneath  near  margin. 
W.  E.  S.  spathulifolium 

CC.     Follicles  widely  spreading;   leaves  without  a  line  of  pits. 

D.     Leaves  of  sterile  shoots  opposite;   cyme  branches  short,  mostly  simple.     W.  C. 
E.  S.  divergens 

DD.     Leaves  alternate;   cyme  branches  long,  forked. 

E.     Biennial,  2.5  dm.  or  less  high,  not  forming  offsets.     C.  S.  leibergii 

EE.     Perennial,  i  dm.  or  less  high,  forming  offsets.     W.  S.  woodii 

AA.     Leaves  linear  to  ovate,  widest  at  or  below  their  middle,  terete  or  flat. 
F.     Perennial;   leaves  linear  to  lanceolate. 
G.     Leaves  linear,  not  ciliate;    follicles  erect  or  nearly  so.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  stenopetalum 

GG.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate;   follicles  widely  spreading. 
H.     Leaves  not  ciliate.     W.  C.  E.  S.  douglasii 

HH.     Lower  leaves  ciliate.     U.  S.  ciliosum 

FF.     Annual;    leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  5-12  mm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide.      W. 

S.  radiatum 

SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  but  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate, 
simple  or  compound,  often  palmately  veined.  Flowers  mostly  per- 
fect. Sepals  4-5,  united  to  nearly  distinct.  Petals  o  or  4  or  5, 
alternate  with  the  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  rarely  fewer,  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  superior  or  partly  injerior, 


SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  119 

i-3-celled  or  rarely  more-celled ;  placentae  parietal  or  axial ;  styles 
'distinct  or  somewhat  united.  Fruit  a  capsule;  follicles  usually 
separate  at  tip.  Seeds  several  to  many. 

A.     Leaves  centrally  peltate,  orbicular,  g-i4-lobed,  sharply  serrate,  1-4  dm.  wide. 
C.  —  (Gk.  pelte  =  a  small  shield,  phyllon  =  a  leaf;  the  leaves  are  peltate.) 

Peltiphyllum  peltatum 
AA.     Leaves  not  peltate. 
B.     Leaves  entire. 

C.  Leaf  blade  widest  below  its  middle;    flowers  solitary;   staminodia  present; 
carpels  3-4,  united.  PARNASSIA  (p.  123) 

CC.     Leaf  blade  widest  at  or  above  its  middle;  flowers  not  solitary;   staminodia 
none;  carpels  2,  distinct  at  least  above.  SAXIFRAGA  (p.  120) 

BB.     Leaves  not  entire. 

D.  Either  ovary  2-celled  and  placentae  axial  or  basal,  or  else  carpels  separate. 
E.     Stamens  10;  leaf  blade  widest  above  its  middle  or  else  narrower  than  ovate 

(except  in  many  Saxifraga). 

F.  Carpels  distinct;  leaves  2.5-15  cm.  long,  coriaceous,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle.  W.  C.  —  (Gk.  leptos  =  small,  arren  = 
male;  probably  referring  to  the  i -celled  anthers.)  Leptarrhena  pyrifolia 

FF.     Carpels  united  at  least  below;  leaves  not  as  above  in  all  points. 
G.     Leaf  blade  jointed  to  the  petiole.     U.  —  (Saxifraga  is  another  genus  of 
plants;    Gk.  opsis  =  form;   hence  Saxifraga-\ike.)  Saxifragopsis  fragarioides 
GG.     Leaf  blade  not  jointed  to  the  petiole.  SAXIFRAGA  (p.  120) 

EE.     Stamens  5;   leaf  blade  either  widest  at  or  below  its  middle  and  ovate  or 
wider,  or  else  3-5-foliolate. 

H.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  -tube,  superior.  C.  —  (Honor  of  H.  N.  Bolander, 
an  American  botanist.)  Bolandra  oregana 

HH.     Ovary  partly  united  to  the  calyx  tube,  partly  inferior. 

I.  Rhizome  short,  bulblet-bearing,  with  terminal  flower  stalk. 

HEMIEVA  (p.  120) 

II.  Rhizome  elongated  and  horizontal,  without  bulblets,  with  lateral  flower 
stalk. 

J.     Sepals  imbricate;    petals  persistent;    seed  winged.     W.   E.  —  (Honor 
of  W.  S.  Sullivant,  an  American  bryologist.)  Sullivantia  oregana 

JJ.     Sepals  valvate;  petals  deciduous;  seed  wingless.     BOYKINIA  (p.  120) 
DD.     Ovary  i -celled;  placentae  parietal  or  basal. 
K.     Sepals  4;   petals  o  or  4;   stamens  3  or  8. 

L.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  upper  branches;  petals  none;  stamens  8; 
leaves  crenate  but  not  lobed,  never  with  young  plants  where  blade  joins 
petiole.  W.  C.  —  (Gk.  chrysos  =  gold,  splen  =  the  spleen;  on  account  of 
some  reputed  medicinal  property.) 

Chrysosplenium  glechomaefolium  (GOLDEN  SAXIFRAGE) 

LL.     Flowers  in  racemes;  petals  4;  stamens  3;  leaves  lobed,  often  with  young 

plant  where  blade  joins  petiole.     W.   C.  —  (Gk.  leptos  =  slender;  -j-  axis; 

referring  to  the  raceme.)  Leptaxis  menziesii  (YOUTH-ON-AGE) 

KK.     Sepals  5;  petals  5;   stamens  5  or  10. 

M.     Carpels  3.  LITHOPHRAGMA  (p.  122) 


120  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 

MM.     Carpels  2. 
N.     Inflorescence  a  panicle. 
O.     Stamens  10;   leaves  3-foliolate  (except  T.  unifoliala). 

TIARELLA  (p.  120) 

OO.     Stamens  5;  leaves  simple.  HEUCHERA  (p.  121) 

NN.     Inflorescence  a  raceme. 

P.     Stamens  10.  TELLIMA  (p.  122) 

PP.     Stamens  5. 

Q.     Flowering  branches  leafless.  MITELLA  (p   122) 

QQ.     Flowering  branches  leafy. 
R.     Sepals  triangular;  petals  pinnatifid.     (See  Q.) 
RR.     Sepals  ovate;  petals  entire  to  3-  or  s-cleft  at  apex.     (See  P.) 

BOYKINIA 

Perennial,  glandular-pubescent.  Flowers  in  panicles.  Leaf  blades  reni- 
form,  variously  cleft  or  lobed,  dentate  or  crenate.  Calyx  segments  5. 
Petals  white  or  purple.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  \  in- 
ferior, 2-celled;  styles  2.  Follicle  beaks  2,  divergent.  Seeds  shining. — 
(Honor  of  a  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia.) 

A.     Petals  white. 

B.     Stipules  none  or  mere  bristles.      W.  C.  B.  major 

BB.     Stipules  wider,  scarious  or  foliaceous.  W.  C.                                    B.  occidentalis 

AA.     Petals  dark  purple.     E.  B.  heucheriformis 

HEMIEVA 

Perennials,  glandular-puberulent.  Basal  leaves  ternately  divided  or 
crenate  only.  Flowers  in  a  panicle.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals  obovate. 
Stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals.  Ovary  \-\  inferior,  2-celled;  styles 
2.  —  (Possibly  Gk.  hemi  =  £,  L.  aemim  =  an  age ;  in  reference  to  its  half- 
perennial  form,  through  budding  in  the  leaf  axils.) 

A.     Petals  white,  with  short  claw;    ovary  %  inferior.     C.  E.  H.  ranunculifolia 

AA.     Petals  violet,  with  long  claw;   ovary  f  inferior.     E.  H.  violacea 

SAXIFRAGA    (SAXIFRAGE) 

Herbs,  but  sometimes  shrubby,  chiefly  perennial.  Leaves  alternate, 
simple.  Flowers  small,  in  clusters.  Sepals  5.  Petals  on  the  calyx  tube 
when  there  is  one,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  10.  Carpels  usually  2, 
rarely  3-6 ;  ovary  of  as  many  cells ;  fruit  with  as  many  beaks.  —  (L.  saxum 
=  rock,  frangere  =  to  break ;  because  many  species  grow  in  rock  clefts.) 
Species  too  difficult  for  beginners.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  197-199.) 

TIARELLA   (COOLWORT) 

Perennial.  Stipules  present.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
tube  small,  short-campanulate.  Petals  clawed  or  filiform.  Stamens 


SAXIFRAGACEAE   (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY)  121 

exserted.  Ovary  almost  entirely  superior;  placentae  2,  parietal  but  almost 
basal.  Capsule  membranous.  —  (Diminutive  of  G.  tiara  =  a  mitre  or 
turban ;  from  the  form  of  the  pistil.) 

A.     Leaves  merely  3-5-lobed.     C.  E.  T.  unifoliata 

AA.      Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 

B.     Leaflets  coarsely  dentate.     W.  C.  T.  trifoliata   (3-LEAVED  COOLWORT) 

BB.     Leaflets  deeply  lobed  or  cleft.     W.  C.  T.  laciniata 

HEUCHERA    (ALUMROOT) 

Perennial.  Calyx  tube  various,  often  oblique ;  segments  often  very 
unequal.  Petals  clawed.  Ovary  partly  inferior;  placentae  2,  parietal; 
styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  2-beaked.  —  (Honor  of  J.  H.  Heucher,  a  German 
botanist.) 

A.     Flowers  in  a  loose  panicle. 
B.     Calyx  cup  about  as  long  as  wide;  stamens  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  free  calyx 

segments. 

C.     Lobes  of  the  basal  leaves  acute.     W.  C.  E.  H.  glabra 

CC.     Lobes  of  the  basal  leaves  rounded. 
D.      Basal  leaf  blades  decidedly  longer  than  wide. 

E.     Petioles  and  stems  glabrous.     C.  H.  glaberrima 

EE.     Petioles  and  lower  portion  of  the  stems  hairy.     W.  C.  H.  diversifolia 

DD.     Basal  leaf  blades  not  or  hardly  longer  than  wide.     W.  C.  E.       H.  micrantha 

BB.     Calyx  cup  about  twice  as  long  as  wide;    stamens  i$-2  times  as  long  as  the  free 

calyx  segments. 

F.     Leaf  blades  cordate  at  base.     E.  H.  rubescens 

FF.     Leaf  blades  cuneate  to  rounded  at  base.     E.  H.  cuneata 

AA.     Flowers  in  a  spike  or  a  spikelike  panicle. 

G.     Stamens  about  equaling  the  free  calyx  segments;   calyx  cup  hemispheric,  densely 
hairy.     W.  H.  pilosissima 

GG.     Stamens  much  shorter  than  the  free  calyx  segments;    calyx  cup  various,  some- 
times hairy. 
H.     Calyx  3-5  mm.  long,  its  cup  saucer-shaped  to  shortly  campanulate. 

I.  Lobes  of  the  leaf  blades  again  3-lobed.     E.  H.  gracilis 

II.  Lobes  of  the  leaf  blades  not  again  lobed. 

J.     Calyx  campanulate,  white  or  yellowish  or  pinkish,  the  free  segments   almost 

erect. 

K.     Plants  glabrous  or  glandular-pubescent  merely  on  scape   and   inflorescence. 
C.  E.  H.  hallii 

KK.     Plants  more  or  less  glandular-hirsute.      (See  NN.) 

JJ.      Calyx  saucer-shaped,  green,  the  free  segments  spreading.      E.      H.  parvifolia 
HH.      Calyx  5-10  mm.  long,  its  cup  deeply  campanulate  to  urn-shaped. 
L.      Calyx  greenish. 

M.     Petioles  and  flowering  branches  villous.     W.  H.  cylindrica 

MM.     Petioles  and  flowering  branches  glabrous  or  minutely  glandular-puberu- 
lent.     E.  H.  tenuifolia 

LL.     Calyx  yellowish. 

N.     Leaf  lobes  deep,  broadly  ovate.      C.  H.  suksdorfii 

NN.      Leaf  lobes  shallow,  rounded. 

O.     Leaf  blade  densely  glandular-pubescent.     C.  E.  H.  ovalifolia 

OO.     Leaf  blade  glabrous  or  hairy  only  on  the  veins  or  merely  puberulent.     E. 

H.  glabella 


122  SAXIFRAGACEAE    (SAXIFRAGE   FAMILY) 


LITHOPHRAGMA 

Perennial.  Calyx  cup  campanulate  to  turbinate.  Petals  white  or  rose 
colored,  clawed,  entire  to  divided,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.  Stamens 
10,  included.  Ovary  \-\  inferior,  placentae  parietal ;  styles  3,  short.  — 
(Gk.  lithos  =  a  stone,  phragma  =  an  inclosure;  probably  referring  to  the 
hard  capsule.) 

A.     Calyx  tube  campanulate;   ovary  almost  wholly  superior. 

B.  Petals  about  12  mm.  long;   calyx  tube  more  than  3  mm.  wide.     U. 

L.  campanulata 
BB.     Petals  2-7  mm.  long;    calyx  tube  less  than  3  mm.  wide.     W.  C.  E. 

L.  tenella  (BABY'S  BREATH) 
AA.     Calyx  tube  turbinate  or  obconic;   ovary  J  inferior. 

C.  Stem  1-3  dm.  high;    leaf  blades  divided  to  near  the  base;    calyx  tube  elongated- 
obconic.     U.  L.  affinis 

CC.     Stem  3-5  dm.  high;   leaf  blades  not  divided  to  near  the  base;   calyx  tube  short- 
turbinate.     W.  E.  L.  parviflora 

TELLIMA    (FRINGE   CUP) 

Perennial,  hairy.  Stipules  small.  Flowers  in  racemes.  Calyx  cup 
urn-shaped  to  deeply  campanulate.  Petals  white  or  tinged  with  purple, 
spreading;  claw  cuneate;  blade  pinnately  divided.  Stamens  10,  short, 
included.  Ovary  almost  completely  superior,  placentae  parietal;  styles 
2.  —  (An  anagram  of  Mitella.) 

A.     Only  base  of  ovary  adnate  to  calyx;    calyx  tube  8  mm.  long;   flowers  not  fragrant. 

W.  C.  T.  grandiflora 

AA.     Lower  half  of  ovary  adnate  to  calyx;    calyx  tube  6  mm.  or  less  long. 

B.     Flowers   fragrant;     petals    pinnately  divided,  spreading;     calyx    cup    5-6    mm. 

long.     W.  T.  odorata 

BB.     Flowers  not  fragrant;   petals  3~5-cleft  at  apex,  or  entire,  erect;  calyx  cup  4  mm. 

long.     W.  C.  E.  T.  racemosa 

MITELLA    (BISHOP'S-CAP) 

Perennial,  low,  slender.  Flowers  small,  variously  clustered.  Calyx 
short,  5-cleft.  Petals  slender.  Stamens  5  or  10,  included.  Ovary  from 
£  to  wholly  inferior;  placentae  2,  parietal  or  basal;  styles  2,  very  short. 
Capsule  short,  2-beaked,  2-valved  at  summit.  —  (Diminutive  of  L.  mitra  = 
a  mitre  or  cap ;  referring  to  the  form  of  the  young  pod.) 

A.     Calyx  green;    petals  pinnatifid. 

B.     Ovary  almost  wholly  superior;    stigmas  entire;  stems  i-3-leaved;    plant  with 

summer  runners.     W.  C.  E.  M.  caulescens 

BB.     Ovary  almost  wholly  inferior;    stigmas  2-lobed;  stems  leafless;    plant  without 

summer  runners. 

C.     Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals.     W.  C.  E.  M.  pentandra 
CC.     Stamens  opposite  the  sepals. 

D.     Leaves  ovate-cordate.     W.  M   ovalis 

DD.     Leaves  broadly  reniform-cordate.     C.  M.  brewer! 


HYDRANGEACEAE   (SYRINGA   FAMILY)  123 

AA.      Calyx  white;    petals  trifid  or  entire. 

E.     Leaves  angularly  lobed;    calyx  lobes  acute;    petals  3-cleft.  E.        M.  diversifolia 
EE.     Leaves  not  angularly  lobed;    calyx  lobes  obtuse. 

F.     Petals  entire.     E.  M.  micrantha 
FF.     Petals  3-cleft  or  -parted. 

G.     Raceme  not  secund;    midveins  of   sepals  branched;    petals  3-cleft,  their  lobes 

not  divaricate.     W.  C.  E.  M.  trifida 

GG.     Raceme  secund;     midveins  of    sepals  simple;    petals  3-parted,  their    lobes 

divaricate.     E.  M.  stauropetala 

PARNASSIA    (GRASS  OF  PARNASSUS) 

Glabrous,  scapose.  Leaves  palmately  veined,  the  basal  petioled;  stem 
leaf  i,  sessile.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  pale  yellow  or  white.  Fertile 
stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals;  sterile  stamens  generally  many,  in  a  cluster 
at  the  base  of  each  petal.  Ovary  superior  or  partly  inferior,  i-celled; 
placentae  4.  —  (Named  by  the  Greeks  after  Mt.  Parnassus.) 

A.     Leaves  ovate  to  broadly  oval;    petals  16-20  mm.  long,  not  fimbriolate  at  base; 

sterile  stamens  20-24  in  a  group.     U.  P.  californica 

AA.     Leaves  cordate  to  reniform;    petals    8-13    mm.    long,  very  much    fibriolate    at 

base;   sterile  stamens  5-9  in  a  group.     W.  C.  E.  P.  fimbriata 

HYDRANGEACEAE   (SYRINGA  FAMILY) 

Shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  deciduous,  3-veined  from  the 
base;  stipules  none.  Sepals  4-10,  united  below,  in  sterile  flowers 
often  conspicuously  enlarged.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Stamens  8  to  many;  filaments  long.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior ; 
carpels  2-10,  united.  Capsule  urn-shaped  to  conic  or  rarely  globose. 
Seeds  i  to  many  in  each  carpel. 

A.  Low,  spreading  or  trailing;  stamens  10-12  or  fewer;  ovule  and  seed  only  i  in 
each  carpel;  capsule  beakless.  W.  —  (Honor  of  A.  W.  Whipple,  who  commanded 
a  survey  on  the  Pacific  coast.)  Whipplea  modesta  (WHIPPLEA) 

AA.  Tall,  erect  or  spreading;  stamens  many;  ovules  and  seeds  many  in  each 
carpel;  capsule  beaked  by  the  persistent  style.  PHILADELPHUS  (p.  123) 

PHILADELPHUS    (SYRINGA) 

Leaves  toothed  to  entire.  Flowers  perfect.  Sepals  4-5,  persistent. 
Petals  white,  conspicuous.  Stamens  25-60.  Ovary  at  least  f  inferior, 
3-5-celled.  Capsule  obovoid,  somewhat  woody  or  leathery,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  King  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  of  Egypt.) 

A.     Lower  leaf  surface  pubescent  all  over;    styles  united  for  f  their  length.     W.  C. 

P.  gordonianus 

AA.  Lower  leaf  surface  pubescent  only  on  the  veins;  styles  united  for  |  their  length 
or  rarely  more.  E.  P.  lewisii 


124  GROSSULARIACEAE    (GOOSEBERRY    FAMILY; 


GROSSULARIACEAE    (GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY) 

Shrubs;  stems  often  prickly,  sometimes  with  spines  at  base  of 
petiole.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  petioled,  deciduous,  palmately 
veined,  dentate  to  lobed;  stipules  none  or  adnate  to  the  petiole. 
Flowers  bracted,  small,  regular,  on  short  axillary  branches,  soli- 
tary or  clustered.  Sepals  4-5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Petals 
4-5,  small,  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  4-5.  Ovary  inferior;  style 
2-3-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  several  to  many.  —  Only  the 
following  genus. 

RIBES    (GOOSEBERRY  OR  CURRANT) 

(The  Arabic  name.)  The  fruits  of  many  are  edible.  The  cultivated 
gooseberry  is  R.  oxyacanthoides . 

A.     Stems  not  spiny  nor  prickly;    pedicels  jointed  beneath  the  ovary,  and  fruit  break- 
ing off  at  this  point.  (CURRANTS) 
B.     Flowers  yellow. 

C.  Calyx  segments  5-8  mm.  long;    calyx  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide;    berry 
yellow  or  red  or  black.     E.  R.  aureum  (GOLDEN  CURRANT) 

CC.      Calyx  segments  3  mm.  long;    sepals  but  very  little  united  at  base;    berry  red. 
C.  E.  R.  erythrocarpum 

BB.      Flowers  white  or  green  or  red. 

D.  Calyx  tube  saucer-shaped  or  almost  none. 
E.     Ovary  glabrous;    berry  red,  smooth. 

F.  Sepals  usually  somewhat  purplish;     petals   red;     anther  cells  parallel.      C.  E. 

R.  triste   (SWAMP  RED  CURRANT) 

FF.      Sepals  and   petals   yellowish   green;     anther  cells  widely  divergent.      W.  E. 
—  Cultivated  for  the  fruit.  R.  vulgare  (GARDEN  RED  CURRANT) 

EE.     Ovary  hairy  or  glandular;    berry  black,  hairy  or  glandular. 

G.  Sepals  greenish;    berry  without  a  bloom.     E.  R.  hudsonianum 
GG.      Sepals  white;    berry  with  a  bloom. 

H.     Ovary  with  sessile  glands;    bracts  of  the  inflorescence  widest  above  their 

middle;   leaves  5-20  cm.  wide,  5-7-lobed.      W.  C. 

R.  bracteosum   (STINK  CURRANT) 
HH.     Ovary  with  stalked  glands;    bracts  of  the  inflorescence  widest  below  their 

middle;    leaves  5-10  cm.  wide,  3-s-lobed. 

I.  Bracts  about  equaling  the  pedicels;    racemes  pendent.     W.  C. 

R.  acerlfolium 

II.  Bracts  not  more  than  \  the  length  of  the  pedicels;   racemes  erect  or  ascend- 
ing.    W.  C.  R.  laxlflorum 

DD.      Calyx  tube  campanulate  or  cylindric. 
J.      Racemes  usually  io-2o-flowered;   sepals  red  or  rose;    anthers  without  an  apical 

gland. 

K.     Leaves    white-tomentose   beneath;     ovary   with    some    curled   whitish    hairs 
among  the  gland  hairs;    calyx  8-12  mm.  or  less  long.     W.  C. 

R.  sanguineum   (RED-FLOWERED  CURRANT) 

KK.      Leaves  not  tomentose;  ovary  with  gland  hairs  only;    calyx  6   mm.  long. 
C.  E.  R.  nevadense   (ROSE-FLOWERED  CURRANT) 


ROSACEAE   (ROSE   FAMILY)  125 

JJ.      Racemes  usually  fewer  than  lo-flowered;    sepals  white  or  greenish;    anthers 

with  a  conspicuous  cup-shaped  apical  gland. 

L.     Leaves    glandular-dotted;     inflorescence    pendulous;     berry    red    or    orange, 

glabrous  or  slightly  glandular.     E.  R.  cereum   (SQUAW  CURRANT) 

LL.     Leaves  densely  glandular-pubescent;    inflorescence  spreading  or  ascending  ; 

berry  black,  glandular.     E.  R.  viscosissimum   (STICKY  CURRANT) 

AA.      Some  of  the  stems  either  spiny  or  prickly,  or  both.  (GOOSEBERRIES) 

M.      Flowers  more  than  4  in  a  cluster;    calyx  tube  saucer-shaped;    berries   glandular. 

N.     Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;    berries  black;    racemes    mostly  io-is-flowered. 

W.  C.  E.  R.  lacustre  (SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY) 

NN.     Leaves  pubescent  or  glandular;   berries  red;   racemes  mostly  3-7-flowered.     E. 

R.  lentum 

MM.     Flowers  1-4  in  a  cluster;   calyx  tube  campanulate  or  cylindric. 
O.     Berry  spiny  or  densely  glandular-hairy  or  velvety-pubescent. 
P.      Calyx  green  or  yellow. 

Q.     Berry    velvety-pubescent;     leaves    1-1.2    cm.    wide;     sepals    yellow;     petals 
yellow.     U.  R.  velutlnum 

QQ.     Berry  bristly;  leaves  2-6  cm.  wide;  sepals  green;   petals  white. 
R.      Stem   trailing;     leaves   densely   pubescent   beneath;     petiole  not   glandular ; 
anthers  exserted.     U.  R.  binominatum 

RR.      Stem  erect  or  ascending;    leaves    pubescent    beneath  on    the  veins  only; 
petiole  glandular;    anthers  included.      C.  E.  R.  watsonianum 

PP.      Calyx  purplish  to  red. 

S.     Young  twigs  densely  bristly.     U.  R.  menziesii 

SS.      Young  twigs  not  or  very  scantily  bristly. 

T.      Anthers    mucronate-tipped;     ovary    not    glandular;     berry    1-2    cm.    long, 

bristly.     U.  R.  roezli 

TT.     Anthers    not    mucronate-tipped;    ovary    densely   stalked-glandular;    berry 

1-2  cm.  long,  densely  glandular.     W.  C.  R.  lobbii   (GUMMY  GOOSEBERRY) 

TTT.      Anthers  not  mucronate-tipped;    ovary  not  glandular;    berry   2.5  cm.  or 

more  long,  fleshy-spiny.     U.  R.  marshallii 

OO.      Berries  smooth. 

U.      Calyx  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;    stamens  decidedly  longer  than  whole  calyx. 
V.     Calyx  white,  its  segments  narrowly  lanceolate.     E.  R.  niveum 

W.     Calyx  greenish  purple,  its  segments  oblong.     W.  C.  E.  R.  divaricatum 

UU.      Calyx  lobes  equal  to  or  shorter  than  the  tube. 

W.     Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels;    stamens  scarcely  longer  than  the 

whole  calyx.     E.  R.  saxosum 

WW.     Bracts  nearly  equaling  the  pedicels;    stamens  decidedly  shorter  than  the 

whole  calyx. 

X.     Leaves  1.5-4  cm.  wide;    calyx  tube  slightly  hairy,  much  longer  than  wide, 

cylindric;   calyx  segments  2-4  mm.  long.     E.  R.  cognatum 

XX.     Leaves    3-7    cm.   wide;    calyx   tube    glabrous,    hardly   longer   than  wide, 

campanulate;   calyx  segments  5-8  mm.  long.     E.  R.  irriguum 

ROSACEAE    (ROSE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  usually  alternate;  stipules  usually 
present.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered.  Sepals  normally  5, 
rarely  4  or  6-9,  often  united  at  base.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
or  none.  Stamens  i  to  many,  usually  on  the  calyx.  Pistils  i  to 
many,  usually  wholly  distinct.  Ovary  i -celled.  Fruit  akenes  or 


126  ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY) 

follicles  or  drupelets.     Seeds  i  to  few.  —  Most  difficult  groups  have 
keys  to  genera  only.     (F.   &  R.  pp.  206-221.) 

A.     Shrubs. 

B.     Leaves  simple;  plants  not  vines. 

C.  Leaves  3-lobed  at  apex,  fascicled,  6-25  mm.  long,  cuneate-obovate,  white- 
tomentose  beneath;  plant  6-24  dm.  high.  E.  —  (Honor  of  Otto  Kuntze,  a 
botanist.)  Kunzia  tridentata  (ANTELOPE  BRUSH) 

CC.     Not  as  above  in  all  points. 

D.     Leaves  pinnately  veined,  or  i-veined,  in  some  pinnately  lobed. 
E.     Petals  none;  styles  very  long  and  plumose  in  fruit;   carpels  i -seeded. 

CERCOCARPUS  (  p.  131) 
EE.     Petals  present;   styles  not  plumose  in  fruit;   carpels  2-  to  several-seeded 

(except  Holodiscus). 

F.     Erect,   branching;    inflorescence  not   spicate;    leaves   not   rosulate,   not 
entire. 

G.     Leaves  ovate,  shallowly  lobed;   stamen  disk  adherent,  entire;  ovules  2; 

seed  i.  HOLODISCUS  (p.  129) 

GG.     Leaves  mostly  narrower  than  ovate,  not  lobed,  but  often  coarsely 

serrate;    stamen  disk  free  at  margin,  not  entire;    ovules  several;    seeds 

several.  SPIRAEA  (p.  128) 

FF.     Depressed-caespitose;  inflorescence  spicate;  leaves  rosulate,  entire. 

PETROPHYTUM  (p.  128) 

DD.     Leaves  palmately  veined,  palmately-lobed  or  -cleft. 
H.     Stems  i  dm.  or  less  long,  caespitose,  creeping;  plant  alpine;  leaves  3-parted 
and  the  segments  again  2-4-lobed;  flowers  in  racemes.     W.  C.  —  (Honor  of 
F.  P.  Lutke,  a  Russian  explorer.)  Lutkea  pectinata  (PARTRIDGE  FOOT) 

HH.  Stems  5-24  dm.  high,  not  caespitose,  erect  or  ascending  or  divaricate  ; 
plant  not  alpine;  leaves  3~5-lobed  halfway  to  the  midvein  or  shallower ; 
flowers  in  corymbs.  PHYSOCARPUS  (p.  128) 

BB.     Either  the  leaves  compound,  or  else  the  plants  vines. 

I.  Leaves  compound;  leaflets  entire. 

J.  Leaves  2 -pinnate;  leaflets  many;  petals  white;  twigs  stellate- tomen- 
tose.  E.  —  (Gk.  chamai  =  on  the  ground,  batis  —  a  starfish;  referring  to  the 
low  spreading  form.)  Chamaebatiaria  millefolium 

JJ.  Leaves  i -pinnate;  leaflets  5-7;  petals  yellow;  twigs  silky-villous.  W.  C.  E. 
—  (Gk.  dasys  =  shaggy,  phoros  =  bearing;  from  the  densely  villous  akenes.) 

Dasiphora  fruticosa  (SHRUB  S-FINGER) 

II.  Either  leaves  simple  or  leaflets  not  entire. 

K.     Fruit  of  drupelets  usually  united  to  form  a  pulpy  berry;   shrubs  or  herbs, 

some  trailing,  smooth  or  prickly.  RUBUS  (p.  131) 

KK.     Fruit  a  globular  or  flask-shaped  fleshy  receptacle  containing  a  few  bony 

akenes;  shrubs,  none  trailing,  prickly.  ROSA  (p.  132) 

AA.     Herbs. 

L.     Leaves  simple,  4-12  mm.  long,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  2-4-cleft;  plant  2.5-20 
cm.  high;  petals  none.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Alkemelyeh  is  the  Arabic  name.) 

Alchemilla  arvensis  (LADY'S  MANTLE) 
LL.     Not  as  above  in  all  characters;  petals  present  at  most. 


ROSACEAE   (ROSE  FAMILY)  127 

M.     Leaves  ternately  many  times  compound.     W.  C.  E.  —  (L.  aruncus  =  the 
beard  of  a  goat;  probably  suggested  by  the  long  spikes  of  white  flowers.) 

Aruncus  aruncus  (GOAT'S  BEARD) 
MM.     Leaves  not  ternate,  or  if  so  leaflets  only  3. 
N.     Leaves  palmately-  or  ternately-veined  or  -lobed  or  -compound. 
O.     Fruit  of  a  few  fleshy  drupelets;   vines,  alpine;   leaves  scattered,  alternate, 
distant.  RUBUS  (p.  131) 

OO.     Fruit  of  dry  akenes;  not  vines  with  scattered  distant  leaves. 
P.     Leaves  all  3-foliolate. 

Q.     Flowers  white;  plants  with  runners  which  give  rise  to  new  plants  at  the 

joints;  leaves  all  basal.  FRAGARIA  (p.  129) 

QQ.     Flowers    yellow;    plants  without    runners;    leaves    usually  not    all 

basal. 

R.     Petals  oblanceolate;   stamens  5;   style  lateral;   leaflets  6-25  mm.  long, 

3-S-toothed  at  the  apex.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  R.  Sibbald,  a  Scotch 

botanist.)  Sibbaldia  procumbens 

RR.     Petals  wider;   stamens  20;   style  terminal  or  nearly  so;   leaflets  often 

longer,  usually  with  more  teeth.     (See  PP.) 

PP.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  not  3-foliolate.  POTENTILLA  (p.  129) 

NN.     At  least  the  basal  leaves  pinnately- veined  or  -lobed  or  -compound. 
S.     Leaves  simple,   coarsely  toothed;    alpine    caespitose  plant;    petals  8-9. 
C.  E.  —  (Gk.  dryad  =  a  wood  nymph;   from  the  forest  habitat.) 

Dryas  octopetala  (ALPINE  AVENS) 

SS.     Leaves  either  compound  or  deeply  dissected;   petals  not  8-9. 
T.     Calyx  surrounded  by  a  dense  border  of  hooked  prickles.     W.  —  (Gk. 
agros  =  a  field,  monos  —  alone;  the  chief  of  the  field,  from  its  medicinal  prop- 
erties.) Agrimonia  gyrosepala  (AGRIMONY) 
TT.     Calyx  not  surrounded  by  prickles. 

U.     Flowers  in  a  dense  spike;    petals  none;    calyx  segments  4;    stamens  2- 
12;  calyx  constricted  over  the  fruit.  SANGUISORBA  (p.  130) 

UU.     Flowers  not  in  spikes;  petals  present;    calyx  segments  rarely  4;    sta- 
mens often  more;  calyx  not  constricted  over  the  fruit. 
V.     Style  terminal. 

W.     Style  jointed  to  the  ovary,  deciduous;  leaves  pinnately  compound. 
X.     Stamens  very  near  the  base  of  the  receptacle  cup,  on  a  ringlike 
thickening.  POTENTILLA  (p.  129) 

XX.     Stamens  well  up  on  the  receptacle  cup,  ringlike  thickening  none. 

HORKELIA  (p.  129) 
WW.     Style  not  jointed  to  the  ovary,  at  least  the  lower  portion  persistent; 

basal  leaves  mostly  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
Y.     Petals  yellow  or  purplish. 

Z.     Calyx  segments  reflexed;    styles  jointed  above  the  middle,  the  top 
deciduous  and  leaving  a  hook,  not  plumose.  GEUM  (p.  130) 

ZZ.     Calyx  segments  erect  or   spreading;    style  not   jointed,    wholly 
persistent,  hence  not  hooked,  sometimes  plumose. 

SIEVERSIA  (p.  131) 

YY.     Petals  white.     U.  —  (L.filum  =  a  thread,  pendulus  =  pendulous  . 
said  to  refer  to  the  roots.)  Filipendula  occidentalis 

VV.     Style  lateral. 


I28  ROSACEAE   (ROSE   FAMILY) 

a.     Petals  dark  purple;    receptacle  spongy.     W.   E.  — -  (Gk.  komaros  = 
the  Arbutus,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fruits.) 

Comarum  palustre  (PURPLE  MARSH-LOCKS) 
aa.     Petals  yellow  or  white;  receptacle  dry. 

b.     Leaflets  opposite;  style  attached  near  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  flowers 

in  cymes;  plant  without  stolons.  DRYMOCALLIS  (p.  130) 

bb.     Leaflets  not  opposite;   style  attached  near  the  middle  of  the  ovary; 

flowers  solitary;  plant  with  stolons.  ARGENTINA  (p.  129) 

PHYSOCARPUS    (NINEBARK) 

Bark  shreddy.  Leaves  alternate.  Calyx  segments  5,  persistent,  stel- 
late-hairy at  least  inside.  Petals  white  or  rarely  pinkish.  Stamens  20-40. 
Pistils  1-5  ;  styles  terminal.  Follicles  somewhat  united  at  base.  Seeds  2-4. 
—  (Gk.  physa  =  a  bellows,  carpos  =  fruit;  from  the  inflated  follicles.) 

A.     Carpels  usually  5,  8-10  mm.  long;   shrub  7  m.  or  less  high.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  capitatus  (TALL  NINEBARK) 

AA.     Carpels  usually  1-2,  3-5  mm.  long;   shrub  2  m.  or  less  high. 
B.     Inflorescence  bracts  lanceolate;    follicles  inflated.     E.  P.  monogynus 

BB.     Inflorescence  bracts  spatulate  or  cuneate;   follicles  laterally  flat.     E. 

P.  malvaceus 

SPIRAEA    (SPIRAEA) 

Leaves  evergreen  or  deciduous ;  stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  in  racemes 
or  corymbs  or  panicles.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals  white  or  red.  Stamens 
15-70.  Pistils  3-8,  usually  5,  distinct;  styles  terminal.  Seeds  4. — 
(Gk.  speiran  =  to  twist ;  some  species  have  twisted  follicles.) 

A.     Flowers  red. 

B.     Inflorescence  flat-topped.     W.  C.  E.  S.  densiflora    (FLAT  RED  SPIRAEA) 

BB.     Inflorescence  not  flat-topped. 
C.     Under  side  of  leaves  glabrous. 

D.     Twigs  villous-puberulent.     W.  C.  E.  S.  menziesii 

DD.     Twigs  glabrous.     E.  S.  roseata 

CC.     Under  side  of  leaves  tomentose.     W.  S.  douglasii  (HARDBACK) 

AA.     Flowers  white. 

E.     Inflorescence  flat-topped.     W.  C.  E.  S.  corymbosa   (FLAT  WHITE  SPIRAEA) 

EE.     Inflorescence  not  flat-topped. 

F.     Lower  leaf  surface  tomentose.     C.  S.  tomentulosa 

FF.     Lower  leaf  surface  not  tomentose.     C.  E.  S.  pyramldata  (PYRAMID  BUSH) 

PETROPHYTUM 

Low,  on  rocks.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  coriaceous,  evergreen. 
Flowers  in  racemes ;  racemes  rarely  compound.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals 
white.  Stamens  about  20.  Pistils  3-5 ;  ovary  and  lower  part  of  style 
very  hairy ;  style  terminal.  Seeds  2-4.  —  (Gk.  petros  =  a  stone,  phyton  = 
a  plant ;  referring  to  their  rock  habitat.) 

A.     Leaves  3-veined. 
B.     Sepals  obtuse;    petals  obovate  or  oval;   leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     W. 

P.  hendersoni 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  I2Q 

BB.     Sepals  acuminate;    petals  spatulate  or  oblanceolate;    leaves  canescent.     E. 

P.  cinerascens 
AA.     Leaves  i-veined.     C.  E.  P.  caespitosum 

HOLODISCUS    (OCEAN  SPRAY) 

Leaves  deciduous;  stipules  none.  Flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  many. 
Sepals  5,  3-veined.  Petals  white  or  pinkish.  Stamens  about  20.  Akenes 
long-hairy.  —  (Gk.  holos  =  whole,  diskos  —-  a  disk ;  the  disk  of  the  re- 
ceptacle is  entire-margined.) 

A.     Leaves  acute  to  truncate  at  base.     W.  C.  E.  H.  discolor 

AA.     Leaves  cuneate  at  base.     U.  C.  H.  glabrescens 

HORKELIA    (HORKELIA) 

Perennial,  with  scaly  rootstocks  or  caudices.  Leaves  pinnately  compound. 
Flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals  5,  white  or  rose 
or  yellow.  Stamens  5-20,  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx  tube.  Filaments 
filiform  or  somewhat  petal-like.  Receptacle  flat  to  conic.  Pistils  3  to 
many ;  styles  long.  —  (Meaning  undetermined.)  Species  too  difficult  for 
beginners. 

POTENTILLA    (S-FINGER) 

Leaves  pinnately  or  digitately  or  ternately  compound.  Calyx  segments 
4-5.  Petals  5,  obcordate  to  round,  yellow  or  white  or  dark  purple.  Stamens 
usually  20,  in  3  series  of  10  +  5  +  5  respectively,  near  the  base  of  the  calyx 
cup ;  style  near  apex  of  ovary,  jointed  to  it,  deciduous.  —  (Diminutive 
of  L.  potens  =  powerful;  first  applied  to  Argentina  anserina,  which  was 
thought  to  be  medicinal.)  Species  too  difficult  for  beginners. 

ARGENTINA    (SILVERWEED) 

Perennial,  with  long  runners.  Leaves  interrupted-pinnate;  leaflets 
many.  Flowers  on  long  peduncles,  in  the  axils  of  the  basal  leaves.  Calyx 
segments  5  or  more.  Petals  elliptic  to  orbicular.  Stamens  20-25,  in  3 
series,  near  base  of  calyx.  Receptacle  hemispheric.  Pistils  very  many; 
style  glabrous. —  (L.  argentina  =  of  silver;  from  the  silvery-hairy  leaves.) 

A.     Leaves  silvery  on  both  sides.     W.  C.  E.  A.  argentea 

AA.     Leaves  silvery  beneath,  green  above. 
B.     Stem  and  petiole  and  leaf  rachis  densely  hairy.     W.  E. 

A.  anserina  (GOOSE  TANSY) 
BB.     Stem  and  petiole  and  leaf  rachis  glabrous  or  slightly  appressed-hairy.     W. 

A.  pacifica 
FRAGARIA   (STRAWBERRY) 

Perennial,  acaulescent.  Leaves  ternate.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals 
white,  obovate  to  orbicular.  Stamens  about  20,  in  3  series,  sometimes 
abortive,  closely  surrounding  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Receptacle  hemi- 
spheric or  obconic,  enlarged  and  red  in  fruit,  very  juicy,  edible.  Akenes 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  — 9 


130  ROSACEAE   (ROSE   FAMILY) 

very  many ;   style  lateral.  —  (L.  fragans  =  fragrant ;   from  the  odor  of  the 
fruit.)     Fruits  edible. 

A.     Pubescence  of  the  scapes  and  petioles  spreading,  generally  at  right  angles  or  some- 
what reflexed. 
B.     Leaves  densely  silky  beneath;    akenes  in  shallow  pits. 

C.  Terminal  leaflet  plainly  petiolulate;    sepals  acute  or  mucronate;    often  culti- 
vated.    W.  F:  chlloensis 

CC.     Leaflets  all  subsessile;   sepals  acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  F.  cuneifolia 

BB.     Leaves  slightly  silky  beneath,  glabrate  when  old. 

D.  Leaflets  subsessile;    akenes  not  in  pits,  superficial.     W.  C.  E.          F.  americana 
DD.     Leaflets  petiolulate;   akenes  in  pits. 

E.     Plant  more  or  less  glaucous;    petals  oval  or  orbicular,  twice  as  long  as  the 

sepals. 

F.     Sepals  and  bractlets  elliptic.     E.  F.  truncata 

FF.     Sepals  and  bractlets  lanceolate.     E.  F.  platypetala 

EE.     Plant  not  glaucous;    petals  roundish-obovate,  ij  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

W.  F.  grandiflora 

AA.     Pubescence  of    the    scapes    and    petioles    appressed    or    ascending;    akenes    in 

pits. 

G.     Flowers  2-3.5  cm.  wide;  leaves  finely  tomentulose  beneath.     (See  C.) 
GG.     Flowers  1-2  cm.  wide;   leaves  not  tomentulose  beneath.     E.  F.  ovalis 

DRYMOCALLIS 

Perennial.  Leaves  pinnate,  glandular.  Flowers  in  cymes.  Calyx 
segments  5.  Petals  obovate  to  orbicular,  yellow  or  white.  Stamens  20-30, 
in  5  clusters.  Receptacle  hemispheric.  Pistils  many.  —  (Gk.  drymos  =  a 
brushwood,  kallos  =  beauty;  from  their  growth  in  open  woods.)  Too 
difficult  for  beginners. 

SANGUISORBA    (BURNET) 

Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  petiolulate;  stipules  none.  Spikes  long-ped- 
uncled.  Calyx  segments  petal-like.  Pistils  1-3 ;  style  terminal.  —  (L. 
sanguis  =  blood ;  sorbere  =  to  absorb ;  from  reputed  styptic  proper- 
ties.) 

A.     Leaflets  toothed. 

B.     Calyx  segments  white  or  slightly  tinged  with  purple.     W.  E.  S.  sitchensis 

BB.     Calyx  segments  dark  purple. 
C.     Stamens  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  segments;    filaments  wide.     C. 

S.  menziesii 

CC.     Stamens  hardly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  calyx  segments;    filaments  filiform. 

C.  S.  microcephala 

AA.     Leaflets  pectinate-pinnatifid.     E.  S.  annua 

GEUM    (AVENS) 

Perennial.  Leaves  mostly  basal ;  basal  leaves  lyrate  or  pinnate ;  stem 
leaves  lobed  or  compound ;  stipules  adnate.  Flowers  solitary  or  in  corymbs. 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Stamens  many.  Receptacle  dry,  conic  or  clavate. 
Pistils  many.  —  (Gk.  geyo  =  to  taste  well ;  some  have  edible  roots.) 


ROSACEAE    (ROSE   FAMILY)  131 

A.  Leaf  segments  and  their  lobes  acute;  terminal  leaflet  cuneate-obovate;  receptacle 
downy-pubescent.  E.  G.  strictum  (YELLOW  AVENS) 

AA.  Leaf  segments  and  their  lobes  obtuse;  terminal  leaflet  broadly  cordate;  recep- 
tacle nearly  naked.  W.  C.  E.  G.  macrophyllum  (LARGE-LEAVED  AVENS) 

SIEVERSIA 

Perennial;  stem  simple.  Leaves  mostly  basal;  basal  leaves  pinnate. 
Flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Stamens  many.  Re- 
ceptacle dry.  Pistils  many;  style  straight. —  (Honor  of  J.  Sievers,  a 
Russian  traveler.) 

A.  Flowers  pale  purplish;  style  plumose;  plant  hairy;  stem  leaves  not  pinnatifid. 
W.  C.  E.  S.  ciliata 

AA.  Flowers  yellow;  style  glabrous;  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stem  leaves  pinnati- 
fid. E.  S.  rossii 

CERCOCARPUS    (MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  evergreen;  stipules  small, 
wholly  adnate.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  tube  long  and  pedicel- 
like;  segments  5,  short,  deciduous.  Stamens  15-25,  on  the  calyx.  Pistil  i, 
simple,  free,  erect;  style  terminal,  villous.  Akene  linear-oblong,  terete, 
villous.  —  (Gk.  kerkos  =  a  tail,  karpos  =  a  fruit ;  referring  to  the  long- 
tailed  akenes.) 

A.     Leaves  resinous,  i-veined,  margin  revolute. 

B.     Shrub;    leaves  linear,  2-4  cm.  long;    calyx  lobes  not  half  as  long  as  the  throat; 

tails  of  the  akenes  2.5-5  cm.  long.     E.  C.  intricatus 

BB.     Shrub  or  small  tree;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6  cm.  long;    calyx   lobes  as 

long  as  the  throat;    tails  of  the  akenes  5-7.5  cm.  long.     E.  C.  ledifolius 

AA.     Leaves  not  resinous,  pinnately  veined,  margin  not  revolute.     U.  E. 

C.  parvifolius 

RUBUS    (BLACKBERRY,  RASPBERRY) 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  erect  or  trailing,  'often  prickly.  Leaves  simple  or  pin- 
nately 3-7-foliolate ;  stipules  adnate.  Flowers  white  or  purple.  Calyx 
5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  conspicuous.  Stamens  many  on  the  calyx. 
Carpels  few  to  many,  becoming  drupelets ;  style  nearly  terminal,  deciduous. 
Drupelets  usually  adhering  into  a  compound  berry.  —  (L.  ruber  =  red ; 
from  the  fruit ;  hence  L.  rubus  =  a  bramble.)  Fruits  edible. 

A.     Leaves  3-s-lobed  or  rarely  -parted. 

B.     Stem  erect,  9-24  dm.  high;    shrub,  not  prickly;    leaves  10-30  cm.   long;    fruit  of 

many  drupelets.     W.  C.  E.  R.  parviflorus  (THIMBLEBERRY) 

BB.     Stem  trailing,  0.5-12  dm.  long;    leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;    fruit  of  1-5  drupelets. 

C.     Vine  shrubby,  with  small  recurved  prickles;    leaves  shining,  veins  and  petioles 

with  recurved  prickles  beneath;   carpels  glabrous.     W.  C.  E.  R.  nivalis 

CC.     Vine  herbaceous,  without  prickles;    leaves  not  shining,  not  prickly;    carpels 

tomentose.     W.  C.  R.  lasiococcus 

AA.     Leaves  3-s-foliolate. 

D.     Herbaceous  vine,  trailing,  without  prickles.     W.  C.  E.  R.  pedatus 


132  MALACEAE   (APPLE   FAMILY) 

DD.     Shrubs,  either  trailing  vines  or  more  erect  plants,  prickly. 
E.     Flowers  red;  fruit  yellow  or  garnet;  spreading  bush,  not  even  the  longer  branches 
trailing.     W.  C.  R.  spectabilis  (SALMONBERRY) 

EE.     Flowers  white;    fruit  black;    most  of  the  species  with  the  longest  branches 

inclined  to  trail,  or  all  trailing. 

F.     Leaves  much  dissected  into  7  to  many  small  segments,  evergreen.     W.  —  Some- 
times cultivated.  R.  laciniatus  (EVERGREEN  BLACKBERRY) 
FF.     Leaves  with  3-5  leaflets,  not  evergreen  (except  R.  ur sinus  west  of  the  Cas- 
cades). 

G.     Trailing  vine;    carpels  not  pulling  off  from  the   receptacle  in  fruit   (Black- 
berry).    W.  C.  E.  R.  ursinus  (TRAILING  BLACKBERRY) 
GG.     Stems  erect  or  ascending,  but  the  long  branches  often  somewhat  trailing; 

carpels  pulling  off  from  the  receptacle  in  fruit  (Raspberry). 

H.     Stems  not  glaucous;   fruit  red.     E.         R.  strigosus   (WILD  RED  RASPBERRY) 
HH.     Stems  glaucous;   fruit  black. 
I.     Leaves  glaucous  beneath.     W.  C.  E.  —  Sometimes  cultivated. 

R.  leucodermis  (BLACKCAP) 
n.     Leaves  green  beneath.     E.  R.  hesperius 

ROSA     (ROSE) 

Leaves  odd-pinnate;  stipules  adnate.  Flowers  large.  Calyx  urn- 
shaped;  the  tube  contracted  at  the  mouth,  at  length  fleshy  or  berrylike, 
inclosing  the  pistils.  Pistils  many.  Akenes  crustaceous  or  bony.— 
(Latin  name.)  Many  cultivated  varieties. 

A.     Calyx  tube  and  fruit  prickly. 

B.  Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches;  fruit  densely  spiny.     E. 

R.  macdougali 

BB.     Flowers  in  corymbs;   fruit  not  spiny.     U.  R.  spithamaea 

AA.     Calyx  tube  and  fruit  not  prickly. 

C.  Calyx  segments  deciduous  when  fruit  is  mature;   leaflets  doubly  serrate. 

D.  Sepals  pinnatifid;    leaflets  densely  resinous  beneath,  aromatic;    spines  recurved. 
W.  R.  rubiginosa  (SWEETBRIER) 

DD.     Sepals  not  pinnatifid;    leaflets  not  resinous  beneath,  not  aromatic;    spines 
straight.     W.  C.  E.  R.  gymnocarpa  (NAKED  ROSE) 

CC.     Calyx  segments  persistent. 

E.  Infra-stipular  spines  none.     E.  R.  sayi  (PRICKLY  ROSE) 
EE.     Infra-stipular  spines  usually  present. 

F.     Flowers  solitary;    rachis  of  leaves  not  prickly  nor  pubescent.        W.  C.  E. 

R.  nutkana  (NUTKA  ROSE) 

FF.     Flowers  in  corymbs,  rarely  solitary;    rachis  of  leaves  prickly  or  pubescent. 
W.  C.  R.  pisocarpa   (BUNCHED  ROSE) 

MALACEAE   (APPLE  FAMILY) 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  odd-pinnate; 
stipules  caducous,  free  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
white  or  reddish,  clustered.  Calyx  segments  5.  Petals  5,  on  the 
calyx  cup.  Stamens  mostly  20,  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  inferior, 
compound;  carpels  2-5;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels.  Fruit 
apple-like. 


MALACEAE   (APPLE   FAMILY)  133 

A.     Leaves  pinnately  compound.  SORBUS  (p.  133) 

AA.     Leaves  simple. 

B.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate;  plant  1-2  m.  high;  flowers  -1-2  in 
a  cluster.  E.  —  (Apparently.  Gk.  per  =  through,  a  =  without,  phyllon  =  a 
leaf;  hence  through-absence-of-leaves.)  Peraphyllum  ramosissimum 

BB.     Leaves  wider;   plant  usually  taller;  flower  clusters  usually  larger. 
C.     Smaller  branches  with  stout  thorns;    flowers  in  corymbs;    fruit  with  stony 
carpels.  CRATAEGUS  (p.  134) 

CC.     Plant  without  thorns;  fruit  with  papery  carpels. 

D.     Flowers  in  corymbs;    fruit  yellowish  green  to  red,  having  the  appearance 

of  an  apple.  PYRUS  (p.  133) 

DD.     Flowers  in  racemes;   fruit  black  or  purplish,  having  the  appearance  of  a 

berry.  AMELANCHIER  (p.  133) 

SORBUS    (MOUNTAIN  ASH) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  odd-pinnate,  deciduous.  Flowers  small, 
in  terminal  compound  cymes.  Carpels  3-5,  coriaceous,  i-seeded.  Fruit 
small,  globose  or  pyriform.  —  (A  Latin  name  for  the  service  tree,  Pyrus 
domes  tica.) 

A.     Leaflets  dull,  serrate  only  near  the  apex;   fruit  purple,  glaucous.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  occidentalis 
AA.     Leaflets  shining,  serrate  from  near  the  base;    fruit  coral-red.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  sitchensis 

PYRUS    (APPLE) 

Trees,  small.  Leaves  deciduous,  more  or  less  serrate,  sometimes  some- 
what 3-lobed  in  ours.  Flowers  white  to  pink.  Calyx  tube  urn-shaped. 
Styles  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Carpels  5,  2 -seeded,  wholly  covered 
by  the  adnate  calyx  tube.  Fruit  globose  or  oblong  or  pyriform,  depressed 
at  both  ends,  acid.  —  (The  Latin  name  of  the  pear.) 

A.     Fruit  widest  between  the  middle  and  the  stem  end,  without  grit  cells. 
B.     Leaves  often  somewhat  3-lobed,  white-pubescent  beneath;    fruit  8-12  mm.  wide, 
15-20  mm.  long.     W.  P.  rivularis  (WILD  CRAB  APPLE) 

BB.     Leaves  not  lobed;    fruit  larger. 

C.     Leaves  glabrate;    calyx  lobes  glabrate  outside;    fruit  3  cm.  or  less  wide.     W.  E. 

P.  baccata  (SIBERIAN  CRAB) 

CC.     Leaves  white-pubescent  beneath;    calyx  lobes  white-pubescent  outside;    fruit 

mostly  larger.     W.  E.  —  Many  varieties.  P.  malus   (CULTIVATED  APPLE) 

AA.     Fruit  widest   between  the  middle  and  the  flower  end,  with  grit  cells.     W.  E.  — 

Many  varieties.  P.  communis   (CULTIVATED  PEAR) 

AMELANCHIER  (SERVICE  BERRY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Flowers  white,  in  small  racemes.  Styles  3-5. 
Carpels  3-5,  incompletely  2-celled  by  a  partition  from  the  back,  i -seeded, 
wholly  covered  by  the  adherent  calyx.  Fruit  small,  berry-like,  black  or 
purplish,  edible,  sweet.  —  (The  French  name  for  a  cultivated  Hawthorn.) 
Fruit  edible. 


134  AMYGDALAOEAE   (PEACH   FAMILY) 

A.  Twigs  pale  or  ashy. 

B.     Leaves  cuneate  at  base.     E.  A.  cuneata 

BB.     Leaves  rounded  at  base. 

C.  Calyx  lobes  erect.     U.  A.  pallida 
CC.     Calyx  lobes  reflexed.     E.                                                                          A.  utahensis 

AA.     Twigs  not  ashy. 
D.     Leaves  tomentose  beneath  when  young. 

E.  Petals  12-15  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  A.  florida 
EE.     Petals  about  8  mm.  long.     E.                                                                   A.  oreophila 

DD.     Leaves  glabrous  even  when  young. 

F.  Leaves  bright  green;    petals  about  2  cm.  long.     E.  A.  cusickii 
FF.     Leaves  whitish  green;   petals  1-1.5  cm.  long.     E.                             A.  basalticola 

CRATAEGUS    (HAWTHORN) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  white. 
Stamens  5-20.  Carpels  2-5,  i-seeded.  Fruit  drupelike,  globose  or  ovoid, 
crowned  with  the  calyx  teeth.  —  (Gk.  kratos  =  strength ;  referring  to  the 
toughness  of  the  wood.) 

A.     Fruit  black;   spines  1-3  cm.  long. 

B.  Leaves  lobed  or  incisely  and  doubly  toothed;    petiole  with  scattered  glands. 
W.  E.  C.  douglasii 

BB.     Leaves  serrate,  not  incisely  toothed  or  lobed;    petiole  glandless.     E. 

C.  rivularis 
AA.     Fruit  red;   spines  4-6  cm.  long. 

C.  Leaves  oval  to  orbicular.     E.  C.  sheridana 
CC.     Leaves  cuneate-obovate. 

D.  Calyx  and  fruit  glabrous.     E.  C.  columbiana 
DD.     Calyx  and  fruit  tomentose.     E.  C.  piper! 

AMYGDALACEAE   (PEACH  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  petioled;  stipules 
small  and  caducous,  or  none.  Flowers  regular,  perfect  or  imperfect. 
Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  deciduous;  segments  5.  Petals  5, 
on  the  calyx.  Stamens  15-20,  on  the  calyx.  Pistils  1-5,  distinct; 
ovary  superior,  i-celled.  Fruit  1-5  separate  drupes.  Seed  i. 

A.     Leaves  serrate;    stipules  present  but  caducous;    flowers  perfect,  not  with  bad 

odor;  carpel  i;  drupe  i. 

B.     Stone  rough;  fruit  downy.  AMYGDALUS  (p.  134) 

BB.     Stone  smooth;  fruit  glabrous  (except  in  the  Apricot).         PRUNUS  (p.  135) 

AA.     Leaves  entire  or  undulate;   stipules  none;  flowers  dioecious,  with  bad  odor; 

carpels  2-5;    drupes  2-5.     W.  C.  —  (Gk.  osmeres  =  smelling;  the  flowers  have 

an  unpleasant  odor.)  Osmaronia  cerasiformis  (INDIAN  PLUM) 

AMYGDALUS    (PEACH) 
(The  Latin  name  of  the  Peach.) 

A.     Pulp  edible;   seed  not  edible.     W.  E.  A.  persica  (PEACH) 

AA.     Pulp  not  edible,  seed  edible.     W.  E.  A.  amygdalus  (ALMOND) 


LEGUMINACEAE    (BEAN   FAMILY)  135 


PRUNUS    (PLUM,  CHERRY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  clustered.  Petals  spreading. 
Style  terminal.  Fruit  glabrous,  stone  smooth  or  nearly  so,  terete  or  flat.  — 
(Latin  name  of  the  plum.)  Here  belong  the  following :  P.  armeniaca  (Apri- 
cot);  P.  cerasus  (Pie  cherry);  P.  avium  (Sweet  cherry);  P.  domestica 
(Cultivated  plum),  and  a  variety  of  the  same  (Prune). 

A.     Fruit  15-20  mm.  long;   stone  flat;   flowers  not  in  racemes.     W.  E. 

P.  subcordata  (WILD  PLUM) 
AA.     Fruit  4-10  mm.  long;   stone  subglobose. 
B.     Flowers  in  corymbs;    fruit  bright  red;    petiole  without  glands.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  emarginata  (WILD  CHERRY) 

BB.  Flowers  in  racemes;  fruit  dark  purple;  petiole  usually  with  2  glands  just  below 
point  of  attachment  to  blade.  W.  E.  P.  demissa  (CHOKECHERRY) 

LEGUMINACEAE   (BEAN  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees,  often  vining.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
compound;  stipules  present.  Flowers  irregular,  papilionaceous. 
Calyx  4~5-toothed  or  -cleft,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Petals  distinct 
or  somewhat  united,  usually  consisting  of  i  wide  upper  one  (stan- 
dard) and  2  lateral  ones  (wings)  and  2  lower  usually  united  ones 
(keel).  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  or  rarely  distinct, 
10  or  rarely  5.  Pistil  i,  simple;  ovary  superior,  usually  i-celled, 
sometimes  lengthwise  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures, 
sometimes  crosswise  2-  to  several-celled;  style  i.  Fruit  a  pod, 
dehiscent  by  2  valves  or  indehiscent,  sometimes  breaking  crosswise 
into  joints.  Seeds  i  to  many.  —  Species  keys  omitted  in  certain 
difficult  genera.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  224-242.) 

A.  Trees,  cultivated;  stipules  often  spiny;  leaves  pinnately  compound.  W.  E.  — 
Planted  for  shade.  (Honor  of  J.  and  V.  Robin,  who  first  cultivated  the  tree 
in  Europe.)  Roots,  leaves,  and  bark  poisonous.  Robinia  pseudacacia  (LOCUST) 

AA.     Shrubs. 

B.  Plant  spiny;  leaves  simple,  often  becoming  spines;  branches  not  or  hardly 
4-angled,  not  conspicuously  green.     W.  —  (The  Latin  name.) 

Ulex  europeus  (GORSE) 

BB.     Plant  not  spiny;  leaves  with  1-3  leaflets,  not  becoming   spines;   branches 

conspicuously    4-angled,    dark   green.     W.    E.  —  Ornamental    shrub;  escaped. 

(From  Cythras,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  where  this  or  a  related  plant  was  first 

found.)  Cytisus  scoparius  (SCOTCH  BROOM) 

AAA.     Herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby  at  base. 

C.  Leaves  with  3  leaflets. 

D.     Stamens  distinct;  stipules  free;  leaflets  entire;  flowers  yellow,  in  terminal 
3-bracted  racemes.  THERMOPSIS  (p.  137) 


136  LEGUMINACEAE   (BEAN  FAMILY) 

DD.     Stamens  either  monad elphous  or  diadelphous  in  groups  of  9  and  i;  stipules 
often  adnate;   leaflets  serrate  in  most  species;  flowers  not  yellow  in  most,  often 
in  heads. 
E.     Flowers  in  heads  or  headlike  umbels. 

F.  Leaflets  entire;  mature  pod  about  2.5  cm.  long.  LOTUS  (p.  140) 
FF.     Leaflets  denticulate;  mature  pods  i  cm.  or  less  long. 

TRIFOLIUM  (p.  138) 

EE.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  rarely  in  heads  and  then  the  pod  coiled  and 
the  leaflets  denticulate. 

G.  Leaflets  not  entire. 

H.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads,  yellow  or  purple;    pod  curved  or  coiled,  often 
spiny.  MEDICAGO  (p.  137) 

HH.     Flowers  in  long  racemes,  yellow  or  white;  pod  straight,  wrinkled. 

MELILOTUS  (p.  137) 
GG.     Leaflets  entire. 

I.  Leaves  punctate  with  dark  glands  or  pellucid  dots;  pod  6  mm.  long; 
seed  i.  PSORALEA  (p.  140) 

II.  Leaves  not  punctate;  pod  12  mm.  or  more  long;  seeds  2  to  many. 

ASTRAGALUS  (p.  141) 

CC.     Leaves  palmately  compound,  with  5-16  leaflets,  occasionally  some  leaves 
with  only  3  leaflets. 

J.     Leaflets  coarsely  serrate  or  dentate.  TRIFOLIUM  (p.  138) 

JJ.     Leaflets  entire. 

K.     Leaflets  5-16,  not  punctate,  often  quite  hairy;  keel  of  the  corolla  acumi- 
nate; seeds  i  or  more.  LUPINUS  (.p.  137) 
KK.     Leaflets  3-7.  punctate  with  dark  glands  or  pellucid  dots,  glabrous  or  with 
few  hairs;  keel  of  the  corolla  obtuse;  seed  i.                      PSORALEA  (p.  140) 
CCC.     Leaves  pinnately  compound,  with  4  or  more  leaflets  or  occasionally  some 
leaves  with  fewer. 

L.     Leaves  with  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  tip,  without  tendrils. 
M.     Herbage  conspicuously  glandular-dotted. 

N.     Leaflets  5-9,  narrowly  oblong  to  obovate,  1-12  cm.  long;  peduncles  much 

exceeding  the  leaves,  terminal;  flowers  deep  purple;  stamens  5;  pod   not 

prickly,  i-seeded.     E.  —  (Gk.   petalon  =  a  petal,  stemon  =  a  stamen;  from 

the  union  of  the  two  in  the  flower.)     Petalostemon  ornatus  (PRAIRIE  CLOVER) 

NN.     Leaflets  13-17,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  peduncles 

about   equaling  the  leaves,    axillary;  flowers  ochroleucous ;    stamens    10 ; 

pod  prickly  with  hooked  prickles,  2-6-seeded.     E.  —  Glycyrrhiza  alba  is  the 

source  of  commercial  licorice.      (Gk.    glykys  =  sweet,  rhiza  =  a  root;  the 

root  is  sweet.)  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  (WILD  LICORICE) 

MM.     Herbage  not  glandular-dotted;  stamens  10;  pod  not  prickly. 

O.     Flowers  solitary  or  in  umbels;  pod  linear,  not  jointed;   leaflets  3-15. 

LOTUS  (p.  140) 
OO.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes,  rarely  solitary  and  then  the  pod  not  linear; 

leaflets  often  more  numerous. 

P.     Pod  2-4-jointed,  reticulate.  HEDYSARUM  (p.  141) 

PP.     Pod  not  jointed,  often  veiny  but  hardly  reticulate. 
Q.     Keel  of  the  corolla  acute  or  subulate  at  apex.         ARAGALLUS  (p.  141) 
QQ.     Keel  of  the  corolla  obtuse  at  apex.  ASTRAGALUS  (p.  141) 


LEGUMINACEAE   (BEAN  FAMILY)  137 

LL.    Leaves  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  tip  but  often  with  tendrils. 
R.     Style  terete  above,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  tip.  VICIA  (p.  141) 

RR.     Style  somewhat  flat  above,  with  hairs  down  the  concave  side  for  a  short 
distance  from  the  tip.  LATHYRUS  (p.  142) 

THERMOPSIS 

Perennial,  stout,  erect.  Leaflets  petiolulate ;  stipules  foliaceous ;  bracts 
of  the  raceme  herbaceous,  persistent.  Calyx  4~5-cleft.  Standard  roundish, 
shorter  than  the  wings;  wings  oblong;  keel  obtuse,  equaling  the  wings. 
Stamens  10.  Pod  narrow,  flattish.  —  (Gk.  thermos  =  the  lupine,  opsis  = 
like.) 

A.     Two  upper  calyx  lobes  united  into  a  2-toothed  segment. 

B.  Racemes  short,  loosely  flowered;  bracts  acute;  calyx  teeth  acute.     U.    T.  gracilis 
BB.     Racemes  long,  densely  flowered;    bracts  acuminate;   calyx  teeth  acuminate.     U. 

T.  robusta 
AA.     Two  upper  calyx  lobes  united  only  about  as  much  as  the  others. 

C.  Leaflets  oblong-oblanceolate  to  obovate;    plant  with  somewhat  fleshy  rootstock. 
W.  E.  T.  montana 

CC.     Leaflets  oval  to  narrowly  elliptic;   plant  with  woody  caudex  and  roots.     E. 

T.  xylorhiza 

LUPINUS    (LUPINE) 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes,  mostly  showy.  Calyx  deeply 
2-lipped ;  upper  lip  2-clef t  or  -toothed  or  rarely  entire ;  lower  lip  entire  or 
3-toothed.  Wings  united  at  the  summit;  keel  falcate.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous;  alternate  filaments  longer.  Stigma  bearded.  Pod  coriaceous. 
—  (L.  lupus  =  a  wolf ;  it  was  supposed  to  devour  that  which  made  the  soil 
fertile.)  Species  too  difficult. 

MEDICAGO    (MEDIC) 

Leaves  small.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  teeth 
nearly  equal.  Standard  obovate  or  oblong;  wings  oblong;  keel  obtuse. 
Stamens  10,  diadelphous,  in  groups  of  i  and  9.  Pod  indehiscent.  Seeds 
i  to  few.  —  (Gk.  medike  =  the  Alfalfa ;  because  the  Greeks  got  this  from 
Media.) 

A.     Perennial,  5-12  dm.  high;    flowers  violet,  in  spikes  about  6  cm.  long.     W.  E. — 
One  of  our  best  hay  plants.  M.  sativa  (ALFALFA) 

AA.     Annual,  1.5-6  dm.  high;   flowers  yellow,  in  heads  about  2  cm.  long. 
B.     Pod  several-seeded,  spiral,  spiny  on  the  edges.     W.  E. 

M.  dentlculata  (BUR  CLOVER) 
BB.     Pod  i -seeded,  curved,  not  spiny.     W.  E.  M.  lupulina  (NONESUCH) 

MELILOTUS    (MELILOT) 

Annual  or  biennial.  Leaves  petioled.  Flowers  small.  Calyx  teeth 
nearly  equal.  Standard  obovate  or  oblong ;  wings  oblong ;  keel  obtuse. 
Stamens  10,  diadelphous,  in  groups  of  9  and  i.  Pod  ovoid  or  globose,  in- 


138  LEGUMINACEAE   (BEAN   FAMILY) 

dehiscent  or  finally  2-valved.     Seeds  i  to  few.  —  (Gk.  met  =  honey,  lotos  = 
some  plant  of  this  family ;   the  flowers  are  prolific  in  honey.) 

A.     Flowers  white.     E.  — A  roadside  weed.     Good  for  hay  or  browse. 

M.  alba  (SWEET  CLOVER) 
AA.     Flowers  yellow. 
B.     Leaflets  obtuse,  toothed  from  near  the  base;   petals  6-9  mm.  long.     E. 

M.  officinalis  (YELLOW  MELILOT) 

BB.     Leaflets  truncate  or  emarginate,  toothed  above  the  middle;    petals  2-2.5  mm. 
long.     E.  M.  indica  (SMALL  MELILOT) 

TRIFOLIUM    (CLOVER) 

Leaves  normally  3-foliolate,  in  a  few  species  s-y-foliolate ;  stipules 
adnate  to  the  petiole.  Flowers  variously  colored.  Calyx  teeth  nearly 
equal.  Petal  claws  adhering  to  the  stamen  tube.  Stamens  diadelphous 
in  groups  of  9  and  i,  or  monadelphous  by  only  the  partial  separation  of  the 
i.  Seeds  1-6. —  (L.  tres  =  3,  folium  =  a  leaf.)  All  those  large  enough 
are  good  hay  or  fodder  plants. 

A.     Leaflets  3-7,  but  always  some  leaves  with  5-7;    heads  without  involucre. 

B.  Leaflets  5-7;  flowers  2-3  cm.  long.     E. 

T.  macrocephalum  (LONG-FLOWERED  CLOVER) 

BB.  Leaflets  3-5;  flowers  6-8  mm.  long.     E.  T.  plummerae 

AA.     Leaflets  3,  except  in  occasional  abnormal  leaves. 

C.  Heads  not  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

D.     Heads  on  terminal  peduncles;    plants  sometimes  stemless. 
E.     Leaves  glabrous. 

F.     Calyx  teeth  3  times  as  long  as  the  tube.     E.  T.  douglasii 

FF.     Calyx  teeth  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube. 
G.     Stem  quite  evident. 

H.     Stem  stout;    heads  globose;    leaflets  mostly  obtuse;    flowers  12-20  mm. 
long.     E.  T.  beckwithil 

HH.     Stem  slender;    heads  oblong;    leaflets  mostly  acuminate;    flowers  8-14 
mm.  long.     C.  E.  T.  latifolium 

GG.     Stemless  or  nearly  so.     E.  T.  haydeni 

EE.     Leaves  pubescent. 
I.     Corolla  pink  or  red  or  purple. 

J.     Perennial;   calyx  lobes  not  plumose,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
K.     Stems  3-9  dm.  high;    leaflets   2.5-5  cm.  long;    flowers  purplish  red,  not 
reflexed;   stipules  acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  T.  pratense  (RED  CLOVER) 

KK.     Stems  1.5-2  dm.  high;   leaflets  1.2-2.5  cm.  long;   flowers  pinkish  or  light 
red,  at  length  reflexed;   stipules  acute.     U.  T.  oreganum 

JJ.     Annual;   calyx  lobes  plumose,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  corolla. 
L.     Leaflets  4-12  mm.  long;    heads  ovate;  flowers  dark  purple.     W. 

T.  albopurpureum 
LL.     Leaflets  12-25  mm.  long;    heads  oblong;    flowers  pinkish.     W.  E. 

T.  arvense  (RABBIT-FOOT  CLOVER) 
n.     Corolla  yellow  or  white. 

M.     Heads  ovoid  or  oblong;   flowers  at  length  reflexed.     E.  T.  plumosum 

MM.     Heads  obovate.     W.  C.  E.  T.  longipes 

MMM.     Heads  globose. 
N.     Calyx  teeth  plumose. 


LEGUMINACEAE   (BEAN   FAMILY)  139 

O.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  about  equal,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube.     W. 

T.  eriocephalum 

OO.     Lobes  of  the  calyx  unequal,  one  twice  as  long  as  the  other  and  as  the 
calyx  tube.     E.  T.  arcuatum 

NN.     Calyx  teeth  hairy  but  not  plumose. 

P.     Flowers  with  pedicels.     C.  E.  T.  latifolium 

PP.     Flowers  nearly  sessile.     E.  T.  covillei 

DD.     Heads  on  axillary  peduncles;    plants  not  stemless. 
Q.     Flowers  yellow. 
R.     Heads  3-i5-flowered;   standard  faintly  striate.     W.  C. 

T.  dubium  (SMALL  HOP-CLOVER) 
RR.     Heads  2o-40-flowered;   standard  distinctly  striate.     W. 

T.  procumbens  (LARGE  HOP-CLOVER) 
QQ.     Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

S.     Calyx  and  its  lobes  §  shorter  than  the  corolla;    perennials. 
T.      Leaflets  0.6-2.5  cm.  long;    heads  ovate  or  oblong,  many-flowered.     U. 

T.  howellii 

TT.     Leaflets  0.6-1.2  cm.  long;    heads  s-io-flowered. 

U.     Stipules  oval.     E.  T.  gymnocarpon 

UU.     Stipules  lanceolate.      U.  T.  depauperatum 

TTT.     Leaflets  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;    heads  globose,  many-flowered. 

V.     Leaflets  obtuse,  rarely  emarginate;    erect  or  ascending,  not  stoloniferous; 
:     .          stem  not  rooting  at  the  joints;    flowers  pinkish;    calyx  teeth  about  equal. 
W.  E.  T.  hybridum  (ALSIKE  CLOVER) 

W.  Leaflets  obcordate  to  retuse;  prostrate  with  the  tip  ascending,  stolonifer- 
ous; stem  rooting  at  the  joints;  flowers  white;  calyx  teeth  very  unequal. 
W.  C.  E.  T.  repens  (WHITE  CLOVER) 

VW.  Leaflets  mostly  retuse;  prostrate;  flowers  white  or  pinkish;  calyx  teeth 
about  equal.  U.  T.  breweri 

SS.     Calyx  lobes  from  almost  equaling  to  exceeding  the  corolla;    annuals. 
W.     Calyx  teeth  scarious-margined,  ciliate.     W.  E.  T.  ciliolatum 

WW.     Calyx  teeth  not  scarious-margined,  not  ciliate. 

X.     Leaflets  notched  at  apex.     W.  E.  T.  hallii 

XX.     Leaflets  not  notched  at  apex.     W.  T.  gracilentum 

CC.     Heads  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Y.     Corolla  yellow;   standard  conspicuously  enlarged.     W.  T.  flavulum 

YY.     Corolla  ochroleucous;   standard  conspicuously  enlarged.     W.          T.  furcatum 
YYY.     Corolla  not  yellow  nor  ochroleucous;    standard  not  conspicuously  enlarged 

(except  in  T.  depauperatum). 
Z.     Involucre  membranous  at  least  at  base,  not  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or 

toothed;   flowers  white  or  light  pink. 
a.     Plant  glabrous. 

b.  Involucre    none    or    entire,    with    no  segments;     leaflets   6-12    mm.   long; 
standard  much  enlarged;  calyx  teeth  not  branched.     U.          T.  depauperatum 

bb.     Involucre  with   7-10  shallow  lobes,   the  lobes  spinulose-dentate;    leaflets 
12-25   mm.  long;    standard  not  much  enlarged;    calyx  teeth  branched.     E. 

T.  cyathiferum 
aa.     Plant  villous;   calyx  teeth  scarious-margined. 

c.  Involucre  merely  basal,  its  lobes  laciniately  toothed;   calyx  glabrous.     W.  C. 

T.  microdon 

cc.     Involucre  nearly  inclosing  the  head,  its  lobes  entire;    calyx  hairy.      W.  E. 

T.  microcephalum 
ZZ.     Involucre  not  membranous,  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  laciniately  and  sharply 

toothed;  flowers  dark  lilac-purple. 
d.     Plant  perennial  with  creeping  rhizomes.     W.  E.  T.  fimbriatum 


140  LEGUMINACEAE    (BEAN   FAMILY) 

dd.     Plant  annual. 

e.     Leaflets   obovate   or   obcordate,   0.6-1.2   cm.   long;      heads    1-1.4   cm.   wide. 
W.  C.  E.  T.  variegatum 

ee.     Leaflets  linear  or  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

f.     Leaflets  1.6-2  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate;    heads    s-7-flowered,   1-1.5 

cm.  wide;  calyx  lobes  never  3-toothed.     W.  T.  oliganthum 

ff.     Leaflets  2.5-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute;    heads  more  than  7-flowered,  2-3 

cm.  wide;    calyx  lobes  sometimes  3-toothed.     W.  T.  tridentatum 

LOTUS    (BIRD-FOOT  TREFOIL) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  3-i5-foliolate,  ternate  or  pinnate;  leaflets 
entire.  Flowers  i  to  several  in  a  leaf  axil.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  -cleft ; 
teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  free  from  the  stamens,  nearly  equal.  Stamens 
diadelphous,  in  groups  of  9  and  i.  Pods  linear,  flattish  or  terete,  with  spongy 
partition  between  the  seeds.  Seeds  i  to  several.  —  (A  Greek  name  for  some 
plants  of  this  family.) 

A.     Annual;  flowers  solitary  (sometimes  2  on  a  peduncle  in  L.  parviflora). 
B.     Flowers  and  pods  nearly  sessile. 

C.  Stem  glabrous,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect,  sparingly  branched;    corolla  pale  yellow  to 
dark  red.     W.  E.  L.  denticulatus 

CC.      Stem  pilose  or  villous,  1-1.5  dm.  high,  diffusely  branched  from  the  base;  corolla 
bright  yellow.     U.  L.  wrangelianus 

BB.      Flowers  and  pods  with  peduncles  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or  longer. 

D.  Leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  usually  villous;    flowers  5-6  mm.  long;    bract  at 
top  of  peduncle  i-3-foliolate.     W.  E.  L.  americanus   (SPANISH  CLOVER) 

DD.     Leaflets  oblong  to  ovate,  usually  glabrous;    flowers  3-4  mm.  long;    bract  at 
top  of  peduncle   i-3-foliolate.     E.  L.  parviflorus 

AA.     Perennial;   flowers  in  umbels. 

E.     Leaflets  3-9;   flowers  various,  but  with  some  yellow  in  them. 
F.     Leaves  pubescent;   flowers  4-13  mm.  long. 

G.     Stem  procumbent  or  ascending,   villous  or  tomentose;   leaflets   mostly  acute, 

6-12  mm.  long;    pod  i-2-seeded,  its  beak  not  hooked.     W.  E.          L.  decumbens 

GG.     Stems  erect  or  ascending,  finely  pubescent;    leaflets  mostly  obtuse,   13-25 

mm.  long;    pod  5  or  more  seeded,  its  beak  hooked.     U.  L.  torreyi 

FF.     Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;   flowers  14-20  mm.  long. 

H.     Flowers  pure  yellow.     E.  L.  macbridei 

HH.      Flowers  with  yellow  standard  but  white  or  purple  wings. 

I.     Peduncles  usually  without  a  bract;    corolla  with  yellow  standard  and  white 

wings.     W.  E.  L.  bicolor 

n.     Peduncles  with  a  bract  at  the  umbel ;  corolla  with  yellow  standard  and  purple 

wings.     W.  L.  gracilis 

EE.     Leaflets  9-15;  flowers  purple.     W.  E.  L.  crassifolius 

PSORALEA     (PSORALEA) 

Perennial.     Leaves  3~7-foliolate,  punctate  with  dark  glands  or  pellucid 
dots ;  stipules  wide.     Flowers  blue  or  pink  or  white.     Stamens  monadel- 
phous  or  diadelphous.     Pod  ovoid,   short,   indehiscent.     Seed   i. —  (Gk. 
psoraleos  =  scurfy ;  referring  to  the  glands  or  dots  on  the  leaves.) 

A.     Leaflets  broadly  ovate;   seed  grayish.     W.  E.  P.  physodes 

AA.     Leaflets  lanceolate;   seed  light  brown.     E.  P.  lanceolata 


LEGUMINACEAE    (BEAN   FAMILY)  141 


ASTRAGALUS    (RATTLEWEED) 

Erect  to  prostrate.  Leaves  odd-pinnate ;  leaflets  entire ;  tendrils  none ; 
stipules  persistent.  Flowers  small,  narrow.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  with 
slender  claws ;  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous.  —  (The  Greek  name 
of  some  plant  of  the  family.)  Too  difficult  for  the  beginner. 

ARAGALLUS    (Loco  WEED) 

Perennial  or  annual.  Leaves  odd-pinnate;  leaflets  entire.  Flowers 
various  in  color,  in  spikes  or  heads ;  flower  clusters  axillary  or  basal.  Calyx 
5-toothed.  Pod  partly  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  ventral  (placental) 
suture.  —  (Meaning  undetermined.)  Poisonous  to  cattle.  Too  difficult 
for  beginners. 

HEDYSARUM 

Leaflets  entire;  stipules  scarious.  Flowers  white  or  yellow  or  purplish, 
racemes  axillary,  bracted;  bracts  scarious  or  setaceous.  Calyx  5-toothed 
or  -parted.  Stamens  hypogynous,  diadelphous.  Pod  flat ;  joints  roundish. 
—  (Gk.  hedys  =  sweet,  aroma  =  smeU ;  apparently  from  the  fragrant 
flowers  of  some.) 

A.     Flowers  cream-colored.     E.  H.  sulphurescens 

AA.     Flowers  light  purple. 

B.     Stems  and  leaves  canescent.     E.  H.  cinerascens 

BB.     Stems  and  leaves  green,  glabrate  or  nearly  so.  W.  E.                           H.  boreale 

VICIA    (VETCH) 

Climbing  or  trailing  or  quite  weak.  Leaves  tendril-bearing.  Flowers 
axillary,  solitary  or  in  racemes.  Calyx  tube  oblique.  Corolla  blue  or 
violet  or  white  or  yellow.  Stamens  diadelphous  in  groups  of  9  and  i,  or 
monadelphous  below.  Pod  flat.  —  (Gk.  bikion  and  L.  vicia  =  the  names 
of  these  plants.)  Relished  by  stock. 

A.     Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes  on  axillary  peduncles. 

B.     Leaflets    20-30,   2.5-5    cm.    long;     flowers    ochroleucous    or    tawny;     perennial. 
W.  C.  E.  V.  gigantia  (GIANT  VETCH) 

BB.     Leaflets  either  fewer  or  less  than  2.5  cm.  long;    flowers  from  white  to  purple. 
C.     Flowers  bluish  white,  4   mm.   or  less  long;     peduncles    2-6-flowered;     annual; 
leaflets  12-14;   pod  hairy.     W.  V.  hirsuta  (HAIRY  VETCH) 

CC.     Flowers  deep  blue,  5-18  mm.  long;   perennial. 
D.     Leaflets  18-24;   peduncles  densely  is-4O-flowered;    pod  glabrous.     W. 

V.  cracca  (TUFTED  VETCH) 

DD.     Leaflets  8-16;    peduncles  loosely  5-i6-flowered. 
E.     Plant  glabrous  or  not  villous  if  hairy,  3-12  dm.  high;    pod  glabrous;    leaflets 

12-25  mm.  long. 
F.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  broadly  oval.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  americana  (COMMON  VETCH) 
FF.     Leaves  narrowly  linear  to  oblong.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  linearis  (NARROW-LEAVED  VETCH) 


142  LEGUMINACEAE    (BEAN  FAMILY) 

EE.     Plant  villous-pubescent;    1.5-3  dm.  high;   pod  pubescent;   leaflets  4-14  mm. 
long.     W.  C.  V.  californica 

AA.     Flowers  solitary  or  in  2's  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  nearly  sessile;    annuals. 
G.     Flowers  white  or  purplish,  6  mm.  long;    pod  1.6-2.5  cm.  long.    U.  C.      V.  exigua 
GG.      Flowers  purple,  12-25  rnm.  long;    pod  2.5-7.5  cm.  long. 

H.     Leaflets  oblong  to  ovate;     pod  brown;    flowers    18-25    mm.   long.     W.  C.  — 
Sown  for  hay.  V.  sativa  (SPRING  VETCH) 

HH.     Leaflets  linear  to  linear-oblong;   pod  black;   flowers  12-16  mm.  long.     W. 

V.  angustifolia  (COMMON  VETCH) 

LATHYRUS   (PEA) 

Erect  to  vining.  Leaves  mostly  with  tendrils.  Flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary or  in  racemes.  Calyx  oblique  or  gibbous  at  base.  Corolla  tawny  or 
white  to  purplish.  Stamens  diadelphous  in  groups  of  9  and  i,  or  mona- 
delphous  below.  Ovules  usually  many.  Pod  flat  or  terete.  —  (Gk.  lathyros 
=  the  name  of  some  plant  of  this  family.)  Relished  by  stock. 

A.     Plant  densely  silky- villous;   rachis  of  leaves  without  tendrils.     W. 

L.  littoralis  (SHAGGY  PEA) 
AA.     Plant  not  villous,  either  glabrous  or  pubescent;    rachis  of  leaves  mostly  with 

tendrils  or  their  rudiments. 
B.     Flowers  purple  or  whitish. 
C.     Stipules  narrow,  half-sagittate,  their  lobes  usually  lanceolate  and  acuminate; 

plants  glabrous  or  pubescent. 
D.     Leaflets  6-14  mm.  long,  pubescent. 

E.  Peduncles  i-2-flowered;   stem  very  slender.     W. 

L.  torreyi  (I-FLOWERED  PEA) 

EE.     Peduncles  4-6-flowered;   stem  rigid.     W.  L.  vestitus 

DD.     Leaflets  15-25  mm.  or  more  long,  glabrous  or  hairy. 

F.  Leaflets  2-4,  2.5-8.7  cm.  long;    peduncles  2-flowered;    flowers  purplish.      E. 

L.  bijugatus 
FF.     Leaflets  4-6  or  more,  often  shorter;  either  peduncles  with  3  or  more  flowers, 

or  else  flowers  white. 
G.     Flowers  white. 

H.     Leaflets  1.4-2  cm.  long.     E.  L.  rigidus 

HH.     Leaflets  2.5-7.5  cm.  long. 

I.     Leaflets  linear  to  linear-lanceolate.     E.  L.  cusickii 

n.     Leaflets  ovate  to  ovate-oblong.     E.  L.  obovatus 

GG.     Flowers  purple. 

J.     Stem  wingless,  although  sometimes  angular. 
K.     Flowers  25  mm.  or  more  long,  3-5  on  a  peduncle.     E. 

L.  decaphyllus  (PRAIRIE  PEA) 

KK.     Flowers  10-20  mm.  long,  often  more  than  5  on  a  peduncle. 
L.     Plant  glabrous  throughout  or  merely  minutely  papillose. 
M.     Peduncles  about  equaling  the  leaves;    leaves  not  thick  nor  coriaceous. 
U.  L  bolanderi 

MM.     Peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;    leaves  thick-coriaceous. 
W.  E.  L.  coriaceus 

LL.     Plant  pubescent. 
N.     Leaflets  lanceolate,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  obtuse.     E. 

L.  oregonensis 

NN.     Leaflets  oblong  to  ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous  above,  acute. 
W.  C.  E.  L.  nuttallil 


GERANIACEAE   (GERANIUM   FAMILY)  143 

JJ.     Stem  winged.     W.  E.  L.  palustris  (MARSH  PEA) 

CC.     Stipules  wide,  ovate  or  somewhat  half-hastate;    their  lobes  wider  than  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate;    plant  glabrous  throughout. 

O.     Leaflets    10-20,   peduncles  shorter  than   the  leaves;     leaflets   not   cuspidate; 
stipules  acuminate.     W.  C.  L.  polypbyllus  (MANY-LEAVED  PEA) 

OO.     Leaflets  6-12. 

P.     Leaflets  elliptic  to  linear,  cuspidate;   stipules  acuminate;   peduncles  exceeding 
the  leaves.     E.  L-  pauciflorus 

PP.     Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  not  cuspidate;    stipules  acute;    peduncles  not  exceed- 
ing the  leaves.     W.  L-  maritimus  (BEACH  PEA) 
BB.     Flowers  ochroleucous.     W.  E.                    L.  ochroleucus  (CREAM-COLORED  PEA) 

GERANIACEAE    (GERANIUM  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  toothed  to  compound.  Flowers  perfect,  regular 
or  irregular,  on  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
5  or  10 ;  filaments  either  dilated  or  monadelphous  at  base.  Ovary 
superior;  carpels  5,  united  around  a  central  axis;  ovules  2  in  each 
cell.  Capsule  5-lobed;  carpels  separating  at  maturity  from  the 
long-beaked  central  axis  from  below  up;  styles  forming  long  carpel 
tails  which  become  revolute  or  spirally  twisted. 

A.     Leaves  palmately-compound  or  -lobed  or  -veined.  GERANIUM  (p.  143) 

AA.     Leaves  pinnately-compound  or  -lobed  or  -veined.  ERODIUM  (p.  143) 

GERANIUM    (GERANIUM) 

Leaves  simple,  alternate,  usually  lobed  to  deeply  dissected;  stipules 
conspicuous.  Peduncles  i-3-flowered;  pedicels  with  4-bracted  involucre 
at  base.  Sepals  persistent.  Stamens  5,  or  5  longer  and  5  shorter.  Style 
i,  split  and  curled  at  maturity;  stigmas  5.  Seed  i  in  each  cell.  —  (Gk. 
geranos  =  a  crane ;  referring  to  the  cranelike  beak  of  the  pod.) 

A.     Annual;   petals  i  cm.  or  less  long. 

B.  Plants  single  or  scarcely  tufted.     W.  E.      G.  vlscosissimum  (STICKY  GERANIUM) 
BB.     Plants  caespitose-tufted.     E.  G.  fremontii 

AA.     Perennial;    petals  1.5-2  cm.  long. 

C.  Sepals  awn-pointed;   seeds  reticulate  or  pitted. 

D.  Flowers  pale  purple;   seeds  minutely  reticulate.     W.  C.  E.          G.  carolinianum 
DD.     Flowers  deep  purple;   seeds  deeply  pitted.     W. 

G.  dissectum  (SPLIT-LEAF  GERANIUM) 
CC.     Sepals  awnless;   seeds  smooth  or  striate. 

E.  Anther-bearing  stamens  10;   ovary  glabrous,  transversely  rugose.     W. 

G.  molle  (DOVE'S-FOOT  GERANIUM) 
EE.     Anther-bearing  stamens  5;   ovary  pubescent,  not  rugose.     W.  E. 

G.  pusillum  (SMALL  GERANIUM) 

ERODIUM    (HERON'S-BILL) 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  simple  or  compound;  stipules  present. 
Flowers  in  axillary  umbels,  nearly  regular.  Upper  2  petals  slightly  smaller. 


144  OXALIDACEAE    (WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY) 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5,  alternate  with  5  sterile  filaments.  Stigmas  5. 
Styles  coiled  spirally  at  maturity.  Seed  i  in  each  lobe.  —  (Gk.  erodios  =  a 
heron ;  referring  to  the  long  beak  of  the  pod.)  The  fruits  bore  into  the  wool 
and  skin  of  sheep. 

A.  Leaves  round-reniform  to  triangular-ovate,  crenately  dentate.  U.  E.  macrophyllum 
AA.  Leaves  pinnately  compound  or  pinnatifid. 

B.     Leaflets  unequally  and  doubly  serrate;    sepals  not  bristle-tipped;    plant  with  a 

musk  odor;    anther-bearing  filaments  2-toothed.      U.  E.  moschatum 

BB.     Leaves  laciniately  pinnatifid  into  narrow  acute  lobes;    sepals  bristle-tipped; 

plant  without  musk  odor;   filaments  not  toothed.     W.  E.  E.  cicutarium 

OXALIDACEAE    (WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  with  rhizomes;  sap  sour.  Leaves 
with  3  obcordate  leaflets.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clus- 
tered. Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  variously  colored.  Stamens  10. 
Ovary  superior,  5-celled,  5-lobed;  styles  distinct;  ovules  2  to  many 
in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  globose  or  columnar. 
—  Only  the  following  genus. 

OXALIS  (WOOD  SORREL) 

Stamens  monadelphous  at  base,  5  longer  and  5  shorter,  all  anther-bear- 
ing. —  (Gk.  oxus  =  sour ;  from  the  taste  of  the  herbage.) 

A.     Flowers  yellow ;  stem  erect,  1-3  dm.  high.     W. 

O.  pumila  (YELLOW  WOOD  SORREL) 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  pinkish;  stem  none;  leaves  and  scapes  from  horizontal  rhizomes. 

B.     Scapes  i-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;   petals  16-25  mm.  long;   capsule  ovoid, 

i  cm.  long.     W.  C.  O.  oregana 

BB.     Scapes  about  6-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves;    petals  6-12  mm.  long;    capsule 

linear,  2-3  cm.  long.     W.  C.  O.  trilliifolia 

LINACEAE    (FLAX  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite;  stipules  small  or  none. 
Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  5;  persistent.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens 5,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  monadelphous  at  base; 
anthers  versatile.  Styles  2-5.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  1-2  in  each 
cell,  oily.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

LINUM    (FLAX) 

Leaves  sessile.  Flowers  clustered.  Ovary  4~5-celled,  or  8-io-celled 
by  false  partitions.  —  (Gk.  linon  =  a  thread;  L.  linum  =  the  flax  plant; 
because  cloth  is  made  from  the  bast  fibers.) 

A.     Flowers  white  or  pinkish  or  blue;   leaves  alternate,  all  entire. 
B.     Petals  blue,  rarely  white,  10-20  mm.  long;    leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oval. 


POLYGALACEAE   (MILKWORT   FAMILY)  145 

C.     Perennial;    petals  14-20  mm.  long;    stigma  short,  but  little  longer  than  wide; 

capsule  much  exceeding  the  calyx.     E.  L.  lewisii 

CC.     Annual;    petals  about  10  mm.  long;     stigma  long,  much  longer  than  wide; 

capsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.     W.  E.  —  The  seeds  furnish  linseed  oil;    the 

stem  is  the  source  of  linen.  L.  usitatissimum  (CULTIVATED  FLAX) 

BB.     Petals  white  or  rarely  pinkish,  never  blue,  2-5  mm.  long;    leaves  oblong-spatu- 

late;    annual.     W.  L.  micranthum   (WHITE  FLAX) 

AA.     Flowers  yellow;  petals  about  2  mm.  long;  plant  annual;  leaves  mostly  opposite, 

upper  ones  serrate,  elliptic-spatulate.     E.  L.  digynum  (YELLOW  FLAX) 

POLYGALACEAE   (MILKWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire.  Stipules  none. 
Flowers  in  racemes,  perfect,  irregular.  Sepals  5,  very  unequal, 
the  lateral  ones(wmgs)  larger,  colored.  Petals  3,  hypogynous,  more 
or  less  united  into  a  split  tube.  Stamens  6  or  8,  monadelphous  or 
diadelphous;  the  tube  split  and  adhering  to  the  petals.  Capsule 
2-celled,  loculicidal;  cells  i-seeded.  Seed  hairy.  —  (Gk.  polys  = 
much;  gala  =  milk;  the  name  of  some  Greek  plant  used  to  in- 
crease the  flow  of  milk.)  U.  Polygala  calif ornica  (MILKWORT) 

EUPHORBIACEAE  (SPURGE  FAMILY) 

Herbs;  juice  often  milky.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious, 
variously  arranged,  mostly  naked,  or  with  normal  calyx  present,  or 
a  mere  scale;  in  Euphorbia  subtended  by  an  involucre  resembling 
a  calyx.  Stamens  i  to  many.  Styles  1-3,  simple  to  many-cleft. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  2-3-celled,  dehiscent;  cells  i-2-seeded. 

A.  Flowers  involucrate :  stamens  usually  i ;  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 
with  only  a  rudimentary  calyx,  or  none  at  all;  capsule  3-celled;  cells  each  with  i 
or  more  seeds.  EUPHORBIA  (p.  145) 

AA.  Flowers  not  involucrate;  stamens  6-7;  staminate  flowers  with  a  s-6-parted 
calyx;  pistillate  flowers  naked ;  capsule  i -celled,  i -seeded.  E.  —  (L.  piscaria  = 
belonging  to  fish;  the  Indian  stupefied  fish  by  throwing  the  herbage  into  the  water.) 

Piscaria  setigera  (TURKEY  MULLEIN) 

EUPHORBIA    (SPURGE) 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  or  whorled.  Flowers  small,  naked;  in- 
volucre top-shaped  or  campanulate.  Staminate  flowers  many,  of  i  naked 
stamen  jointed  upon  a  short  pedicel  which  usually  has  a  minute  bract  at  the 
base.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  pedicelled,  soon  exserted.  Styles  3, 
usually  2-cleft.  —  (Honor  of  Euphorbus,  the  physician  to  King  Juba.) 

A.  Stems  prostrate-spreading  or  nearly  so;  involucre  glands  bearing  petal-like 
appendages. 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  IO 


146        CALLITRICHACEAE    (WATER  STARWORT   FAMILY) 

B.     Plant  pubescent;   seed  black.     E.  —  Considered  poisonous. 

E.  maculata  (MILK  SPURGE) 
BB.      Plant  glabrous;    seed  gray. 
C.     Seed  with  5-6  sharp  transverse  ridges;    leaves  linear-oblong  to  ovate.     E. 

E.  glyptosperma  (RIDGE-SEED  SPURGE) 

CC.     Seed  pitted  and  somewhat  transversely  wrinkled;    leaves  oblong  to  spatulate. 
W.  E.  E.  serpyllifolia  (THYME-LEAVED  SPURGE) 

AA.     Stems  erect  or  nearly  so;    involucre  glands  without  petal-like  appendages. 
D.     At  least  the  upper  leaves  serrulate. 

E.  Seed  pitted;    glands  with  hornlike  projections.     U.  E.  crenulata 
EE.     Seed  reticulate;   glands  blunt.     E.             E.  dictyosperma   (NET-SEED  SPURGE) 

DD.     Leaves  entire. 

F.  Leaves  round-obovate;   umbel  3-rayed.     W.  E.  peplus  (PRETTY  SPURGE) 
FF.     Leaves  linear  to  oblong;    umbel  4-  to  many-rayed. 

G.     Seed  usually  wrinkled;   leaves  linear  to  oblong.     W. 

E.  lathyrus  (CAPER  SPURGE) 
GG.     Seed  smooth;   leaves  filiform.     E.  E.  cyparissias   (CYPRESS  SPURGE) 

CALLITRICHACEAE   (WATER  STARWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  acquatic,  or  rarely  terrestrial  in  mud;  stem  slender  or 
capillary.  Leaves  opposite,  spatulate  or  linear;  stipules  none. 
Flowers  minute,  axillary,  rarely  found.  Perianth  none.  Bracts 
none,  or  2  and  saclike.  Stamen  i.  Pistil  i.  Ovary  4-celled; 
styles  2.  Fruit  4-lobed,  4-seeded.  —  (Gk.  kalos  =  beautiful,  trichos 
=  hair;  from  the  slender  stem.)  Only  the  following  genus. 

(F.  &  R.  p.  246.)  Callitriche  (WATER  STARWORT) 

EMPETRACEAE    (CROWBERRY  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  low;  branches  densely  leafy.  Leaves  small,  narrow, 
entire,  evergreen,  nearly  sessile,  channeled  on  the  lower  side  by 
the  revolute  margins;  stipules  none.  Flowers  small,  dioecious  or 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  axillary.  Sepals  3.  Petals  2-3,  or 
none.  Stamens  2-4.  Ovary  6~9-celled;  style  6-9-lobed.  Fruit 
berrylike,  black  or  red,  containing  6-9-nutlets.  W.  C  .  —  (Gk. 
en  =  upon,  petros  =  a  rock;  often  growing  in  rocky  places.) 

Empetrum  nigrum  (CROWBERRY) 

LIMNANTHACEAE   (FALSE-MERMAID  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual,  glabrous.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately-dissected 
or  -compound;  stipules  none.  Flowers  solitary,  regular,  perfect. 
Calyx  tube  saucer-shaped.  Sepals  2-5,  persistent.  Petals  2-5. 
Stamens  4-10,  somewhat  perigynous.  Styles  united  to  near  the 
top,  basal,  central  between  the  ovaries;  stigmas  2-5.  Carpels  2-5, 
almost  distinct,  indehiscent,  i -seeded.  —  In  wet  places. 


ANACARDIACEAE   (SUMAC   FAMILY)  147 

A.     Sepals  4-5;    petals  4-5;    stamens  10;    stigmas  4-5.  — (Gk.  limme  =  a  lake; 

anthos  =  a  flower;  from  the  common  lake-shore  habitat.)    (F.  &  R.  p.  247.) 

Limnanthes 
AA.     Sepals  2-3;   petals  2-3;   stamens  6;   stigmas  1-3. —  (Honor  of  G.  H.  Floerke, 

a  German  botanist.)  Floerkea  proserpinacoides  (FALSE  MERMAID) 

ANACARDIACEAE    (SUMAC  FAMILY) 

Shrubs;  juice  resinous  or  milky.  Leaves  alternate,  3-foliolate 
or  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  mainly  regular,  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dioecious.  Calyx  3-y-cleft  or  -parted.  Petals  as  many  as  the 
sepals,  or  rarely  none.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  in  the  stamina te 
flowers  i -celled;  ovary  in  the  pistillate  flowers  i -celled;  styles  3; 
cells  i-ovuled.  Fruit  a  small  drupe.  Only  the  following  genus. 

RHUS    (SUMAC) 

Stipules  none.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters.  —  (Celtic  rhudd 
=  red ;  hence  Gk.  rhus  =  these  plants,  on  account  of  the  red  fruit.) 

A.     Leaflets  11-31;   fruit  red,  pubescent.     E.  R.  glabra  (SMOOTH  SUMAC) 

AA.     Leaflets  3;   fruit  white  or  red,  glabrous. 
B.     Plant  with  unpleasant  odor;    flowers  in  spikes  or  heads;    fruit  red.     W.  C.  E. 

R.  trilobata  (SKUNK  BUSH) 
BB.     Plant  without  unpleasant  odor;    flowers  in  panicles;    fruit  white,  smooth  or 

striate. 

C.     Leaflets  mostly  subentire,  the  lateral  ones  petioled.     E.  —  Poisonous  to  touch. 

R.  toxicodendron   (POISON  IVY) 

CC.     Leaflets  mostly  crenate,  the  lateral  ones  sessile.     W.  —  Poisonous  to  touch. 

R.  diversiloba  (POISON  OAK) 

CELASTRACEAE   (STAFF-TREE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs.  Leaves  simple;  stipules  none  or  small.  Flowers 
regular,  small.  Calyx  4~5-lobed  or  -parted,  persistent.  Petals 
4-5.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  free  or  united 
with  the  disk,  i-5-celled;  styles  short,  thick;  stigma  entire  or  2-5- 
lobed;  cells  2-4-ovuled.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  follicle. 

A.    Leaves  opposite,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrulate;  branches  not  spiny;  stamens 
4  or  5. 

B.     Shrub  i  m.  or  less  high;  leaves  evergreen,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long;    flower  parts  in  4's; 
ovary  2-celled.    W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  pachis  =  thick;  +  stigma.) 

Pachistima  myrsinites 

BB.     Shrub  2-5  m.  high;    leaves  deciduous,  5-10  cm.  long;    flower  parts  in  s's; 

ovary  3~5-celled.     W.  C.  —  (Gk.  eu  =  good,  onoma  =  name;    applied  in  irony, 

since  it  was  thought  to  poison  cattle.)  Euonymus  occidentals  (WESTERN  WAHOO) 

AA.     Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  oblaneolate,  entire;  branches  spiny;   stamens  10; 

flower  parts  in  s's.     E.  —  (Meaning  undetermined.)  Forsellesia  spinescens 


148  ACERACEAE    (MAPLE   FAMILY) 


ACERACEAE  (MAPLE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees;  sap  often  sweet.  Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  com- 
pound, palmately  lobed  or  rarely  pinnate.  Flowers  polygamous 
or  dioecious,  regular,  cymose  or  racemose,  axillary  or  terminal. 
Calyx  usually  5-parted.  Petals  none  or  5.  Disk  present  or  none. 
Stamens  3-12.  Styles  2.  Carpels  2,  united  at  base,  winged, 
indehiscent.  Seeds  i  in  each  carpel.  —  Many  eastern  species 
cultivated  for  shade.*  Only  the  following  genus. 

ACER    (MAPLE) 

(Celtic  ac  =  hard  or  sharp ;  hence  L.  acer  =  these  plants ;  since  their 
hard  wood  was  prized  for  making  weapons.)  Maple  sugar  is  derived  from 
A.  saccharinum  of  the  east. 

A.     Leaves  simple  or  3-foliolate;    disk  present. 

B.     Leaves  7-Q-lobed,  7-5~i3  cm.  wide;   flowers  in  corymbs;    fruit  glabrous;    mature 
carpels  spreading  at  about  180°,  2-3.2  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

A.  circinatum   (VINE  MAPLE) 

BB.     Leaves  s-7-lobed,  15-37  cm.  wide;    flowers  in  racemes;    fruit  hispid;   mature 

carpels  spreading  at  about  90°  or  less,  3.7-5  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  —  Our  finest 

native  shade  tree.  A.  macrophyllum  (LARGE-LEAVED  MAPLE) 

BBB.     Leaves  3~5-lobed  or  3-foliolate,  2.5-7.5  cm.  wide;    flowers  in  corymbs;    fruit 

glabrous;   mature  carpels  spreading  at  about  90°  or  less,  2-3  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

A.  glabrum    (ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  MAPLE) 
AA.     Leaves  3-9-foliolate;    disk  none.     W.  E.  —  Often  planted  for  shade. 

A.  negundo  (BOX  ELDER) 

BALSAMINACEAE  (TOUCH-ME-NOT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual,  glabrous,  succulent.  Leaves  alternate,  thin,  simple, 
dentate,  petioled.  Flowers  somewhat  clustered,  axillary,  showy, 
very  irregular.  Sepals  apparently  4,  the  i  notched  at  apex  is  prob- 
ably 2  combined;  rear  one  large,  petal-like,  saccate,  often  spurred. 
Petals  2-5.  Stamens  5,  short;  filament  with  scales  on  inner  side, 
somewhat  united;  anthers  somewhat  united.  Ovary  oblong, 
when  young  5-celled;  cells  several-ovuled.  Fruit  in  ours  a  capsule, 
oblong  or  linear,  dehiscent  into  5  valves.  —  Only  the  following 

genus. 

IMPATLENS    (TOUCH-ME-NOT) 

Petals  4,  apparently  only  2  by  the  union  of  the  lateral  with  the  lower.  — 
(Impatient  in  that  the  ripe  capsule  flies  into  pieces  when  touched.) 

*  See  Gray's  New  Manual,  American  Book  Co. 


RHAMNACEAE    (BUCKTHORN   FAMILY)  149 

A.     Posterior  sepal  spurred  ;  corolla  often  spotted. 

B.     Spurred  sepals  slightly  longer  than  wide ;  sac  at  least  f  as  wide  as  long,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  spur;    corolla  with  large  spots,  or  rarely  unspotted.     E. 

I.  biflora  (SPOTTED  TOUCH-ME-NOT) 

BB.     Spurred  sepal  much  longer  than  wide;   sac  not  over  ^  as  wide  as  long,  gradually 
tapering  into  a  spur;    corolla  unspotted.     W.  C. 

I.  nolitangere   (GARDEN  TOUCH-ME-NOT) 

AA.     Posterior  sepal  unspurred,  wider  than  long;    corolla  pale  yellow,  unspotted.     E. 

I.  ecalcarata  (SPURLESS  TOUCH-ME-NOT) 

RHAMNACEAE   (BUCKTHORN  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite;  stipules 
minute.  Flowers  small,  perfect  or  imperfect.  Calyx  4~5-cleft. 
Petals  none  or  distinct,  each  wrapped  around  a  stamen,  on  the 
calyx  throat.  Stamens  as  many  as  calyx  lobes,  alternate  with 
them.  Ovary  superior  or  partly  inferior;  styles  more  or  less  united 
into  i,'  stigmas  2—4.  Fruit  either  fleshy,  or  dry  and  the  2-4  carpels 
at  length  separating. 

A.     Calyx  lobes  erect  or  spreading;  fruit  berrylike.  RHAMNUS  (p.  149) 

AA.     Calyx  lobes  connivent;  fruit  dry  or  nearly  so.  CEANOTHUS  (p.  149) 

RHAMNUS  (BUCKTHORN) 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  veined,  deciduous.  Flowers  in*  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  tube  urn-shaped.  Petals  4-5  or  none.  Fruit  berrylike, 
oblong  or  globose,  2— 4-seeded.  —  (Gk.  rhamnos  =  the  name  of  these  plants.) 

A.     Leaves  acute  at  each  end;    petals  none;    seed  grooved  on  the  back;    plants  1.2  m. 

or  less  high.     E.  R.  alnifolia 

AA.     Leaves  acute  at  one  end  or  at  neither;  petals  5,  small;  seed  not  grooved  on  the  back. 

B.     Plant  5  m.  or  less  high;    leaves  somewhat  revolute  at  margin;    carpels  3.     E. 

R.  calif  or  nica 

BB.     Plants  15  m.  or  less  high;    leaves  not  revolute  at  margin;    carpels  2.     W.  C.  E. 
—  Bark  much  used  in  medicine.  R.  purshiana   (CASCARA) 

CEANOTHUS    (REDROOT) 

Leaves  pinnately  veined  or  with  several  chief  veins  from  the  base.  Flowers 
in  lateral  and  terminal  clusters.  Calyx  5 -cleft;  lobes  deciduous;  tube 
persistent,  turbinate  or  hemispheric.  Petals  5,  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Styles  3.  Fruit  subglobose,  3-lobed,  the  3-crustaceous  carpels  ultimately 
separating.  —  (Gk.  keanothos  =  the  name  of  a  kind  of  thistle ;  probably 
transferred  on  account  of  the  spiny  branches  of  some.) 

A.     All  of  the  leaves  alternate,  with  3  chief  veins  from  the  base,  glandular-toothed  or 

entire;   fruit  not  crested. 
B.     Flowers  in  thyrses;    leaves  often  longer  than  30  mm.;    branches  not  strikingly 

rigid,  not  spiny. 

C.     Leaves  evergreen,   shining  above  as  if  varnished,   sticky   above,   with  strong 
cinnamon  odor;   flowers  white.     W.  C.  E.  C.  velutinus  (MOUNTAIN  BALM) 


150  VITACEAE   (GRAPE   FAMILY) 

CC.     Leaves  deciduous,  not  as  if  varnished  above,  not  sticky  above,  without  strong 

odor. 
D.     Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic;    flowers  white;    twigs  terete.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  sanguineus  (BUCK  BRUSH) 

DD.     Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate;   flowers  mostly  blue;   twigs  more  or  less  angular. 
E.     Leaves  entire  or  serrulate  only  near  the  apex.     W.  E. 

C.  integerrimus  (CALIFORNIA  LILAC) 
EE.     Leaves  serrulate  to  base,  or  nearly  so.     U. 

C.  thyrsiflorus  (CALIFORNIA  LILAC) 
BB.     Flowers    in    racemes;    leaves    8-30    mm.    long;     branches    usually    rigid    and 

spiny. 

F.     Leaves  ovate;  inflorescence  5-7.5  cm.  long,  dense;  flowers  pale  blue  or  white; 
capsules  not  lobed;    shrub  tall,  usually  arborescent.     C.  E.  C.  divaricatus 

FF.     Leaves  elliptic;    inflorescence  about  2-3  cm.  long,  loose;    flowers  white;   cap- 
sules lobed  at  the  top;   shrub  low,  flat-topped.     U.  C.  cordulatus 
AA.     Most  of  the  leaves  opposite,  with  one   chief  vein  from  the  base,  with  numerous 
straight  parallel  lateral  veins,  spine-toothed  or  entire;    fruit  crested  with  3  hornlike 
or  wartlike  processes  below  the  summit. 
G.     Flowers  white;    plant  erect  or  depressed  but  not  prostrate;   leaves  entire.      W. 

C.  cuneatus   (CHAPARRAL) 

GG.     Flowers  blue  or  purple;    plants  prostrate;    leaves  with  several  teeth  near  the 
apex.     U.  C.  E.  C.  prostratus  (MAHALA  MATS) 

VITACEAE    (GRAPE  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  viney,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Leaves  simple,  opposite, 
palmately  veined.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles,  small.  Calyx 
minute,  4-5- toothed  or  nearly  entire.  Petals  4-5.  Stamens  as 
many  as  petals,  opposite  them;  style  short  or  none;  stigma  i. 
Fruit  a  berry,  globose,  pulpy,  i-2-celled,  with  1-4  seeds.  U.  — 
(L.  vitis  =  a  vine;  hence  the  name  of  the  chief  vine,  the  grape.) 

Vitis  calif  or  nica  (WILD  GRAPE) 

MALVACEAE    (MALLOW  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  palmately  veined;  stipules 
small,  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Sepals  5,  somewhat 
united.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  many,  monadelphous, 
forming  a  central  column  around  the  style,  united  with  the  bases 
of  the  petals.  Ovary  several-celled;  styles  united  below,  distinct 
above.  Fruit  a  capsule,  often  cheese-shaped. 

A.     At  least  the  upper  leaves  lobed,  usually  all  lobed;  palmately  veined. 
B.     Style-branches  filiform,  not  headlike  at  tip;  carpels  i-ovuled,  i-seeded. 
C.     Stamens  in  i  series,  united;  involucre  bracts  below  the  calyx  3;  carpels  15-20. 

MALVA  (p.  151) 

CC.     Stamens  in  2  series,  united  in  the   outer,  distinct  in  the  inner;    involucre 
bracts  below  the  calyx  none;  carpels  5-9.  SIDALCEA  (p.  151) 

BB.     Style-branches  tipped  with  a  headlike  stigma. 


MALVACEAE    (MALLOW   FAMILY)  151 

D.  Carpels  i-ovuled,  i-seeded;  upper  leaves  palmately  parted;  fruit  flat,  cheese- 
shaped.     E.  —  (Malva  —  another  genus;    +  Gk.  astron  =  a  star;    application 
not  apparent.)  Malvastrum  coccineum  (FALSE  MALLOW) 

DD.     Carpels  i-3-ovuled,  i-3-seeded;  none  of  the  leaves  more  deeply  lobed  than 
halfway  to  the  base;  fruit  conic.  SPHAERALCEA  (p.  152) 

AA.     Leaves  not  lobed;  palmately  or  pinnately  veined. 
E.     Leaves  5  cm.  or  less  wide;  carpels  6-10,  i-2-seeded;   plants  often  not  densely 

velvety-pubescent. 

F.     Petals  red  or  rose-colored;   carpels  i-2-seeded,  extended  upward  as  an  empty 

portion.  SPHAERALCEA  (p.  152) 

FF.     Petals  white  or  yellow;  carpels  i-seeded,  filled  by  the  seed.     SIDA  (p.  152) 

EE.     Leaves  10-20  cm.  wide;    carpels  12-15,  3-seeded;    plants  densely  and  finely 

velvety-pubescent.     W.  —  (Meaning  unknown.) 

Abutilon  theophrasti  (VELVET-LEAF) 

MALVA    (MALLOW) 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils,  or  rarely  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals 
obcordate.  Carpels  many,  i-ovuled,  in  a  ring  around  a  broad  central  axis, 
free,  separating,  indehiscent,  beakless ;  axis  not  projecting  beyond  the  car- 
pels. —  (Gk.  malache  =  soft ;  because  the  crushed  herbage  is  mucilaginous.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  dissected  into  linear  lobes;    carpels  very  hairy;    plant  erect;    flowers 

2.5-5  cm.  wide.     W.  M.  moschata   (MUSK  MALLOW) 

AA.     Stem  leaves  merely  crenate  or  with  rounded  shallow  lobes;    carpels  glabrous  or 

puberulent;   flowers  o.  8-1.4  cm.  wide. 

B.     Stems  procumbent;    leaves  rounded;    carpels  puberulent,  not  reticulate  on  the 

back.     W.  E.  M.  rotundifolia  (FAIRY  CHEESES) 

BB.     Stems  erect  or  ascending;    leaves  somewhat  angular-lobed;    carpels  glabrous, 

reticulate  on  the  back.     W.  M.  parviflora 

SIDALCEA 

Annual  or  perennial.  Flowers  purple  or  white,  in  terminal  racemes  or 
spikes.  Involucre  none.  Outer  stamens  united  into  5  sets  opposite  the 
5  petals.  Style  filiform.  Carpels  5-9,  i-seeded,  separating  at  maturity, 
indehiscent.  —  (Sida  =  another  genus  of  this  family ;  +  Gk.  alkea  =  a 
mallow.) 

A.     Petals  8-13  mm.  long;   calyx  4-8  mm.  long. 
B.     Flowers  in  racemes,  either  simple  or  paniculate. 

C.     Calyx  lobes  attenuate-acuminate  from  a  wide  base.     W.  S.  glaucescens 

CC.  Calyx  lobes  broadly  deltoid.     W.  E.  S.  oregana 

BB.     Flowers  in  long  dense  spikes.     U.  S.  spicata 

AA.     Petals  15-30  mm.  long;   calyx  8-15  mm.  long. 

D.     Petals  rose-colored;   calyx  6-10  mm.  long;    mature  carpels  more  or  less  reticulate 
on  the  back. 

E.  Stems  4-7  cm.  high;   carpels  glabrous.     E.  S.  nervata 
EE.     Stems  6-15  dm.  high;    carpels  pubescent.     W.  E.                             S.  campestris 

DD.     Petals  red;   calyx  12-15  mm.  long;    mature  carpels  smooth.     W. 

S.  bendersoni 


152         HYPERICACEAE   (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT   FAMILY) 

SPHAERALCEA    (GLOBE  MALLOW) 

Perennial.  Involucre  2-3-leaved,  setaceous,  often  deciduous.  Stamen 
column  simple;  filaments  distinct  above,  many.  Styles  5  or  more.  Seed 
reniform.  —  (Gk.  sphaira  =  a  sphere,  alkea  =  a  mallow :  referring  to  the 
commonly  spherical  fruit.) 

A.  Leaves  canescent,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  3-5-lobed,or  not  lobed;  flowers  usually  scarlet; 
calyx  lobes  4-6  mm.  long.  E.  S.  munroana 

A  A.     Leaves  not  canescent,  5-15  cm.  long,  3-y-lobed  or  -cleft;    flowers  usually  rose- 
colored. 
B.     Calyx  lobes  ovate,  4-6  mm.  long;    pedicels  usually  less  than  6  mm.  long.     E. 

S.  rivularis 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  caudate-acuminate,  15-25    mm.  long;    pedicels  10  mm.  or  more 
long.     E.  S.  longisepala 

SIDA   (OBLIQUE  MALLOW) 

Pubescent  or  tomentose.  Leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  veined.  Stamen 
tube  simple.  Petals  oblique.  Styles  5  or  more.  Carpels  6-10,  separating 
from  the  axis.  —  (Greek  name  of  some  plant.) 

A.  Plant  scurf y-canescent,  perennial;  leaves  reniform  to  ovate-cordate;  calyx  sub- 
tended by  an  involucre  of  2-3  bractlets.  E.  S.  hederacea 

AA.  Plant  glabrous  or  puberulent,  annual;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-cordate;  calyx 
not  subtended  by  an  involucre.  W.  S.  acuta 

HYPERICACEAE   (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire,  pellucid- punctate  or  black-dotted; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  5  to  many.  Ovary  superior;  styles  1-7.  Fruit  a  capsule, 
septicidal.  Seeds  many.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

HYPERICUM   (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT) 

Petals  yellow.  Capsule  i-6-celled.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Gk.  hyper  = 
under ;  +  erica  =  a  heather.) 

A.     Plants  low,  often  prostrate  or  ascending,  often  matted.     W.  C.  E. 

H.  anagalloides  (CREEPING  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT) 
AA.     Plants  erect. 

B.     Plant  annual;   stamens  5-10;   capsule  i-celled.     W.  H.  majus 

BB.     Plant  perennial;   stamens  more  than  12;   capsule  3-celled. 
C.     Sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;    capsule  not  lobed.     W. 

H.  perforatum   (COMMON  ST.  JOHN'S-WORT) 
CC.     Sepals  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse;  capsule  3-lobed.     W.  E.  H.  formosum 

ELATINACEAE    (WATERWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire  or  serrate;  stipules  present. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  solitary  or  fascicled,  perfect,  regular. 


VIOLACEAE   (VIOLET  FAMILY)  153 

Sepals  2-5.  Petals  2-5.  Stamens  i  or  2  times  as  many  as  sepals. 
Ovary  superior,  2-5-celled;  styles  2-5.  Capsule  septicidal; 
placentae  central.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Flower  parts  in  2's  or  a's  or  4*3;   plant  glabrous,  aquatic  or  creeping;   sepals 
obtuse,  without  midvein.  ELATINE  (p.  153) 

AA.     Flower  parts  in  s's;  plant  pubescent,  ascending  or  diffuse;   sepals  pointed  or 
acute,  with  midvein.     E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  P.  Bergius,  a  Swedish  botanist.) 

Bergia  tezana 
ELATINE    (WATERWORT) 

Leaves  entire.  Flowers  minute.  Sepals  2-4,  persistent,  membranous. 
Petals  white  or  rose-colored  or  purplish.  Styles  or  stigmas  2-4.  Pod 
glabrous.  —  (Gk.  elate  =  the  Fir ;  because  some  species  have  narrow,  firlike 
leaves.) 

A.     Sepals  and  petals  and  carpels  and  stamens  2-3;   seed  nearly  straight;    petals  rose- 
colored  or  purplish. 

B.     Sepals  and  petals  and  stamens  usually  3;    seeds  but  little  sculptured;    leaves 

oblanceolate.     E.  E.  triandra 

BB.     Sepals  and  petals  and  stamens  usually  2;    seeds  distinctly  sculptured;    leaves 

obovate.     W.  E.  E.  americana 

AA.     Sepals  and  petals  and  carpels  3-4;    stamens  6-8;    seeds  curved  into  a  hook  or 

partial  ring;    petals  white;   leaves  obovate.     E. 

E.  californica  (CALIFORNIA  WATERWORT) 

VIOLACEAE   (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  simple;  entire  to  laciniate,  pinnately  or  pal- 
mately  veined;  stipules  present.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  irregular. 
Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Anthers  connivent  in  a  ring  or 
syngenesious.  Ovary  i,  i-celled;  placentae  3,  parietal;  style  simple. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

VIOLA   (VIOLET) 

Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal,  evergreen  or  deciduous.  Flowers  solitary 
or  rarely  2  together,  long-peduncled.  Lower  petal  large,  spurred  or  saccate. 
Stamens  5.  —  (The  Latin  name.) 

A.     Leaves  cleft  or  more  deeply  separated  into  lobes  or  divisions;  stem  present;   petals 

yellow,  the  upper  one  brownish  or  purplish. 

B.     Leaves  once  lobed  or  dissected  into  5-9  lobes  or  teeth;    with  creeping  rhizomes. 

U.  V.  lobata 

BB.     Leaves   2-3   times  dissected  or  lobed;    lobes  usually   more  than  9;     without 

creeping  rhizomes. 

C.     Petals  beardless,  yellow  or  the  upper  one  brownish. 
D.     Leaves  short-pubescent,  ternately  divided  into  3  segmented  lobes.     U. 

V.  chrysantha 

DD.     Leaves  glabrous,  pinnately  divided  into  5  or  more  segmented  lobes.     U.  C. 

V.  sheltonl 


154  VIOLACEAE   (VIOLET  FAMILY) 

CC.     Lateral  petals  bearded  with  a  tuft  of  hairs;    upper  petals  deep  blue  or  violet- 
purple. 

E.     Plant  pubescent;    leaves  rounded  in  general  outline,  and  their  segments  linear 

or  linear-spatulate.     C.  E.  V.  beckwithii 

EE.     Plant  glabrous;    leaves  either  not   rounded   in  general  outline,  or  else  their 

lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

F.     Leaf  segments   veinless   or   obscurely   veined;   stipules   adnate,   often   large, 
laciniate  or  entire.     W.  V.  hallii 

FF.     Leaf  segments  prominently  3-veined;   stipules  free,  small,  entire.     E. 

V.  trinervata 

AA.     Leaves  very  shallowy  lobed  or  merely  toothed  or  even  entire. 
G.     Petals  yellow. 

H.     Stems  prostrate,  stolon-like;   leaves  evergreen. 

I.     Leaves   cordate;     leafy   branches   producing   petal-bearing  flowers.      W.  C.  E. 

V.  sempervirens  (EVERGREEN  VIOLET) 
n.     Leaves  reniform;    leafy  branches  producing  only  apetalous  flowers.     C.  E. 

V.  orbiculata 

HH.     Stems  erect,  not  stolon-like;   leaves  not  evergreen. 
J.     Plant  glabrous. 

K.     Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse;  capsule  globose,  pubescent. 
W.  C.  E.  V.  venosa 

KK.     Leaves  round-cordate  or  reniform,  acuminate  or  acute;    capsule  oblong, 
glabrous.     W.  C.  E.  V.  glabella 

JJ.     Plant  pubescent.     W.  C.  E.  V.  nuttallii  (HAIRY  YELLOW  VIOLET) 

GG.     Petals  some  other  color. 
L.     Plants  stemless. 

M.     Plant  hirsute  or  villous,  not  stoloniferous;    petals  10-17  mm-  long,  blue  or 
violet,  all  bearded  at  base.     E.  V.  cuspidata 

MM.     Plant  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

N.     Leaves  ovate  to  spatulate-oblong,  attenuate  to  the  petiole;  plant  stolonif- 
erous.    U.  V.  primulaefolia  (PRIMROSE  VIOLET) 
NN.     Leaves  truncate  to  cordate  at  base,  not  attenuate  to  the  petiole. 
O.     Petals  6-8  mm.  long,  white  or  light  blue  or  violet,  lower  ones  with  purple 

veins;    plants  stoloniferous. 

P.     Corolla  white;   lower  3  petals  with  purple  lines.     W.  C.  E.  V.  blanda 

PP.     Corolla  violet.     W.  C.  E.  V.  palustris  (MARSH  VIOLET) 

OO.     Petals  10-25  mm.  long,  violet. 

Q.     Petals  10-17  mm.  long;    plant  not  stoloniferous;  stipules  less  than  12  mm. 

long.     W.  E.  V.  nephrophylla 

QQ.     Petals  19-25   mm.  long;    plant  stoloniferous;    stipules  12-21   mm.  long. 

W.  V.  langsdorfii 

LL.     Plants  with  stems. 

R.     Stipules  or  at  least  those  of  the  basal  leaves  serrate  or  laciniate,  scarious  or 

herbaceous. 

S.     Plant  puberulent  or  glabrous;   stipules  herbaceous. 

T.     Leaves  usually  brown  dotted  at  least  beneath;  none  of  the  stipules  entire. 
U.     Plant  usually  7-30  cm.  high,  glabrous;    leaves  1.3-3.8  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  adunca 
UU.     Plant  3-5  cm.  high,  densely  puberulent;   leaves  1-2  cm.  long.     W.  C. 

V.  arenaria  (SAND  VIOLET) 

TT.     Leaves  not  dotted;   stipules  of  the  stem  leaves  entire.     W.  V.  howellil 

SS.     Plant  pubescent. 
V.     Pubescence  retrorse;   stipules  herbaceous;   flowers  violet.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  retroscabra 


LOASACEAE   (STICK-LEAF  FAMILY)  155 

W.     Pubescence   not   retrorse;     stipules   scarious;    flowers   white   or   somewhat 
yellowish,  with  purplish  veins.     U.  V.  ocellata 

RR.     Stipules  all  entire,  scarious. 
W.     Leaves  rhombic-ovate  with  cuneate  bases,  except  sometimes  the  basal.     U. 

V.  cuneata 

WW.     Leaves  cordate  or  reniform. 

X.     Leaves  cordate,  acuminate.     E.  V.  canadensis  (CANADA  VIOLET) 

XX.     Leaves  reniform,  obtuse.     W.  V.  flettii 

LOASACEAE    (STICK-LEAF  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  erect  often  with  hooked  or  stinging  or  viscid  hairs.  Leaves 
alternate,  pinnately  veined,  simple;  stipules  none.  Flowers  regular, 
perfect,  white  or  yellow.  Calyx  5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  on 
the  calyx,  5-10.  Stamens  many,  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  inferior, 
i-celled;  placentae  2-3,  parietal.  Capsule  i -celled.  —  Only  the 
following  genus. 

MENTZELIA    (STICK  LEAF) 

Leaves  mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Calyx  tube  cylindric  to 
obconic.  Stamens  20-300.  —  (Honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  a  German  botanist.) 

A.     Biennials;   flowers  2.5-6.3  cm.  long;   each  placenta  with  2  rows  of  ovules;   capsule 

linear. 

B.     Leaves  lanceolate;    petals  10. 

C.     Outer  petals  less  than  5  cm.  long;    plant   2-2.5  dm.  high;    some  of  the  anther- 
bearing  filaments  dilated.     E.  M.  pumila 
CC.     Outer  petals  5-6.2  cm.  long;    plant  6-9  dm.  high;    all  of  the  filaments  filiform. 
E.                                                                                                                  M.  laevicaulis 
BB.     Leaves  linear;   petals  5.     E.                                                                    M.  brandegei 
AA.     Annual;   flowers  0.3-1.6  cm.  long;    each  placenta  with  i  row  of  ovules;    capsule 

oblong. 

D.     Seed  tuberculate,  more  or  less  grooved  along  the  angles;    leaves  usually  sinuate- 
toothed.     E.  M.  integrifolia 
DD.     Seed  smooth  or  striate. 

E.     Flowers  not  bracted;   seed  0.7-1.4  mrrf.  long.     E.  M.  albicaulis 

EE.     Flowers  conspicuously  bracted  with  wide-toothed  bracts;    seed  almost  2  mm. 

long.     E.  M.  congesta 

CACTACEAE    (CACTUS  FAMILY) 

Stems  fleshy,  spiny,  the  spines  arising  from  cushions  of  minute 
bristles.  Leaves  none  or  mere  spines.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
showy.  Calyx  many-lobed  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Petals  many. 
Stamens  many.  Ovary  inferior,  i-celled;  placentae  several,  parietal. 
Fruit  mostly  fleshy.  Seeds  many. 

A      Stems  not  jointed,  ovoid,  not  branched;    "  eyes"  raised  on  tubercles.     E.  — 
(L.  mamilla  =  a  nipple;  referring  to  the  tubercles.) 

Mamillaria  vivipara  (BALL  CACTUS) 
AA.     Stems  jointed,  branched;  "  eyes  "  not  raised  on  tubercles.    OPUNTIA  (p.  156) 


156  ELEAGNACEAE    (OLEASTER  FAMILY) 

OPUNTIA    (OPUNTIA) 

"  Eyes  "  spine-bearing.  Flowers  lateral.  Calyx  lobes  spreading.  Ovary 
cylindric.  Fruit  pear-shaped.  —  (Grew  in  Greece  near  the  town  of  Opun- 
tia.) 

A.     Joints  of  the  stem  decidedly  flattened;    spines  8-15  from  the  same  place.     E. 

O.  polycantha  (SPINY  OPUNTIA) 

AA.     Joints  of  the  stem  ovate  or  subglobose,  nearly  terete;    spines  1-4  from  the  same 
place.     W.  E.  O.  fragilis  (FRAGILE  OPUNTIA) 

ELEAGNACEAE    (OLEASTER  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  silvery-scaly  or  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves  opposite.  Flow- 
ers imperfect,  clustered  or  rarely  solitary.  Perianth  of  pistillate 
flowers  tubular  or  urn-shaped  below;  limb  4-cleft,  deciduous. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  8.  Ovary  i -celled.  Fruit  drupelike, 
red.  Seed  i.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  Shepherd,  curator  of  the 
Liverpool  Botanic  Gardens.)  Shepherdia  canadensis  (SOAP-OLALLEE) 

LYTHRACEAE   (LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY) 

Herbs;  stem  4-angled.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers 
perfect.  Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  ovary  but  usually  inclos- 
ing it,  toothed.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepal  teeth  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  various  in  number,  on  the  calyx.  Ovary  i-6-celled;  style 
i.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

A.     Calyx  tube  campanulate,  4-striate;   leaves  all  opposite,  not  rounded  at  base. 

B.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  cordate-auricled  and   somewhat  clasping  at 

base;   capsule  bursting  irregularly.     W.  E.  —  (Honor  of  P.  Ammann,  a  German 

botanist.)  Ammania  coccinea 

BB.     Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  sessile  or   petioled,  narrowed  at  base,  not 

auricled  nor   clasping;  capsule  septicidal.      E.  —  (Diminutive  of   L.   rota  =  a 

wheel;  referring  to  whorled  leaves  of  some  species.)       Rotala  ramosior  (ROTALA) 

AA.     Calyx  tube  cylindric,  8-i2-striate;    leaves  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite, 

sessile,  rounded  at  base,  not  clasping.     W.  —  (Gk.  lythron  =  blood;    from  the 

purple  flowers  of  some.)  Lythrum  hyssopifolium  (LOOSESTRIFE) 

ONAGRACEAE   (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite;  stipules  none  or 
mere  glands.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular.  Calyx  tube 
adherent  to  the  ovary,  often  prolonged  beyond  it;  calyx  limb 
2-6-lobed,  but  usually  4-lobed.  Petals  o  or  2  or  4.  Stamens  usually 
as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Ovary  inferior,  1-6- 
celled;  style  i.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  nutlet. 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY)         157 

A.     Leaves  opposite,  not  all  basal. 

B.     Calyx  segments  2,  petals  2,  stamens  2;  capsule  obovate,  leaves  ovate  to  cor- 
date. CIRCAEA  (p.  161) 
BB.     Calyx  segments  4,  petals  4,  stamens  4  or  8;    capsule  mostly  not  obovate; 
leaves  in  most  species  narrow. 

C.  Stems  procumbent  or  floating;  leaves  entire;  stamens  4;  capsules  about 
3  mm.  long;  calyx  segments  persistent  on  the  capsule;  seeds  not  hairy.  W.  E. 
—  (Honor  of  C.  G.  Ludwig,  a  German  botanist.) 

Ludwigia  palustris  (WATER  PURSLANE) 

CC.  Stems  neither  procumbent  nor  floating,  erect  to  decument  or  caespitose; 
leaves  often  not  entire;  stamens  8;  capsule  10  mm.  or  more  long;  calyx  seg- 
ments deciduous  from  the  capsule;  seed  long-hairy  at  one  end. 

EPILOBIUM  (p.  158) 
AA.     Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal. 
D.     Plants  with  evident  stems. 

E.  Lower  leaves  often  opposite;  stamens  8;  seed  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  one 
end.  EPILOBIUM  (p.  158) 

EE.    Leaves  all  alternate;  stamens  4  or  8;  seed  without  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end. 
F.    Anthers  versatile. 

G.     Stigma  plainly  4-lobed  or  -cleft;  leaves  not  entire. 

H.     Flowers  axillary,  white,  becoming  rose-colored  in  age;    some  species  with 

pinnatifid  leaves;    capsule  not  nutlike,  elongated,  many-seeded;    seeds  in 

i  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod.  ANOGRA  (p.  160) 

HH.     Flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  yellow  or  rose-colored;    no  species  with 

pinnatifid  leaves. 

I.  Petals  yellow,   sometimes  becoming  pink  in  age,   obcordate;    capsule 
elongated,  not  nutlike,  many -seeded;  seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell. 

ONAGRA  (p.  159) 

II.  Petals  rose-colored,    spatulate;    capsule    oblong,   nutlike,    i-4-seeded. 
E.  —  (Gk.  gauros  =  superb;   some  species  have  fine  flowers.) 

Gaura  parviflora  (SMALL-FLOWERED  GAURA) 

GG.     Stigma  either  2-lobed  or  else  capitate  and  not  lobed;  leaves  entire  or  not. 
J.     Leaves  lyrafely  pinnate  or  pinnatifid.  CHYLISMA  (p.  161) 

JJ.    Leaves  entire  or  denticulate. 

K.    Leaves  denticulate  or  entire,  linear  or  wider;    calyx  tube  prolonged  be- 
yond the  ovary;  ovary  4-celled.  SPHAEROSTIGMA  (p.  160) 
KK.     Leaves  entire,  linear;    calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary; 
ovary  2-celled.  GAYOPHYTUM  (p.  161) 
FF.     Anthers  not  versatile. 

L.     Fruit  dehiscent   by  valves,  elongated,  not   nutlike,  many-seeded;    leaves 
entire  to  dentate. 

M.     Calyx  lobes  erect;  petals  2-lobed,  sessile.  BOISPUVALIA  (p.  158) 

MM.     Calyx  lobes  reflexed;   petals  3-lobed  or  entire. 

N.     Petals  sessile,  entire,  rose  or  violet;  leaves  entire.      GODETIA  (p.  159) 

NN.     Petals  clawed,  3-lobed  or  entire,  purple  or  violet;   leaves  entire  to 

dentate.  CLARKIA  (p.  158) 

LL.     Fruit   indehiscent,  nutlike,    i-2-seeded;    stigma  disklike,   entire;    petals 

clawed;     leaves   entire.     U.  —  (Gk.     heteros  =  unlike;  +  Gaura  =  another 

genus.)  Heterogaura  californica 


158        ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

DD.     Plants  stemless  or  nearly  so,  the  stems  not  over  3  cm.  long. 
O.     Stigma  capitate,  entire  or  rarely  with  4  shallow  lobes;    stamens  of  equal 
length;    petals  white  or  yellow;    pod  not  winged.  TARAXIA  (p.  160) 

OO.     Stigma  deeply  cleft  into  4  linear  lobes;    outer  4  stamens  longer  than  the 

inner  4;  petals  white  or  rose-colored. 

P.     Capsule  not  wing-angled;    seed  grooved  on  one  side;    leaves  entire  to  pin- 
natifid.  PACHYLOPHUS  (p.  160) 

PP.     Capsule  wing-angled;   seed  not  grooved;   leaves  pinnatifid.     E.  —  (Honor 
of  Delavaux,  the  founder  of  a  French  botanical  garden.) 

Lavauxia  trilobata  (3-LOBED  PRIMROSE) 

EPILOBIUM    (WILLOW-HERB) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  nearly  sessile,  entire  or  denticulate. 
Flowers  variously  colored,  racemose  or  paniculate.  Calyx  tube  not  con- 
spicuously prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  calyx  deeply  4-lobed.  Petals  4. 
Stamens  8,  4  shorter.  Capsule  linear,  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds 
many,  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  the  summit.  —  (Gk.  epi  =  on,  lobion  =  a  little 
pod.) 

A.      Calyx  tube  not  extending  beyond  the  ovary;    flowers  pink,  15  mm.  or  more  wide. 

B.     Stem  10-20  dm.  high;    leaves  with  a  conspicuous  vein  along  the  margin;    bracts 

small,  not  leaflike.     W.  C.  E.  E.  angustifolium  (FIREWEED) 

BB.     Stem  1.5-5  dm.  high;    leaves  without  vein  along  the  margin;    bracts  large, 

leaflike.     W.  C.  E.  E.  latifollum 

AA.     Calyx  tube  extending  beyond  the  ovary;    flowers  white  or  pink  or  yellow,  often 

less  than  15  mm.  wide.  —  These,  though  common,  are  too  difficult  for  beginners. 

(F.  &  R.  pp.  262-264.) 

BOISDUVALIA 

Annual.  Leaves  sessile.  Flowers  small,  in  spikes;  spikes  leafy,  simple 
or  compound.  Calyx  tube  funnelform,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  white  to 
purple.  Stamens  8,  4  shorter.  Capsule  membranous,  4-celled,  nearly 
terete,  sessile,  acute.  —  (Honor  of  J.  H.  Bois  Duval,  a  French  naturalist.) 

A.    Upper  leaves  much  wider  than  the  lower  ones;  flowers  often  in  numerous  lateral  spike- 
lets.    W.  E.  B.  densiflora 
AA.     Upper  leaves  not  wider  than  the  lower  ones;    flowers  in  simple  terminal  spikes 

or  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 

B.     Leaves   narrowly   lanceolate,   pubescent;  capsule   linear-acuminate,   8-12    mm. 

long,  its  cells  6-8-seeded.     W.  E.  B.  stricta 

BB.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  often  glabrous;  capsule  ovate-oblong,  4-8  mm.  long, 

its  cells  4-6-seeded.     E.  B.  glabella 

CLARKIA 

Annual,  erect;  stems  brittle.  Leaves  entire.  Flowers  showy,  in 
terminal  racemes.  Calyx  tube  obconic,  deciduous;  calyx  limb  4-cleft. 
Petals  4.  Stamens  8,  4  often  rudimentary.  Capsule  4-celled,  coriaceous, 
erect,  angled,  4-celled.  Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  W.  Clark,  of  the  Lewis 
and  Clark  Expedition.) 


ONAGRACEAE    (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY)         159 

A.     Petals  3-lobed,  their  claws  long;   alternate  stamens  rudimentary;  capsule  8-angled; 

pedicel  4-6  mm.  long.     E.  C.  pulchella 

AA.     Petals  entire,  their  claws  short,  wide;    all  stamens  pollen-bearing;    capsule  4- 

angled;    pedicel  1-3  mm.  long.     C.  E.  C.  rhomboidea 

GODETIA    (FAREWELL-TO-SPRING) 

Annual;  stems  erect.  Flowers  showy,  in  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx 
tube  obconic  or  shortly  funnelform,  deciduous.  Petals  4.  Stamns  8, 
4  shorter.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-sided,  somewhat  coriaceous,  loculicidal.  — 
(Honor  of  M.  Godet,  a  Swiss  botanist.) 

A.     Flowers  in  a  narrow  compact  spike,  erect  in  the  bud;    capsule  ovate  to  oblong; 

seeds  in  i  or  2  rows;   leaves  close  together. 

B.     Tips  of  the  calyx  lobes  not  at  all  free  in  the  bud;  sides  of  the  capsule  not  2-ribbed; 

seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.     W.  G.  purpurea 

BB.     Tips  of  the  calyx  lobes  slightly  free  in  the  bud;   capsule  2-ribbed  at  least  on  the 

alternate  sides;    seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 

C.     Flowers  in  a  short  simple  spike.     W.  G.  lepida 

CC.     Flowers  in  many  short  lateral  spikelets.     W.  G.  albescens 

AA.     Flowers  in  a  loose  spike  or  a  raceme,  nodding  in  the  bud;   capsule  linear;    seeds 

in  i  row;   leaves  distant. 
D.     Capsule  sessile;   calyx  tips  mostly  free. 
E.     Petals  6-12  mm.  long. 
F.     Ovary  and  capsule  villous;    capsule  2-ribbed  at  the  alternate  sides.     W.  E. 

G.  quadrivulnera 
FF.     Ovary  and  capsule  puberulent;   capsule  nearly  flat  at  the  sides.     U. 

G.  tenella 

EE.     Petals  18-30  mm.  long.     W.  C.  G.  viminea 

DD.     Capsules  with  pedicels;   calyx  tips  mostly  not  free. 
G.     Petals  6-12  mm.  long;   pedicel  of  capsule  1-4  mm.  long.     W.  E. 

G.  epilobioides 

GG.     Petals  12-30  mm.  long;    pedicel  of  capsule  4-15  mm.  long. 
H.     Plant  minutely  puberulent;    stem  somewhat  branched  above. 
I.     Anthers  sparingly  hairy,  large,  the  terminal  part  sterile  and  often  hooked.     W. 

G.  caurina 
IE.     Anthers  glabrous,  small,  fertile  to  the  tips.     W.  C.  E. 

G.  amoena  (HERALD-OF-SUMMER) 
HH.     Plant  hispid  with  short  spreading  hairs;   stem  simple.     W.  G.  hispidula 

ONAGRA    (EVENING  PRIMROSE) 

Annual  or  biennial;  stems  3-15  dm.  high,  coarse.  Leaves  alternate. 
Flowers  yellow,  changing  to  pink  in  age,  nocturnal,  erect  before  opening. 
Calyx  tube  more  or  less  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  deciduous;  calyx 
segments  4,  reflexed.  Petals  4,  equal,  sessile,  obcordate  to  obovate. 
Stamens  8,  equal;  anthers  versatile.  Stigma  deeply  4-cleft.  Seeds  in 
2  or  rarely  more  rows,  prismatic-angled.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Gk.  onagros  = 
the  wild  ass,  whose  ears  the  leaves  resemble.) 

A.     Petals  1-2  cm.  long;    calyx  lobes  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube.     W.  E.    O.  strigosa 
AA.     Petals  2.5-4  cm.  long. 

B.     Calyx  lobes  nearly  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube;    annual,  erect.     E. 

O.  macbrideae 


160        ONAGRACEAE   (EVENING-PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  densely  hairy,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx  tube;  biennial. 

C.  Flowers  yellow  or  purplish,   drying  lighter;    stems  erect.     W.  E.     O.  hookeri 
CC.     Flowers  yellow,  drying  darker;   stems  spreading.     E.  O.  ornata 

ANOGRA   (WHITE  EVENING  PRIMROSE) 

Annual  or  perennial.  Flowers  diurnal,  nodding  in  bud.  Calyx  tube 
prolonged  above  the  ovary,  deciduous ;  calyx  segments  4,  narrow.  Stamens 
8,  unequal ;  anthers  versatile.  Capsule  loculicidal.  —  (An  anagram  of 
Onagra.) 

A.     Calyx  villous  or  densely  strigose;   at  least  some  of  the  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid.     E. 

A.  trichocalyx 

AA.     Calyx  glabrate  or  sparsely  hairy;   leaves  entire  to  merely  short-lobed. 
B.     Leaves  glabrous;   capsules  divaricate,  usually  some  of  them  contorted  or  twisted. 
E.  A.  pallida 

BB.     Leaves  pubescent  beneath;   capsules  ascending,  straight.     E.  A.  nuttallii 

PACHYLOPHUS    (STEMLESS  EVENING  PRIMROSE) 

Herbs,  perennial.  Flowers  large,  white  or  rose-colored.  Calyx  tube 
elongated ;  limb  4-parted,  erect  in  the  bud.  Petals  4,  .sessile,  white  but 
changing  to  red  in  age.  Capsule  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  large,  rigid,  4- 
angled.  Seeds  in  i  or  2  rows.  —  (Gk.  pachys  =  thick,  lophis  =  a  crest ; 
referring  to  the  warty  edges  of  the  capsule.) 

A.     Plant  wholly  glabrous  throughout;    petals  2-4  cm.  long.     E.  P.  caespitosus 
AA.     Plant  more  or  less  pubescent  or  hairy;    petals  4-6  cm.  long. 

B.     Leaves  green,  glabrous  except  for  the  villous  margin.     E.  P.  marginatus 

BB.     Leaves  canescent-puberulent  on  both  sides.     E.  P.  canescens 

TARAXIA 

Leaves    entire    to  pinnatifid.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx   tube  filiform, 

longer  than  the  ovary;    limb  4-parted.     Petals  4.     Stamens  8.  Capsule 

sessile.     Seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell.  —  (Gk.  taraxis  =  trouble  or  con- 
fusion ;  apparently  a  puzzling  genus.) 

A.     Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 

B.  Plant  white-pubescent.     E.  T.  breviflora 
BB.     Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     (See  D.) 

AA.     Leaves  entire  to  repand-denticulate. 

C.  Plant  perennial,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;    leaves  oblong-lanceolate. 

D.  Plant  glabrous;   capsule  1.5-2  cm.  long;   seeds  many.     E.  T.  heterantha 
DD.     Plant  somewhat  pubescent;   capsule  1.2  cm.  long;   seeds  few.     E.       T.  ovata 

CC.     Plant  annual,  villous;   leaves  linear.    E.  T.  gracilliflora 

SPHAERO  STIGMA 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  spikes,  white  or  rose-colored  or  yellow.  Calyx 
tube  obconic  or  shortly  funnelform;  calyx  segments  4,  reflexed.  Petals  4, 
Stamens  8,  somewhat  unequal.  Stigma  capitate,  entire.  Capsule  elongated. 
Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell.  —  (Gk.  sphaira  =  sphere ;  -f  stigma ;  because 
the  stigma  is  capitate.) 


ONAGRACEAE   (EVENING-PRIMROSE   FAMILY)         161 

A.     Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish,  sometimes  turning  red  or  green. 
B.      Capsule  linear,  more  or  less  contorted. 

C.  Stem  glabrous;   leaves  6-18  mm.  long;    petals  2-4  mm.  long.     W.  E. 

S.  contortum 

CC.     Stems  not  glabrous;   leaves  longer;    petals  6-8  mm.  long. 

D.     Stem  puberulent;   capsule  20-25  mm.  long.     E.  S.  implexum 

DD.     Stem  pubescent;   capsule  8-16  mm.  long.     U.  S.  spirale 
BB.     Capsule  attenuate  upward  from  a  wider  base,  straight. 

E.     Seeds  pale,  linear;   flowers  barely  2  mm.  long.      E.  S.  andinum 

EE.  Seeds  dark,  obovate  or  clavate;  flowers  2-4  mm.  long.  E.  S.  hilgardi 
AA.  Flowers  white  or  rose-color. 

F.     Leaves  oblanceolate.     E.  S.  tortum 

FF.     Leaves  ovate.     E.  S.  booth!! 

CHYLISMA 

Annual.  Flowers  yellow  or  rose-colored,  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx 
tube  funnelform  or  obconic ;  calyx  segments  4.  Petals  4,  entire.  Stamens 
8,  4  shorter.  Stigma  capitate,  entire.  Capsule  long,  membranous,  not 
sessile.  Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell.  —  (Probably  Gk.  chylos  =  plant  juice.) 

A.     Flowers  yellow.     E.  C.  scapoidea 

AA.     Flowers  rose-colored.    E.  C.  cruciformis 

GAYOPHYTUM 

Annual.  Flowers  axillary.  Calyx  segments  4.  Petals  4,  white  or  rose- 
colored,  very  small.  Stamens  8,  4  shorter.  Stigma  entire.  Capsule 
membranous,  clavate,  2-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  in  i  row  in  each  cell.  — 
(Probably  Gk.  gaios  =  on  land,  phyton  =  a  plant.) 

A.     Seed  hairy. 

B.  Stem  2-3  dm.  high;   petals  about  2  mm.  long;    pod  scarcely  torulose.     C.  E. 

G.  lasiospermum 

BB.     Stems  3-5  dm.  high;   petals  6-8  mm.  long;  pod  torulose.     E.    G.  eriospermum 
AA.     Seed  glabrous. 

C.  Capsule  nearly  sessile;   branches  nearly  all  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem.     C.  E. 

G.  racemosum 

CC.     Capsules  on  elongated  pedicels;    branches  mostly  from  the  upper  part  of  the 
stem. 

D.  Flowers  5-12  mm.  wide.      E.  G.  diffusum 
DD.     Flowers  2-4  mm.  wide.     C.  E.                                                    G.  ramossissimum 


CIRCAEA  (ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE) 

Perennial,  low.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.  Fruit  a  capsule,  small,  densely  hispid 
with  hooked  hairs,  indehiscent,  i-celled,  i-seeded.  —  (Honor  of  Circe,  a 
Greek  enchantress,  who  is  said  to  have  used  these  plants.) 

A.     Leaves  dentate;    racemes  with  minute  setaceous  bracts  subtending  the  pedicels. 

W.  C.  E.  C.  alpina 

AA.     Leaves  undulate-denticulate;   racemes  bractless.     W.  C.  E.  C.  pacifica 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  II 


162        HALORAGIDACEAE   (WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY) 

HALORAGIDACEAE  (WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY) 

Herbs  glabrous,  aquatic.  Some  of  the  leaves  whorled,  the  sub- 
merged ones  often  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers  rare.  Calyx 
entire  or  2~4-lobed.  Petals  none  or  2-4.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary 
inferior.  Fruit  a  nutlet  or  drupe. 

A.  Submerged  leaves  pinnatifid  into  capillary  segments,  3-5  in  a  whorl  or  rarely 
some  scattered;  stem  not  Equisetum-\ike.  —  (Gk.  myrios  =  numberless,  phyllon 
=  a  leaf;  the  leaves  are  split  into  very  many  segments.)  Species  too  difficult. 
(F.  &  R.  p.  269.)  Myriophyllum  (WATER  MILFOIL) 

AA.  All  leaves  linear  or  wider,  simple,  entire,  4-12  in  a  whorl;  stem  conspicuously 
jointed  and  somewhat  Equisetum-\ike.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  hippos  =  a  horse,  oura 
=  a  tail;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leafy  stem.) 

Hippuris  vulgaris  (MARE'S  TAIL) 

ARALIACEAE   (GINSENG  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  perennial.  Leaves  alternate  or  whorled. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  clustered.  Calyx  limb  truncate 
or  toothed  or  none.  Petals  usually  5.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals  and  alternate  with  them,  rarely  more  on  the  epigynous  disk. 
Ovary  usually  inferior.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

A.     Shrubs ;  leaves  simple. 

B.  Erect  or  decumbent,  not  vining,  very  prickly;    twigs  1-2.5  cm.  thick;   leaves 
deciduous,  prickly,  15-50  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  —  (The  Japanese  common  name 
for  one  of  the  species.)  Fatsia  horrida  (DEVIL'S  CLUB) 

BB.  Vining,  climbing  by  roots  from  the  vines,  not  prickly;  twigs  smaller;  leaves 
evergreen,  smooth,  3-15  cm.  long.  W.  —  Planted  for  decorating  walls.  (Celtic 
hedra  =  a  cord;  from  the  vining  stems.)  Hedera  helix  (ENGLISH  IVY) 

AA.    Herbs;  leaves  compound. 

C.  Leaves  not  whorled,  pinnate  or  ternate,  usually   2-compound;    fruit  not  red. 

ARALIA  (p.  162) 

CC.  Leaves  3  in  a  whorl,  palmate,  i-compound;  fruit  red.  W.  —  Cultivated  for 
its  medicinal  roots.  (Gk.  pan  =  all,  akos  =  a  cure;  from  reputed  medicinal 
properties.)  Panax  quinquefolium  (GINSENG) 

ARALIA 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  small,  in  umbels,  white  or  greenish. 
Calyx  truncate  or  5-toothed.  Petals  5.  Styles  5.  Fruit  a  small  berry. 
Seeds  about  5.  —  (Meaning  undetermined.) 

A.  Plant  stemless  or  nearly  so;  leaf  i,  ternate  and  each  division  ternately  or  pin- 
nately  3-s-foliolate;  umbels  commonly  3,  simple,  not  involucrate.  E. 

A.  nudicaulis  (WILD  SARSAPARILLA) 

AA.  Plant  with  stem  2-3  m.  high;  leaves  many,  i-2-pinnate;  umbels  many,  involu- 
crate. C.  A.  californica  (CALIFORNIA  SPIKENARD) 


UMBELLACEAE   (CARROT  FAMILY)  163 

UMBELLACEAE   (CARROT  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  simple  to  decompound,  alternate;  stipules  none 
or  minute.  Flowers  small,  usually  in  umbels,  rarely  in  heads  or 
headlike  clusters,  umbels  simple  or  compound.  Calyx  limb 
none  or  $-lobed;  lobes  inconspicuous.  Petals  5,  on  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5,  on  the  epigynous  disk;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  inferior, 
2-celled;  styles  2,  persistent,  often  on  a  conic  or  depressed  stylo- 
podium.  Fruit  dry;  carpels  2,  1 -seeded,  with  o  or  5  chief  ribs, 
sometimes  with  4  other  smaller  ribs,  usually  separating  at  maturity 
along  their  plane  of  union  (commissure),  after  separation  borne 
on  a  slender  axis  (carpophore);  ribs  often  winged;  oil  tubes  usually 
present. 

This  difficult  family  depends  upon  the  oil  tubes  in  the  fruit  for 
the  separation  of  the  genera.  To  see  these,  cut  a  thin  cross  section 
of  a  carpel  with  a  sharp  knife  and  examine  with  the  low  power  of 
the  compound  microscope.  The  oil  tubes  are  hollows  just  outside 
the  seed  cavity.  The  key  is  given  mostly  to  the  genera  only. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  beginners  should  go  beyond  the  family. 
(F.  &  R.  pp.  271-290.) 

A.    Leaves  simple. 
B.     Leaves  awl-shaped  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  or  oblong. 

C.  Leaves  entire;  flowers  white  or  yellow,  in  umbels.      GROUP  3,  BB  (p.  165) 
CC.    Leaves  lobed  to  dentate;   flowers  white  or  blue,  in  dense  somewhat  spiny 

heads.  GROUP  1,  A  (p.  163) 

BB.     Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular  or  kidney-shaped. 

D.  Marsh  or  water  plants ;  leaves  kidney-shaped,  wider  than  long  ;  umbel  simple. 

GROUP  3,  B  (p.  165) 

DD.     Not  marsh  nor  water  plants;   leaves  ovate  or  longer,  at  least  longer  than 
wide;  umbel  compound.  GROUP  1,  B  (p.  163) 

AA.     Leaves  compound  or  very  deeply  dissected. 

E.     Fruit  conspicuously  bristly  or  scaly.  GROUP  1  (p.  163) 

EE.     Fruit  not  bristly  nor  scaly. 

F.     Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally ;  lateral  ribs  more  or  less  prominently  winged. 

GROUP  2  (p.  164) 

FF.     Fruit  not  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  usually  somewhat  flattened  laterally. 
G.     Oil  tube  o-i  in  each  interval.  GROUP  3  (p.  165) 

GG.     Oil  tubes  more  than  i  in  each  interval.  GROUP  4  (p.  166) 

GROUP   1 

A.  Flowers  in  dense  bracted  prickly  heads.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Gk.  erygein  =  to 
belch;  some  were  thought  a  remedy  for  flatulency.)  Eryngium  (ERYNGO) 

AA.  Flowers  in  compound  umbels,  the  umbellets  often  in  headlike  clusters,  but 
then  not  or  hardly  bracted. 


164  UMBELLACEAE   (CARROT   FAMILY) 

B.     Fruit  covered  with  hooked  bristles;    leaves  merely  coarsely  lobed  or  i-com- 
pound.  —  (L.  sanare  =  to  heal;    because  a  common  European  species  is  vul- 
nerary.) Sanicula  (.SANICLE) 
BB.     Fruit  with  bristles  only  on  the  ribs;    leaves  finely  dissected  or  more  than 

i -compound. 
C.     Bristles  of  the  fruit  barbed  with  arrowhead-like  tips;    stylopodium  none. 

DAUCUS  (p.  167) 

CC.     Bristles  of  the  fruit  not  barbed,  or  merely  hooked  by  the  curved  tips;  stylo- 
podium  conical  or  short. 

D.  Calyx  lobes  prominent ;  fruit  ovate  or  oblong  ;  oil  tube  i  in  each  interval ; 
leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  small  narrow  divisions.  W.  E.  —  (The  Greek 
name.)  Caucalis  microcarpa  (HEDGE  PARSLEY) 

DD.  Calyx  lobes  none ;  fruit  linear-oblong  or  linear ;  oil  tubes  none  or  nu- 
merous; leaves  ternately  decompound;  leaflets  wide,  ovate,  toothed.  — 
(Honor  of  George  Washington,  the  first  President.) 

Washingtonia  (SWEET  CICELY) 

GROUP  2 

A.    Oil  tube  i  in  each  interval. 
B.     Plant  with  a  leafy  stem. 
C.     Flowers  greenish  or  white  or  purplish. 

D.  Plant  either  slender  or  else  pubescent  at  least  in  the  umbels;  stylopodium 
conic. 

E.     Plant   slender,   glabrous;    fruit  glabrous.     E.  —  (Probably   Gk.   oxys  = 
sharp,  polion  =  a  plant  with  a  strong  odor.) 

Oxypolis  occidentalis  (COWBANE) 

EE.     Plant  stout,  pubescent  at  least  in  the  umbels;  fruit  hairy. 
F.     Leaves  i-2-pinnate;   leaflets  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm.  long. 
E.  —  (Gk.  sphen  =  a  wedge,  skiadion  =  an  umbrella;  probably  referring  to 
the  form  of  the  fruit.)  Sphenosciadium  capitellatum 

FF.     Leaves  large,  ternate;  leaflets  round-cordate,  10-25  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  — 
(Honor  of  Hercules.)  Heracleum  lanatum  (cow  PARSNIP) 

DD.     Plant  stout  and  glabrous;   stylopodium  flat  or  none.     (See  H.)  Angelica 
CC.     Flowers  yellow.    W.  E.  —  Raised  for  the  edible  roots.     (L.  paslus  =  food.) 

Pastinaca  sativa  (CULTIVATED  PARSNIP) 

BB.     Leafy  stem  none  or  almost  none.  —  (Gk.  lotna  =  a  border;   referring  to  the 
fruit  wings.)  Lomatium  (HOG  FENNEL) 

AA.     Oil  tubes  more  than  i  in  each  interval. 
G.     Stem  leafy,  branching. 

H.     Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  i-3-compound.  —  (Angelic  in  its  supposed 
medicinal  value.)  Angelica  (ANGELICA) 

HH.     Leaves  many  times  compound.  —  (From  the  genera  Conium  and  Selinum, 
both  of  which  these  plants  resemble.)  Conioselinum  (HEMLOCK  PARSLEY) 

GG.     Stem  none  or  leafless  and  unbranched. 
I.     Lateral  wings  of  the  fruit  thin. 

J.  Stylopodium  none;  calyx  teeth  minute  or  none;  dorsal  ribs  of  the  carpels 
filiform. 


UMBELLACEAE   (CARROT  FAMILY)  165 

K.     Leaves  ternate  to  dissected;   leaflets  narrow  or  small. 

(See  BB.)     Lomatium  (HOG  FENNEL, 

KK.     Leaves    i-2-compound;     leaflets    wide,    sharply    toothed.     U.  —  (Gk. 
eryon  =  extended,  pteron  =  wing;  referring  to  the  fruit  wings.) 

Eryptera  howellii 

JJ.  Stylopodium  evident  but  flat;  calyx  teeth  evident;  dorsal  ribs  of  the 
carpels  sharp  or  winged.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  kyon  =  a  dog,  marathron  =  fennel; 
application  not  apparent.)  Cynomarathrum  brandegei 

II.     Lateral  wings  of  the  fruit  thick. 

L.  Dorsal  ribs  of  the  carpels  very  prominent  or  slightly  winged.  —  (Gk. 
pseudos  =  false ;  +  Cymopterus,  a  related  genus.)  Pseudocymopterus 

LL.     Dorsal  ribs  of  the  carpels  filiform. 

M.     Plant  dwarf;   leaves  small,  lobed  or  pinnate.     E.  —  (Gk.  cyma  =  a  wave, 
pier  on  =  a  wing;  the  wings  of  the  fruit  are  often  wavy.) 

Cymopterus  leibergii 

MM.     Plant  tall,  stout;   leaves  large,  pinnately  decompound.  —  (Gk.  leptos  = 
slender,  taenion  =  a  band;  referring  to  the  filiform  fruit  ribs.)       Leptotaenia 

GROUP   3 

A.     Leaves  simple. 

B.  Leaves  kidney-shaped,  3~7-lobed  and  somewhat  crenate.  W.  —  (Gk.  hydor  = 
water,  kotyle  =  a  flat  cup;  some  species  have  somewhat  cup-shaped  peltate 
leaves.)  Hydrocotyle  ranunculoides  (WATER  PENNYWORT) 

BB.     Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  entire. 

C.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  hollow,  with  cross  partitions ;  flowers  white ;  umbel 
simple.  W.  —  (From  Lilaea,  a  genus  which  it  resembles ;  +  Gk.  opsis  =  like.) 

Lilaeopsis  occidentalis 

CC.  Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  not  hollow,  without  cross  partitions ;  flowers 
yellow;  umbel  compound.  —  (Gk.  bous  =  an  ox,  pleuron  =  a  rib ;  referring  to 
the  conspicuous  leaf  veins  of  some  species.) 

Bupleurum  americanum  (THOROUGHWAX) 
AA.    Leaves  compound  or  very  nearly  so. 
D.     Oil  tubes  none;   carpels  smooth,  linear. 

E.  Fruit  acute-ribbed.  —  (Honor  of  George  Washington,  the  first  President.) 

Washingtonia  (SWEET  CICELY) 
EE.     Fruit  not  ribbed  except  at  the  beak.     E.  —  (The  Latin  name.) 

Anthriscus  cerefolium  (BEAKED  PARSLEY) 
DD.     Oil  tube  i  at  the  base  of  each  groove. 

F.  Flowers  white  or  rose  color. 
G.     Stylopodium  conic. 

H.     At  least  the  upper  leaflets  linear  or  filiform. 

I.  Involucre  none;  leaflets  flabelliform  or  the  upper  leaves  merely  cleft. 
W.  —  Cultivated  for  its  seed  as  a  spice.  (Gk.  koris  =  a  bug;  from  the 
buglike  odor  of  the  leaves.)  Coriandrum  sativum  (CORIANDER) 

n.     Involucre  present;  leaflets  dissected  into  filiform  divisions. 

CARUM  (p.  167) 
HH.     Leaflets  wider  than  linear. 

J.    Involucre  bracts  few  or  none.  —  Roots  poisonous.     (The  Latin  name.) 

Cicuta  (WATER  HEMLOCK) 


l66  UMBELLACEAE    (CARROT  FAMILY) 

JJ.     Involucre  bracts  conspicuous.     U.  —  (Gk.  taenion  =  a  band ;  pleuron  = 
a  rib;  referring  to  the  wide  ribs  of  the  carpels.)         Taeniopleurum  howellii 
GG.     Stylopodium  flat  or  none. 

K.     At  least  the  lateral  ribs  thick  and  corky. 

L.     Plants  in  water  or  very  wet  places;    dorsal  ribs  of  the  carpels  filiform. 

W.  C.  —  (Gk.  oinos  =  wine,  anthos  =  a  flower;   some  species  were  used 

for  scenting  wine.)  Oenanthe  sarmentosa  (WATER  CELERY) 

LL.     Plants  of  rather  dry  soil;    dorsal  ribs  of  the  carpels  prominent  and 

corky. 

M.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  much  wrinkled  when  old;  involucre  none;   fruit 

3  mm.  long.     E.  —  (Gk.  rhysos  =  wrinkled,  pteron  =  a  wing;  referring 

to  the  fruit  wings.)  Rhysopterus  plurijugus 

MM.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  not  wrinkled;  involcre  present;  fruit  not  over 

2  mm.  long.     W.  —  (Greek  name  for  some  plant  of  this  family.) 

Ammi  visnaga  (TOOTHPICK  PLANT) 

KK.      Ribs  obscure  or  none.      E.  —  (Honor  of   Mr.  Leiberg,  an  American 
botanist.)  Leibergia  orogenioides 

FF.     Flowers  yellow;  stylopodium  flat  or  none. 

N.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  conspicuously  winged.     E.  —  (A  modification  of  Thapsia, 
a  related  genus.)  Thaspium  aureum  (GOLDEN  MEADOW  PARSNIP) 

NN.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  filiform.      E.  —  (Honor  of  I.  B.  Ziz,  a  Rhenish  bota- 
nist.) Zizia  cordata  (HEART-LEAVED  ALEXANDERS) 


GROUP  4 

A.    Stylopodium  conic. 

B.     Fruit  round;  carpels  globose;  carpel  ribs  very  slender,  inconspicuous.     W.  E. 
—  (The  Latin  name  of  the  Water  Cress.)  Berula  erecta 

BB.     Fruit  ovate  or  oblong. 
C.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  prominent,  equal. 

D.     Umbel    is-25-rayed;    fruit  oblong  to  ovate;    carpels  flattened  laterally  if 
at  all.  —  (From  the  country  Liguria  where  garden  Lovage  was  first  found.) 

Ligusticum  (LOVAGE) 

DD.     Umbels  5- 1 2 -rayed;   fruit  oblong  to  linear;    carpels  slightly  flattened  dor- 
sally  if  at  all.  —  (Honor  of  George  Washington,  the  first  President.) 

Washingtonia  (SWEET  CICELY) 

CC.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  filiform  or  almost  none.      E.  —  (Gk.  eu  =  well,  lophos  = 
a  plume;  apparently  referring  to  the  plumelike  leaves.)         Eulophus  bolanderi 
AA.     Stylopodium  flat  or  none. 
E.     Seed  face  sulcate  or  decidedly  concave. 

F.  Carpels  flattened  dorsally.     E.  —  (Gk.   aulos  =  a  tube,   sperma  =  a  seed; 
apparently  from  the  many  oil  tubes  in  the  fruit.)  Aulospermum  glaucum 

FF.     Carpels  terete.  —  (Probably  in  honor  of    O.  Drude,  a  European  botanist ; 
Gk.  phyton  =  a  plant.)  Drudeophytum 

EE.     Seed  face  plane  or  but  slightly  concave. 

G.  All  of  the  ribs  of  the  carpels  conspicuously  winged. 

H.     Plant  of  the  seashore,  tomentose;    wings  of  the  carpels  corky-thickened. 
W.  —  (Possibly  Gk.  glenos  =  a  thing  to  stare  at,  because  it  is  so  woolly.) 

Glehnia  littoralis 


UMBELLACEAE   (CARROT   FAMILY)  167 

HH.     Plants  of  mountains  and  plains,  glabrous  or  merely  pubescent;  wings  of 
the  carpels  thin. 

I.  Leaves  pinnate;    leaf  segments  wide,    crowded,  more  or  less  confluent ; 
flowers  purple  or  pinkish.     E.  —  (Gk.   phellos  —  cork,   pteron  =  wing;  re- 
ferring to  the  fruit-wings.)  Phellopterus  purpurascens 

II.  Leaves  ternate  and  then  pinnate;   leaf  segments  linear,  not  crowded,  more 
or  less  hard-tipped;  flowers  yellow  or  white.  —  (Gk.  pteryx  =  a  bird's  wing; 
referring  to  the  wide  fruit-wings.)  Pteryxia 

GG.     Ribs  of  the  carpels  not  winged. 

J.     Stem  leaves  simple,  entire,  clasping  or  perfoliate.     E.  —  (Gk.  bous  =  an 
ox,  pleuron  =  a  rib;   referring  to  the  conspicuous  leaf  veins  of  some  species.) 

Bupleurum  americanum  (THOROUGHWAX) 
JJ.     Stem  leaves  none  or  not  as  above. 

K.     Flowers  yellow;   carpel  rib  all  filiform;   plant  without  leafy  stem.      C.  — 
(Gk.  hespera  =  evening  or  western,  gennao  =  to  beget;  a  western  genus.) 

Hesperogenia  Strickland! 

KK.     Flowers  white  or  greenish;   at  least  the  lateral  carpel  ribs  corky. 
L.     Stem  3  dm.  or  less  high;    lateral  carpel  ribs  thick  and  corky,  the  dorsal 
filiform.  —  (.Gk.  oros  —  a  mountain,  gennao  =  to  beget;  they  are  mountain 
plants.)  Orogenia 

LL.     Stem  5  dm.  or  more  high;  all  the  carpel  ribs  corky  and  equally  prominent. 
M.     Calyx  teeth  minute;  fruit  flattened  laterally;  leaves  pinnate.     W.  E.  — 
(Gk.  sion  =  the  name  of  some  marsh  plant.) 

Slum  cicutaefolium  (WATER  PARSNIP) 

MM.  Calyx  teeth  none;  fruit  not  or  hardly  flattened  either  way;  leaves 
2-3 -terminate.  W.  —  (Gk.  koilos  =  hollow,  pleuron  =  a  rib;  from  the 
hollow  fruit  ribs.)  Coelopleurum 

CARUM    (CARAWAY) 

Glabrous,  erect.  Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  few.  Flowers  white ;  in- 
volucre and  involucels  present.  Fruit  flattened  laterally,  oblong  to  orbicular, 
glabrous ;  ribs  filiform  or  inconspicuous ;  oil  tubes  large,  i  in  each  interval, 
2-6  on  the  commissure  side.  —  (From  Caria,  a  country  in  Asia  Minor,  where 
first  found.) 

A.     Even  the  upper  leaves  twice  pinnate;    fruit  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long.     W.  —  Culti- 
vated for  the  seed,  as  a  spice.  C.  carui  (GARDEN  CARAWAY) 
AA.     At  least  the  upper  few  leaves  only  once  pinnate. 

B.     Fruit  orbicular,  2  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  C.  gairdneri 
BB.     Fruit  oblong,  3-4  mm.  long. 

C.     Fruit  rounded  at  both  ends.     C.  E.  C.  oreganum 

CC.     Fruit  narrowed  at  both  ends.     U.  C.  lemmon 

.    DAUCUS    (CARROT) 

Annual  or  biennial.  Flowers  white;  umbels  compound.  Calyx  teeth 
obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  somewhat  flattened  dorsally;  primary  ribs  5, 
slender;  secondary  ribs  4,  winged;  oil  tubes  i  in  each  interval,  2  on  the 
commissure  side.  —  (Daukos  was  the  Greek  name  for  the  Carrot.) 


1 68  CORNACEAE    (DOGWOOD    FAMILY) 

A.     Leaf  segments  narrowly  linear.     W.  E.  —  Common  weed  in  meadows. 

D.  pusillus  (WILD  CARROT) 
AA.     Leaf  segments  lanceolate.     W.  —  Cultivated  for  its  yellow  edible  root. 

D.  carota  (CULTIVATED  CARROT) 

CORNACEAE    (DOGWOOD  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  mostly  entire,  pinnately 
veined;  stipules  none.  Flowers  in  cymes  or  heads  or  ament-like 
clusters.  Calyx  limb  4~5-toothed  or  -lobed.  Petals  none  or  dis- 
tinct, 4-5.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Ovary  inferior, 
i-2-celled;  ovules  1-2 ;  styles  1-2.  Fruit  fleshy,  a  drupelet  or  a 
berry. 

A.    Leaves  deciduous,  herbaceous  ;   flowers  perfect;   petals  present ;   fruit  a  drupe. 

CORNUS  (p.  1 68) 
AA.    Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous;  flowers  dioecious;   petals  none;   fruit  a  berry. 

GARRYA  (p.  168) 
CORNUS   (DOGWOOD) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  entire,  sometimes  apparently  whorled. 
Flowers  variously  colored,  in  cymes  or  heads,  often  involucrate  with  large 
white  bracts.  Calyx  limb  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  4.  Ovary  2-celled ; 
style  i.  Drupe  globose  to  oblong.  Seeds  2. —  (L.  cornu  =  a  horn;  re- 
ferring to  the  hardness  of  the  wood.) 

A.     Flowers  in  loose  cymes,  white  or  cream-colored,  not  involucrate;    fruit  white  or 

blue. 

B.     Leaves  5-10  cm.  long;    calyx  teeth  prominent. 
C.     Cyme  branches  hairy;   leaves  loosely  pubescent  beneath.     W.  C. 

C.  occidentalis   (WESTERN  DOGWOOD) 
CC.     Cyme  branches  glabrous;   leaves  appressed-pubescent  beneath.     C.  E. 

C.  stolonifera  (RED-OSIER  DOGWOOD) 
BB.     Leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends;   calyx  teeth  minute.     U. 

C.  glabrata 

AA.     Flowers  in  sessile  umbels,  yellowish,  involucrate;    involucre  bracts  4,  5-7  mm. 
long;   fruit  blue-black;   shrub  3-4.5  m.  high.     U.  C.  sessilis 

AAA.     Flowers  in  dense  heads,  greenish,  involucrate;    involucre  bracts  4-6;    fruit  red. 
D.     Plant  8-20  cm.  high,  herbaceous;   involucre  bracts  1-2  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  canadensis   (BUNCHBERRY) 

DD.     Plant  10-20  m.  high,  shrub  or  tree;    involucre  bracts  4-8  cm.  long.     W.  C. 

C.  nuttallii  (FLOWERING  DOGWOOD) 

GARRYA    (FEVER-BUSH) 

Shrubs ;  bark  greenish ;  branchlets  4-angled.  Leaves  entire  or  undulate. 
Flowers  in  ament-like  clusters ;  clusters  axillary,  pendulous,  solitary  or  in 
3's  between  the  bracts.  Calyx  of  the  sterile  flowers  4-parted ;  ovary  none. 
Calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  shortly  2-lobed  or  entire ;  stamens  none ;  ovary 
i-celled;  styles  2.  Berry  blue  or  purple.  Seeds  1-2. —  (Honor  of  M. 
Garry,  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.) 


PYROLACEAE   (WINTERGREEN   FAMILY)  169 

A.     Leaves  mostly  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex,  undulate, 
densely  tomentose  beneath.     W.  G.  elliptica 

AA.     Leaves  acute  at  both  ends,  entire. 
B.     Leaves  3.7-6.2  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath.     W.  C. 

G.  fremontii  (BEAR  BUSH) 
BB.     Leaves  2.5-3.7  cm.  long,  densely  white  appressed-silky  beneath.     U. 

G.  burifolia 

PYROLACEAE  (WINTERGREEN  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  low,  perennial.  Leaves  none  or  evergreen 
and  coriaceous,  simple,  petioled.  Flowers  perfect,  nearly  regular, 
solitary  or  racemose  or  corymbose,  variously  colored.  "Calyx 
segments  4-5.  Petals  4-5,  nearly  or  quite  distinct.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  anthers  opening  by  pores  or  slits  at 
one  end.  Ovary  superior,  4~5-celled;  stigma  4~5-lobed  or -crenate. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  dehiscent.  Seeds  many,  minute. 

A.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorl ed;  flowers  solitary  or  in  corymbs  or  umbels. 
B.     Flowers  in  corymbs  or  umbels;  style  very  short;   leaves  on  erect  or  ascending 
branches.  CHIMAPHILA  (p.  169) 

BB.     Flowers  solitary;    style  long;   leaves  much  clustered  at  base.     W.  C.  E. — 
(Gk.  monos  =  i,  esis  =  delight;   referring  to  the  single  beautiful  flower.) 

Moneses  uniflora  (SINGLE  BEAUTY) 
AA.    Leaves  basal  and  not  showing  opposite  if  so;  flowers  in  racemes. 

PYROLA  (p.  169) 

CHIMAPHILA   (PIPSISSEWA) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  3  dm.  or  less  high ;  stems  decumbent.  Leaves  opposite 
or  whorled,  serrate.  Flowers  white  or  purplish.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  -parted, 
persistent.  Petals  5,  nearly  orbicular.  Capsule  erect,  globose,  5-lobed, 
5-celled ;  valve  margins  not  woolly.  —  (Gk.  cheima  =  winter,  phileo  =  I 
love ;  because  it  is  evergreen.) 
A.  Leaves  cuneate-oblanceolate,  not  white-mottled;  flowers  usually  more  than  3. 

W.  C.  E.  C.  umbellata 

AA.     Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  often  white-mottled;   flowers  1-3.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  menziesii  (SPOTTED  PIPSISSEWA) 

PYROLA  (WINTERGREEN) 

Herbs,  glabrous,  stoloniferous.  Flowers  nodding,  on  erect  bracted  scapes. 
Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Capsule  subglobose,  5-lobed,  5- 
celled.  —  (Diminutive  of  L.  pyrus  =  the  pear-tree ;  from  the  similarity  of 
the  leaves.) 

A.     Green  leaves  none  or  very  rudimentary. 

B.  Flowers  red.     W.  C.  E.  P.  aphylla  (FALSE  CORAL  ROOT) 
BB.     Flowers  white.     W.  C.  E.                                      P.  picta  (VARIABLE  WINTERGREEN) 

AA.     Green  leaves  plainly  present. 

C.  Style  curved  downwards. 
D.     Flowers  white  or  greenish. 


1 70  MONOTROPACEAE   (INDIAN   PIPE   FAMILY) 

E.  Calyx  lobes  obtuse;   flowers  greenish;   leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  chlorantha   (GREEN  WINTERGREEN) 

EE.     Calyx  lobes  acute;   flowers  white;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  spatulate-oblong. 
W.  C.  E.  P.  picta  (VARIABLE  WINTERGREEN) 

DD.     Flowers  red  or  pink. 

F.  Leaves  thin,  dull,  obtuse.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  incarnata  (ROUND-LEAVED  WINTERGREEN) 
FF.     Leaves  coriaceous,  shining,  acute.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  bracteata  (PEAR-LEAVED  WINTERGREEN) 
CC.     Style  straight. 

G.     Leaves  ovate;  raceme  i-sided;  style  equaling  or  exceeding  the  petals.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  secunda  (I-SIDED  WINTERGREEN) 

GG.     Leaves  orbicular;  raceme  not  i -sided;  style  shorter  than  the  petals.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  minor  (SMALL  WINTERGREEN) 

MONOTROPACEAE   (INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  leafless,  fleshy,  white  to  red  or  brown,  without  green. 
Flowers  either  terminal  and  solitary,  or  else  in  a  terminal  spicate  or 
racemose  or  headlike  cluster.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Sepals  2-6. 
Petals  3-6,  rarely  none.  Stamens  6-12,  hypogynous;  anthers  opening 
by  slits  (except  Sarcodes}.  Ovary  superior,  4-6-lobed,  i-6-celled. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  2-6-valved.  Seeds  many,  minute. 

A.     Corolla  none;    flowers  spicate.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  olios  =  another,  tropa  =  a 
turn;  because  there  are  many  reflexed  flowers.)  Allotropa  virgata 

AA.     Corolla  of  distinct  petals;  flowers  solitary  or  racemose. 
B.     Ovary  3-s-celled;  disk  io-i2-toothed. 

C.  Stems  i-flowered;  plant  pure  white;  bracts  entire.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk. 
monos  =  i,  tropa  =  a  turn;  referring  to  the  single  reflexed  flower.) 

Monotropa  uniflora  (INDIAN  PIPE) 

CC.     Stems  3-2O-flowered;  plant  yellowish  or  reddish;  bracts  erose  to  fimbriate. 

HYPOPITYS  (p.  171) 

BB.  Ovary  i-celled;  disk  inconspicuous  or  none;  bracts  laciniate-toothed  or 
fimbriate.  PLEURICOSPORA  (p.  171) 

AAA.     Corolla  of  united  petals;  flowers  racemose  or  spicate  or  capitate. 
D.     Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  spike;   sepals  5;  ovary  5-celled,  none  of  these  centrally 
placed. 

E.  Plant  3-9  dm.  high;  flowers  rather  distant,  in  a  long  and  not  densely  scaly 
raceme;  corolla  globose  ovate;  corolla  lobes  recurved;  anthers  2-awned  on 
the  back.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  pieron  =  a  wing,  spora  =  a  seed;  the  seeds  are 
winged.)  Pterospora  andromedea  (PINEDROPS) 

EE.  Plant  1.5-3  dm.  high;  flowers  in  a  short  densely  scaly  raceme  or  spike; 
corolla  campanulate;  corolla  lobes  erect;  anthers  not  awned.  U.  C.  —  (Gk. 
sarkos  =  flesh,  eidos  =  like;  the  plant  is  fleshy.) 

Sarcodes  sanguinea  (SNOW  PLANT) 

DD.  Flowers  in  a  headlike  cluster;  sepals  2,  bractlike;  ovary  i-celled,  but 
apparently  of  i  cell  with  4  others  surrounding  it.  W.  C.  —  (Gk.  hcmi  =  half, 
tomos  =  a  cutting;  probably  because  the  calyx  is  split  into  2  sepals.) 

Hemitomes  congestum  (CONE  PLANT) 


ERICACEAE    (HEATH   FAMILY)  171 

HYPOPITYS    (PINESAP) 

Plants  under  conifers;  stem  simple  to  the  inflorescence,  leafy-bracted. 
Flowers  racemose,  reflexed.  Sepals  3-5,  deciduous.  Petals  3-5,  saccate 
at  base.  Stamens  6-10. —  (Gk.  hypo  =  under,  pitys  =  a  Fir  tree;  refer- 
ring to  the  habitat.) 

A.     Bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  erose.     W.  C.  E.  H.  hypopitys 

AA.     Upper  bracts  obovate  to  cuneate,  erosely  or  laciniately  fimbriate.     W.  C. 

H.  fimbriata 

PLEURICOSPORA   (FLOWERING  FUNGUS) 

Less  than  3  dm.  high,  white  or  yellowish;  scales  fimbriate.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  short  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  4-5,  scalelike.  Petals  4-5, 
similar  to  the  sepals.  Stamens  8  or  10;  anthers  linear,  apiculate.  Seeds 
ovate,  smooth.  —  (Gk.  pleurikos  =  pertaining  to  ribs,  spora  =  seed.  Not 
clear  why.) 

A.     Petals  about  8  mm.  or  less  long,  little  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the  sepals  and  bracts. 
C.  P.  fimbriolata 

AA.     Petals  about  12  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  sepals  and  bracts.     C. 

P.  longipetala 

ERICACEAE    (HEATH  FAMILY) 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  simple;  stipules  none.  Calyx  4-5- 
parted  or  -cleft.  Corolla  mostly  gamopetalous,  of  segments  as 
many  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  hypogynous;  anther  cells  opening  by 
pores  or  slits;  pollen  grains  united  into  4'$.  Ovary  superior  in 
flower,  often  inferior  in  fruit,  2-5-celled;  style  i.  Fruit  a  capsule 
or  berry  or  drupe. 

A.     Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen. 
B.     Leaves  opposite. 

C.  Shrub  of  peat  bogs;    leaves  not  densely  crowded,  not  imbricate,  lanceolate 
to  oval,  2-4  cm.  long;    flowers  in  terminal  clusters;    corolla  saucer-shaped. 
W.  C.  E.  —  Poisonous  to  sheep.     (Honor  of  P.  Kalm,  a  Finnish  botanist.) 

Kalmia  polifolia  (SWAMP  LAUREL) 

CC.     Shrub  of  high  mountains;   leaves  densely  crowded,  imbricate,  almost  scale- 
like,  2-4  mm.  long;   flowers  solitary,  axillary;   corolla  campanulate. 

CASSIOPE  (p.  173) 
BB.     Leaves  alternate. 

D.  Leaves  4-15  mm.  long,  linear  or  oblong;   shrubs  low,  matted,  on  high  moun- 
tains. 

E.     Flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  yellowish  or  rose-colored;  anthers  awnless. 

PHYLLODOCE  (p.  173) 

EE.     Flowers  terminal,   solitary,   white;     anthers   2-awned.     C.  —  (Honor  of 
E.  H.  Harriman,  an  American  financier.) 

Harrimanella  stelleriana  (ALASKA  HEATHER) 


172  ERICACEAE   (HEATH   FAMILY) 

DD.     Leaves  either  2  cm.  or  more  long,  or  else  wider  for  their  length;  shrubs  or 

trees,  various  in  form  and  in  the  altitude  of  their  habitat. 
F.     Leaves  strongly  re  volute;  fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

G.     Leaves  7-5~i5  cm.  long;   shrubs  on  dry  soil;   flowers  rose-colored;    corolla 
about  5  cm.  long,  campanulate.  RHODODENDRON  (p.  173) 

GG.     Leaves  3-7.5  cm.  long;    shrubs  in  peat  bogs;   flowers  white;    corolla  less 
than  i  cm.  long,  either  urn-shaped  or  of  distinct  petals. 

H.     Corolla  gamopetalous,  urn-shaped;   anthers  2-awned;  capsule  loculicidal; 

leaves  without  hairs  beneath.     C.  —  (Andromeda  was  a  mythological  Greek 

.  beauty,  the  daughter  of  Cassiope.)      Andromeda  polifolia  (BOG  ROSEMARY) 

HH.     Corolla  of  separate  petals;    petals  widely  spreading;    anthers  awnless; 

capsule  septicidal;  leaves  with  or  without  hairs  beneath.     LEDUM  (p.  172) 

FF.     Leaves  not  revolute;  fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  fleshy. 

I.  Leaves  entire,  not  over  7.5  cm.  long;   fruit  red,  i-7-seeded. 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  (p.  174) 

II.  Leaves  serrulate  or  if  entire  7.5-12.5  cm.  long;   fruit  red  or  black,  many- 
seeded. 

J.     Shrub;    bark  not  red;    calyx  becoming  large  and  fleshy;    leaves  either 

ovate  to  cordate  or  else  not  over  3.7  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  racemose, 

in  the  axils;  berry  red  or  black.  GAULTHERIA  (p.  173) 

JJ.     Shrub  or  tree;   bark  red;   calyx  remaining  small;   leaves  oval  or  oblong 

and  7-12  cm.  long;    flowers  paniculate,  terminal;    berry  red.     W. — The 

Trailing  Arbutus  of  eastern  U.  S.  goes  to  another  genus,  Epigaea.     (The 

Latin  name.)  Arbutus  menziesii  (MADRONA) 

AA.     Leaves  herbaceous,  deciduous. 

K.     Corolla  of  separate  petals,  copper-colored;   flowers  solitary,  the  parts  in  5's. 
C. —  (Gk.  klados  —  a  branch,  thamnos  =  a  shrub;    the  branches  are  numerous.) 

Cladothamnus  pryolaeflorus  (COPPER  BUSH) 

KK.     Corolla  gamopetalous,  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  or  campanulate  or   funnel- 
form,  not  copper-colored;  flowers  clustered,  the  parts  in  4's  or  5*5. 
L.     Flower  parts  in  4's;    corolla   5   mm.  or  less  long,   urn-shaped  or  cylindric, 
greenish  or  purplish;    ovary  4-celled.      W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  A.    Menzies, 
surgeon  and  naturalist  under  Vancouver.) 

Menziesia  ferruginea  (FOOL'S  HUCKLEBERRY) 

LL.     Flower  parts  in  s's;    corolla  8-50  cm.  long,  campanulate  or  funnelform, 
white  or  cream-colored;   ovary  5-celled.  RHODODENDRON  (p.  173) 

LEDUM    (LABRADOR  TEA) 

Shrubs,  low.  Leaves  more  or  less  resinous-dotted.  Flowers  fascicled; 
pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  4-10; 
anther  cells  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Capsule  oval  or  oblong,  5-valved 
from  the  base.  Seed  slender.  —  In  peaty  bogs.  (Gk.  ledon  =  the  name  of 
the  Rock  Rose,  Cistus;  from  the  resemblance.) 

A.     Leaves  lanceolate;   leaf  margin  revolute. 

B.     Leaves  rusty-tomentose  beneath.     W.  L.  groenlandicum 

BB.     Leaves  glaucous  and  not  hairy  beneath.     W.  L.  columbianum 

AA.     Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  not  hairy  beneath;    leaf  margin  not  revolute.     E. 

L.  glandulosum 


ERICACEAE   (HEATH   FAMILY)  173 


RHODODENDRON 

Leaves  evergreen  or  deciduous,  alternate,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Flowers 
white  or  rose-colored  or  purple,  large,  in  terminal  umbels  or  lateral  fascicles. 
Calyx  5-parted  or  -lobed.  Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
regular  or  slightly  2-lipped.  Stamens  5  or  10;  anther  cells  opening  by 
pores.  Ovary  5~2o-celled.  Capsule  5~20-valved  from  tip.  Seeds  many, 
minute.  —  (Gk.  rhodon  =  a  rose ;  dendron  —  a  tree ;  hence  rose  tree.) 

A.     Leaves  thick,  coriaceous,  evergreen;   corolla  rose-colored.     W.  C. 

R.  californicum  (RHODODENDRON) 

AA.  Leaves  of  ordinary  thickness,  not  coriaceous,  deciduous;  corolla  white  or  yel- 
lowish. 

B.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong;   flowers  in  lateral  clusters  of  1-3;    corolla  1.5-2  cm. 

long;  stamens  10;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long.     W.  C.  E.    R.  albiflorum  (SMALL  AZALEA) 

BB.     Leaves  obovate-oblong;   flowers  in  terminal  umbels;    corolla  about  5  cm.  long; 

stamens  5;   capsule  16-25  mm.  long.     U.  R.  occidentalis  (LARGE  AZALEA) 

PHYLLODOCE    (HEATHER) 

Low.  Leaves  crowded.  Calyx  4-6-parted.  Corolla  campanulate  or 
ovoid,  5-lobed.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  5-celled,  globose  to  short-oblong, 
septicidal,  5-valved.  Seeds  many,  minute.  —  (Phyllodoce  was  a  sea-nymph 
mentioned  by  Virgil.) 

A.     Corolla  red,  campanulate.     W.  C.  E.  P.  empetrifonnis  (RED  HEATHER) 

AA.     Corolla  yellowish,  ovoid.     W.  C.  E.  P.  glanduliflora  (YELLOW  HEATHER) 

CASSIOPE    (Moss  HEATHER) 

Low,  matted.  Leaves  sessile,  entire,  apparently  veinless,  4-ranked. 
Flowers  peduncled,  nodding,  white  or  pink.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Corolla  4-5- 
lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  8  or  10 ;  anther  cells  opening  by  pores,  tipped 
with  a  recurved  awn.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,'  4~5-celled,  4~5-valved. 
Seeds  many,  minute.  —  (Cassiope  was  the  mother  of  Andromeda.) 

A.     Leaves  furrowed  on  the  back.     C.  C.  tetragona 

AA.     Leaves  keeled  on  the  back.     W.  C.  E.  C.  mertensiana 

GAULTHERIA 

Leaves  wide.  Flowers  small,  nodding,  either  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils  or 
in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  -lobed.  Corolla  urn-shaped  to  cam- 
panulate. Stamens  10;  anther-cells  opening  by  a  pore  at  tip.  Ovary 
5-celled.  Berry  composed  of  the  fleshy  calyx  inclosing  the  ovary.  —  (Honor 
of  H.  Gaulthier,  a  French  naturalist,  court  physician  at  Quebec.) 

A.  Plant  3-30  dm.  high;  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long;  corolla  urn-shaped;  filaments 
hairy;  fruit  black.  W.  C.  G.  shallon  (SALAL) 

AA.  Plant  0.5-2  dm.  high;  leaves  3.7  cm.  or  less  long;  corolla  campanulate;  fila- 
ments glabrous;  fruit  scarlet. 


174  VACCINIACEAE   (HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY) 

B.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  subcordate,  2-3.7  cm.  long;  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx  lobes.  W.  C.  E.  G.  ovatifolia 

BB.  Leaves  oval  or  rounded,  1-2  cm.  long;  corolla  a  little  surpassing  the  calyx  lobes. 
C.  E.  G.  humifusa 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS    (BEARBERRY) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  wide,  usually  vertical  by  a  twist  of  the 
petiole.  Flowers  small,  white  to  light  red,  in  racemes  or  panicles ;  clusters 
terminal.  Calyx  deeply  4-5 -parted.  Corolla  urceolate.  Stamens  8  or  10; 
anther  cells  with  reflexed  awns,  opening  by  pores.  Berry  4-io-celled.  — 
(Gk.  arktos  =  a  bear,  staphyle  =  a  bunch  of  grapes ;  hence  a  bearberry.) 

A.     Plant  trailing  or  with  branches  erect  or  ascending;    ovary  and  fruit  glabrous 

(BEARBERRY  or  KINNIKINNICK) 

B.  Leaves  obtuse  or  retuse;   leaf  blade  widest  above  the  middle,  gradually  tapering 
to  the  petiole.     W.  C.  E.  A.  uva-ursi 

BB.  Leaves  cuspidate;  leaf  blade  often  widest  below  the  middle,  abruptly  petioled. 
C.  A.  nevadensis 

AA.     Plant  erect;   ovary  and  fruit  glabrous  or  hairy.     (MANZANITA.) 

C.  Ovary  glabrous;    leaves  glabrous. 

D.     Leaves  dark  green;    pedicels  glabrous;   twigs  glandular. 
E.     Bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

F.     Leaves  acute  at  both  ends.     U.  A.  hispidula 

FF.     Leaves  obtuse  at  both  ends.     E.  A.  obtusifolia 

EE.     Bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels.     U.  A.  manzanita 

DD.     Leaves  whitish-green;    pedicels  glandular  or  pubescent;    twigs  not  glandular, 
glabrous  or  short  hairy.     U.  A.  viscida 

CC.  Ovary  hairy  at  the  top;  leaves  glabrous,  whitish-green;  twigs  ashy-gray; 
pedicels  minutely  hairy,  longer  than  the  bracts.  U.  A.  cinerea 

CCC.  Ovary  densely  pubescent  or  tomentose;  leaves  somewhat  tomentose  espe- 
cially when  young;  pedicels  glandular  or  hairy.  W.  C.  A.  tomentosa 

VACCINIACEAE    (HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY) 

Shrubs,  erect  or  trailing.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  evergreen 
or  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pink,  perfect.  Calyx 
4~5-lobed  to  -divided.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  or  rarely  of  separate 
petals.  Stamens  8  or  10,  epigynous  or  on  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
anthers  often  awned,  opening  by  pores.  Ovary  inferior,  2-io-celled. 
Fruit  a  berry. 

A.  Corolla  segments  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  plants  erect  or  trailing, 
usually  not  in  peat  bogs;  leaves  deciduous  or  evergreen;  berry  red  or  black  or 
blue.  VACCINIUM  (p.  175) 

AA.  Corolla  segments  distinct  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base;  plants  trailing,  in  peat 
bogs  only;  leaves  evergreen;  berry  red.  W.  C.  —  The  cultivated  cranberry  is 
V.  macrocarpon,  which  has  a  larger  berry  than  ours.  (Gk.  oxus  =  sour,  kokkus  — 
a  berry;  the  berries  are  somewhat  acid.)  Oxycoccus  oxycoccus  (CRANBERRY) 


PRIMULACEAE   (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  175 


VACCINIUM    (HUCKLEBERRY) 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  clusters,  rarely  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils.  Calyx 
persistent.  Corolla  urn-shaped  to  campanulate.  Ovary  4-io-celled. 
Seeds  many.  —  (L.  vacca  =  a  cow ;  perhaps  because  they  are  often  pasture 
plants.)  Fruits  edible. 

A.     Leaves  deciduous;   filaments  glabrous;   anthers  2-awned. 
B.     Flowers  solitary;   corolla  5-lobed;  calyx  entire  to  s-cleft;   leaves  often  not  entire; 

twigs  often  angled. 

C.     Twigs  terete;    plants  dwarf,  caespitose,  less  than  5  dm.  high;   leaves  mostly  ser- 
rate. 

D.  Leaves  bright  green  on  both  sides,  rather  thin;    corolla  ovate  or  oblong.     W. 
C.  E.  V.  caespitosum  (DWARF  BILBERRY) 

DD.     Leaves  pale  and  glaucescent,  thicker;   corolla  globose.     W.  C. 

V.  deliciosum  (SWEET  BILBERRY) 

CC.     Twigs  slightly  to  sharply  angled;    plants  10-20  dm.  high  when  twigs  are  only 
slightly  angled. 

E.  Leaves  serrate  or  serrulate;    plants  1-15  dm.  high. 

F.  Leaves  4-8  mm.  long;    berries  red;   plant  1-4.5  dm.  high.     C.  E. 

V.  scoparium 
FF.     Leaves  12-16  mm.  long;    berries  black;   plant  1-3  dm.  high.     E. 

V.  oreophilum 
FFF.     Leaves  25-50  mm.  long;    berries  black;   plant  3-15  dm.  high.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  membranaceum 
EE.     Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  irregular  teeth;    plants  10-40  dm.  high. 

G.  Leaves  6-17  mm.  long;    calyx  5-lobed;    berry  red.     W.  C. 

V.  parvifolium  (RED  HUCKLEBERRY) 

GG.     Leaves  2.5-7.5  cm.  long;    calyx  lo-toothed  or  -lobed;    berry  blue  or  black. 

W.  C.  V.  ovalifolium 

BB.     Flowers  in  clusters  of  2-4;    corolla  usually  4-lobed;    calyx  4~s-parted  ;    leaves 

entire;   twigs  terete. 
H.     Leaf  veins  prominent;   leaves  thick,  obtuse  or  retuse.     W.  C. 

V.  uliginosum  (BOG  BILBERRY) 

HH.     Leaf  veins  obscure;    leaves  thinner,  obtuse  or  acute.     C.  E.     V.  occidentals 
AA.     Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous;    filaments  hairy;    anthers  awnless. 
I.     Plant  erect;  leaves  acute,  not  revolute;   berry  black,  not  bitterish.     W. 

V.  ovatum  (EVERGREEN  HUCKLEBERRY) 

n.     Plant  prostrate;  leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate,  revolute;   berry  dark  red,  bitterish. 
C.  V.  vitis-idaea  (ROCK  CRANBERRY) 

PRIMULACEAE    (PRIMROSE  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  variously  arranged.  Flowers  perfect,  regular, 
variously  arranged.  Calyx  4-g-parted  or  -cleft.  Corolla  gamopet- 
alous  or  none  (Glaux),  various  in  form,  segments  as  many  as  the 
calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  and  opposite  them,  on 
base  of  corolla  tube.  Ovary  superior  or  inferior  (Samolus),  i-celled; 
placenta  central;  style  I.  Capsules  mostly  2-6-valved.  Seeds  i 
to  many. 


176  PRIMULACEAE   (PRIMROSE   FAMILY) 

A.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  along  elongated  stems. 
B.     Leaves  sessile;  flowers  white  or  red  or  yellow. 

C.     Flowers  yellow;   stem  erect,  3-6  dm.  high;   leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  lanceolate. 
C.  E.  —  (Probably  in  honor  of  a  Mr.  Naumburg.) 

Naumburgia  thyrsiflorus  (TUFTED  MONEYWORT) 

CC.     Flowers  white  or  red;    stem  decumbent  or  diffuse,  1-3  dm.  high;     leaves 
0.6-2.5  cm.  long,  not  lanceolate. 

D.  Plants  of  salt  marshes,  perennial;  stem  terete,  very  little  branched  if  at 
all;  flowers  white  or  pink;  petals  none.  W.  —  (Gk.  glaukos  =  sea-green, 
hence  glaucous;  referring  to  the  color  of  the  plant.) 

Glaux  maritima  (BLACK  SALTWORI) 

DD.     Plants  of  cultivated  ground,  annual;  stem  4-sided,  much  branched;  flowers 
scarlet;    petals  present.     W.  —  (Gk.  anagelao  =  to  laugh;   it  was  supposed 
to  counteract  melancholia.)       Anagallis  arvensis  (POORMAN'S-WEATHER  GLASS) 
BB.     Leaves  petiolate;  flowers  yellow.  STEIRONEMA  (p.  177) 

AA.     Leaves  either  alternate  or  else  in  a  basal  or  terminal  tuft  or  whorl. 
E.     Leaves  in  a  basal  rosette. 

F.  Corolla  rotate,  4-5-parted;  stamens  often  united  into  a  cone  about  the 
pistil.  DODECATHEON  (p.  177) 

FF.     Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  5-lobed;   stamens  not  united. 
G.     Corolla- tube  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  plant  perennial. 
H.     Capsule    many-seeded;     stamens    exserted.     E.  —  (Diminutive    of    L. 
primus  =  first;  because  some  blossom  very  early.) 

Primula  cusickiana  (PRIMROSE) 

HH.     Capsule  i-2-seeded;  stamens  included.  DOUGLASIA  (p.  176) 

GG.     Corolla-tube  shorter  than  calyx;  plant  annual.      ANDROSACE  (p.  177) 

EE.     Leaves  not  all  in  a  basal  rosette,  scattered  along  the  stem  or  in  a  terminal 

whorl. 

I.  Leaves  or  most  of  them  25  mm.  or  more  long;  flowers  either  not  sessile  or 
not  solitary  in  the  axils. 

J.  Flowers  few,  terminal,  not  in  racemes;  stem  simple;  ovary  superior;  leaves 
tending  to  be  in  a  terminal  whorl;  seeds  few.  TRIENTALIS  (p.  177) 

JJ.  Flowers  many,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes;  stem  diffusely  branched; 
ovary  inferior;  leaves  all  scattered  along  the  stem;  seeds  many.  E. — 
(Said  to  be  from  Celtic  san  =  a  greeting,  mos  =  a  pig;  it  was  considered  a 
cure  for  pig  diseases.)  Samolus  floribundus  (BROOKWEED) 

n.  Leaves  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  solitary  in  the  axils.  C.  E.  —  Dimin- 
utive of  L.  cento  =  a  patch;  probably  referring  to  its  manner  of  growth.) 

Centunculus  minimus    (CHAFFWEED) 

DOUGLASIA 

Depressed,  tufted.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla 
tube  somewhat  inflated  above,  its  throat  somewhat  contracted  and  5-arched 
beneath  the  sinuses.  —  (Honor  of  D.  Douglas,  a  Scotch  botanist  and  col- 
lector in  our  region.) 

A.     Leaves  canescent  with  forked  hairs,  8-12  mm.  long.     C.  E.  D.  dentata 

AA.     Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  4-6  mm.  long.     W.  C.  D.  laevigata 


PRIMULACEAE   (PRIMROSE   FAMILY)  177 


ANDROSACE 

Flowers  white  or  pink.  Calyx  persistent,  5-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens 
included.  —  (Gk.  andros  =  a  man,  sakos  =  a  buckler  or  shield ;  probably 
referring  to  the  form  of  the  leaves.) 

A.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  often  toothed,  12-25  mm.  long;  calyx  tube 
white  to  reddish;  calyx  segments  subulate;  capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx.  E. 

A.  septentrionalis 

AA.  Leaves  ovate,  entire,  3-5  mm.  long;  calyx  tube  green;  calyx  segments  triangular; 
capsule  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  W.  E.  A.  filiformis 

STEIRONEMA 

Perennial;  stems  leafy.  Flowers  axillary.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply 
5-parted ;  sinuses  rounded ;  segments  ovate,  cuspidate-pointed,  each  rolled 
about  its  stamen.  Stamens  alternating  with  5  sterile  filaments.  Capsule 
io-2o-seeded.  —  (Gk.  steiros  =  sterile,  nema  =  a  thread ;  referring  to 
abortive  stamens.) 

A.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate,  minutely  ciliate;  corolla  lobes  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  C.  E.  S.  ciliatum 

AA.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  not  ciliate;  corolla  lobes  but  little  longer 
than  the  calyx.  U.  S.  laevigatum 

TRIENTALIS  (STAR  FLOWER) 

Perennial,  glabrous;  stem  2.5-15  cm.  high,  from  a  tuber.  Leaves  simple, 
alternate  but  mostly  clustered  at  the  top.  Flowers  white  or  pink ;  pedicels 
filiform.  Corolla  completely  rotate;  segments  5-7,  almost  separate. — 
(L.  trientalis  =  pertaining  to  a  third ;  because  they  are  about  ^  foot  high.) 

A.     Leaves  crowded  near  the  stem  tip;    woods  plant;    pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

W.  C.  E.  T.  latifolia 

AA.     Leaves  scattered  along  the  stem;    bog  plant;    pedicels  longer  than  the  leaves. 

W.  C.  E.  T.  arctica 

DODECATHEON    (SHOOTING  STAR) 

Perennial,  low.  Leaves  entire  to  dentate.  Flowers  in  an  umbel  on  a 
naked  scape.  Calyx  deeply  4~5-lobed;  lobes  reflexed  in  flower,  erect  in 
fruit.  Corolla  segments  long,  narrow,  reflexed.  Seeds  many.  —  (Gk. 
dodeka  =  12,  theos  =  god;  the  name  of  the  Primrose,  which  the  12  superior 
gods  were  thought  to  protect.) 

A.     Flower  parts  normally  in  4*5.     C.  E.  D.  tetrandrum 

AA.     Flower  parts  normally  in  s's. 
B.     Herbage  glabrous. 
C.     Leaves  entire. 

D.     Filaments  free  or  anthers  sessile. 

E.     Leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  obovate.     W.  D.  latifolium  (MOSQUITO-BILLS) 

EE.     Leaves  narrower. 
F.     Leaves  2-5  cm.  long;   scape  0.7-1.5  dm.  long.     E.  D.  campestre 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  12 


1 78  PLUMBAGINACEAE   (LEADWORT   FAMILY) 

FF.     Leaves  5-12  cm.  long;   scape  1-2  dm.  long.     C.  E.  D.  conjugens 

FFF.     Leaves  20-30  cm.  long;   scape  4-6  dm.  long.     E.  D.  dispar 

DD.     Filaments  united  into  a  tube  at  least  i  as  long  as  the  anthers. 
G.     Filaments  black;   capsule  opening  by  a  lid.     C.  D.  alpinum 

GG.     Filaments  yellow;    capsule  opening  by  valves  from  the  tip. 
H.     Involucre  bracts  oblong  to  spatulate;    anthers  about  equaling  the  stamen 
tube;    capsule  splitting  into  halves.      E.  D.  salinum 

HH.     Involucre  bracts  lanceolate;    anthers  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  stamen 
tube;   capsule  opening  by  5  short  teeth.     W.  E.  D.  pauciflorum 

CC.     Leaves  not  entire. 

I.     Leaves  dentate,  ovate;    petals  white,  each  with  2  purple  spots  at  base;    capsule 

opening  by  valves  from  the  tip.     C.  E.  D.  dentatum 

n.     Leaves  crenate,  longer  for  their  width;    petals  purple  throughout;    capsule 

opening  by  a  lid.     W.  C.  E.  D.  Jeffrey! 

BB.     Herbage  puberulent  or  viscid-puberulent. 

J.     Filaments  yellow,  united  into  a  tube;    capsule  opening  by  valves  from  the  tip. 

E.  D.  cusickii 

JJ.     Filaments  black,  not  united;    capsule  opening  by  a  lid.     E.  D.  viscidum 

PLUMBAGINACEAE    (LEADWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial.  Leaves  basal  and  tufted,  i -veined,  fleshy, 
linear,  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  in  heads.  Calyx  tubular 
or  funnelform,  5-toothed;  tube  lo-ribbed.  Petals  5,  distinct  or 
nearly  so.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals,  hypogynous.  Ovary 
superior,  i-celled;  styles  5,  united  at  base.  Fruit  a  utricle.  Seed 
I.  W.  —  (Gk.  statizo  =  to  stop;  thought  to  cure  diarrhoea.) 

Statice  armeria  (THRIFT) 

OLEACEAE    (OLIVE  FAMILY) 

Trees.  Leaves  opposite,  odd-pinnate;  leaflets  5-7,  entire;  stipules 
none.  Flowers  regular;  dioecious,  fascicled.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft. 
Corolla  none.  Stamens  2-4.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled.  Fruit  a 
samara,  i -winged.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  phraxis  =  a  separation;  be- 
cause the  wood  splits  easily.)  Fraxinus  oregana  (OREGON  ASH) 

GENTIANACEAE    (GENTIAN  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  bitter.  Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  whorled  or  alternate, 
entire  or  nearly  so;  stipules  none.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  vari- 
ously arranged.  Calyx  persistent  4~i2-toothed  or  -divided. 
Corolla  gamopetalous;  lobes  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Stamens  as 
many  as  corolla  lobes,  alternate  with  them,  on  the  tube  or  throat. 
Ovary  superior,  i-celled  or  partly  2-celled;  style  o-i;  stigmas 
1-2.  Seeds  many. 


GENTIANACEAE   (GENTIAN   FAMILY)  179 

A.    Flowers  yellow,  the  parts  in  4's.     U.  —  (Gk.  mikros  =  small,  kalos  =  beautiful; 
hence  a  small  beauty.)  Microcala  quadrangularis 

AA.     Flowers  either  not  yellow  or  else  the  parts  in  s's. 
B.     Corolla  longer  than  rotate. 

C.  Style  filiform,  deciduous;  anthers  twisted  when  old.    CENTAURIUM  (p.  179) 
CC.     Style  short  and  persistent  or  none;  anthers  not  twisted  when  old. 

GENTIANA  <j>.  179) 
BB.     Corolla  rotate. 

D.  Style  very  short  or  none;  flower  parts  in  s's.     E.  —  (Honor  of  E.  Swert,  a 
Dutch  bulb  grower.)     E.  Swertia  palustris  (CHIKETTA) 

DD.     Style  slender,  long;  flower  parts  in  4's.  FRASERA  (p.  180) 

CENTAURIUM    (CENTAURY) 

Low.  Leaves  entire,  sessile.  Flowers  pink  or  white,  in  cymes  or  spikes. 
Calyx  tubular ;  segments  4-5,  narrow,  keeled.  Corolla  salverform.  Stigma 
2-lobed.  —  (L.  centum  =  100,  aurum  —  gold  or  gold  pieces ;  referring  to 
the  medicinal  value.) 

A.     Stem  2.5-5  cm.  high;   leaves  2-6  mm.  long,  lanceolate.     W.  C.  minimum 

AA.     Stem  more  than  5  cm.  high;   leaves  more  than  6  mm.  long,  not  lanceolate. 
B.     Basal  leaves  in  a  rosette.     W.  C.  umbellatum  (BITTER  HERB) 

BB.     Basal  leaves  not  in  a  rosette. 

C.     Corolla  lobes  obtuse  or  retuse;   pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers.     W.  E. 

C.  muhlenbergii 

CC.     Corolla  lobes  obtuse  or  acute;   pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 
D.     Corolla  lobes  obtuse;   seed  globose.     C.  E.        C.  exaltatum   (TALL  CENTAURY) 
DD.     Corolla  lobes  acute ;  seed  oblong.     E.  C.  nuttallii 

GENTIANA    (GENTIAN) 

Erect.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  entire.  Flowers  variously  colored. 
Calyx  tubular,  4-7-cleft.  Corolla  various  in  form.  Stigma  cleft  into  2 
lamellae.  —  (Honor  of  King  Gentius  of  Illyria,  who  is  said  to  have  discovered 
the  medicinal  value.) 

A.     Corolla  plicate  in  the  sinuses,  the  folds  more  or  less  extended  into  thin  teeth; 

perennial. 
B.     Corolla  yellow;    perennial  by  offsets;    anthers  introrse.     W. 

G.  douglasiana  (YELLOW  GENTIAN) 

BB.     Corolla  white  or  blue;   root  perennial;    anthers  extrorse. 
C.     Stem  leaves  2-4  pairs;    stems  2-10  cm.  long.     C. 

G.  newberryi  (DWARF  GENTIAN) 

CC.     Stem  leaves  6  to  many  pairs;    stems  15  cm.  or  more  long. 
D.     Upper  leaves  forming  an  involucre  about  the  i-s-flowered  cluster. 

E.  Flower  i.     W.  C.  E.  G.  calycosa 
EE.     Flowers  1-5.     W.  C.  E.  G.  parryi 

DD.     Upper  leaves  not  forming  an  involucre. 

F.  Corolla  oblong-campanulate,  its  lobes  narrowed  at  base,  its  appendages  entire. 
G.     Plant  3-6  dm.  high;    leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  3-veined;    seed  unappen- 

daged.     U.  G.  menziesii 

GG.     Plant  6-12  dm.  high;    leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  3~7-veined;    seed  with 

acuminate  appendage.     W.  G.  septrum 


l8o  MENYANTHACEAE    (BUCKBEAN   FAMILY) 

FF.     Corolla  funnelform,  its  lobes  not  narrowed  at  base,  its  appendages  laciniate- 

toothed  or  -cleft. 

H.     Stem  2-3  dm.  high;    leaves   oblong  to  linear;    bracts  lanceolate  to  linear; 
calyx  lobes  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate;    corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long.     E. 

G.  af finis 

HH.     Stem  3-6  dm.   high;    leaves  ovate  to  oblong;    bracts  oblong  to  ovate; 
calyx  lobes  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate;   corolla  3-3.5  cm.  long.     E. 

G.  oregana 

AA.     Corolla  without  teeth  or  lobes  or  extended  plaits  in  the  sinuses;    annual. 
I.      Corolla  25-50  mm.  long,  its  lobes  often  fimbriate  or  erose. 

J.      Calyx  lobes  acutely  keeled,  2  larger  and  narrower.     E.  G.  serrata 

JJ.     Calyx  lobes  not  keeled,  all  about  equal.     C.  G.  simplex 

n.     Corolla  5-7  mm.  long,  its  lobes  entire. 

K.     Leaves  4-12  mm.  long;   calyx  lobes  ovate  to  oblong;   corolla  5-8  mm.  long.     E. 

G.  tenella 

KK.     Leaves  12-50  mm.  long;    calyx  lobes  lanceolate  to  linear;    corolla  10-17  mm. 
long.     W.  C.  E.  G.  acuta 

FRASERA   (COLUMBO) 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled.  Flowers  many,  clustered.  Corolla  4-parted. 
Stamens  on  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  ovate.  —  (Honor  of 
John  Fraser,  an  American  plant  collector.) 

A.     Leaves  with  firm  white  border. 

B.  Whole  plant  puberulent;   corolla  lobes  acuminate.     E.  F.  albicualis 
BB.     Whole  plant  glabrous;   corolla  lobes  obtuse  or  acute.     E.  F.  nitida 

AA.     Leaves  not  bordered. 

C.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  2  or  3;    corolla  blue-purple;    capsule  flattened  parallel  to  the 
partition;   seed  globose.     E.  F.  fastigiata 

CC.     Leaves  in  whorls  of  4  or  6;   corolla  greenish;   capsule  flattened  perpendicular  to 
the  partition;   seed  oblong.     E.  F.  speciosa 


MENYANTHACEAE  (BUCKBEAN  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial,  aquatic  or  in  marshes;  rhizome  creeping. 
Leaves  basal  or  alternate,  glabrous,  crenate  or  j-foliolate.  Flowers 
clustered,  regular,  perfect.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent. 
Corolla  funnelform  to  rotate,  5-lobed  or  -cleft.  Stamens  5,  on  the 
corolla,  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes.  Ovary  superior  or  half- 
superior,  i-celled.  Fruit  a  capsule,  oval.  Seeds  few,  flattish, 
smooth. 

A.  Leaves  simple;  corolla  lobes  entire;  style  short  or  none.  W.  —  (Gk.  nephros  = 
the  kidneys,  phytton  =  a  leaf,  idios  =  peculiar;  hence  a  peculiar  kidney-shaped 
leaf.)  Nephrophyllidium  crista-galli  (DEER  CABBAGE) 

AA.  Leaves  3-foliolate;  corolla  lobes  fimbriate;  style  subulate.  W.  C.  E.  —  (.Gk. 
mene  =  a  month,  anthos  =  a  flower.)  Menyanthes  trifoliata  (BUCKBEAN) 


APOCYNACEAE   (DOGBANE  FAMILY)  181 

APOCYNACEAE    (DOGBANE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial;  juice  milky.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  opposite; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  the  parts  in  s's.  Calyx 
persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  lobed.  Stamens  on  the  corolla, 
as  many  as  its  lobes,  alternate  with  them.  Carpels  2,  distinct, 
superior,  adherent  to  the  calyx  at  base;  ovules  many.  Fruit  of 
2  follicles.  Seed  bearded.  —  Only  the  following  genus. 

APOCYNUM    (DOGBANE) 

Anthers  united  around  the  stigma.  —  (Gk.  apo  =  from,  kyon  =  a  dog ; 
some  species  are  said  to  be  poisonous  to  dogs.) 

A.     Leaves  oval  to  orbicular;    corolla  lobes  spreading  or  recurved. 

B.  Leaves  glabrous.     W.  E.  A.  androsaemifolium   (SPREADING  DOGBANE) 
BB.     Leaves  puberulent.     E.  A.  detonsum 

AA.     Leaves  oval  to  lanceolate;    corolla  lobes  erect. 

C.  Calyx  and  bracts  ciliolate.     E.  A.  ciliolatum 
CC.     Calyx  and  bracts  entire,  not  ciliolate. 

D.     Cymes  large,  many-flowered.     E.  A.  cannabinum  (INDIAN  HEMP) 

DD.     Cymes  small,  few-flowered.     E.  A.  suksdorfii 

ASCLEPIADACEAE   (MILKWEED  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  perennial;  juice  milky.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  in  umbels.  Calyx  seg- 
ments 5.  Corolla  rotate  to  funnelform,  5-lobed  or  -cleft.  Crown 
between  stamens  and  corolla  5-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  5,  on 
corolla  near  base;  filaments .monadelphous ;  anthers  united  around 
the  stigma.  Carpels  2,  superior,  their  ovaries  and  styles  distinct, 
their  stigmas  united  into  a  head.  Fruit  of  2-follicles.  Seeds  many, 
flattish,  long-bearded. 

A.  Leaves  cordate-clasping  at  base;  hoods  of  the  crown  between  stamens  and 
corolla  without  horns  inside.  U.  —  (Gk.  a  =  without,  kerates  =  horns;  they 
lack  the  stamen  horns  of  Asclepias.)  Acerates  cordifolia  (GREEN  MILKWEED) 

AA.  Leaves  not  clasping;  hoods  of  the  crown  between  stamens  and  corolla  each 
with  a  horn  inside.  ASCLEPIAS  (p.  181) 

ASCLEPIAS    (MILKWEED) 

Leaves  entire.  —  (The  Greek  name  of  the  god  of  healing ;  some  of  the 
plants  are  medicinal.) 

A.     Leaves  white-tomentose;    stem  6-18  dm.  high;    leaves  oval  to  oblong.     E. 

A.  speciosa    (WOOLLY  MILKWEED) 

AA.  Leaves  glabrous;  either  the  stem  only  1.5-3  dm.  high  or  else  the  leaves  linear  to 
lanceolate. 


182       CONVOLVULACEAE   (MORNING-GLORY   FAMILY) 

B.  Leaves  many,  in  whorls  of  2-6,  linear  to  lanceolate,  7.5-15  cm.  long;  corolla 
lobes  4  mm.  long.  W.  E.  A.  mexicana  (WHORLED  MILKWEED) 

BB.  Leaves  6-8,  opposite,  rounded-ovate,  2.5-5  cm.  long;  corolla  lobes  10  mm.  long. 
E.  A.  cryptoceras  (DWARF  MILKWEED) 

CONVOLVULACEAE   (MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Stems  prostrate  or  twining.  Leaves  'none  or  mere  scales, 
alternate;  stipules  none.  Flowers  axillary,  regular,  the  parts  in 
4's  or  5*s.  Sepals  persistent.  Corolla  limb  entire  or  lobed. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  segments  and  alternate  with  them. 
Ovary  2-6-celled;  cells  i-2-ovuled;  styles  i  or  2  or  4.  Fruit  a 
capsule  or  sometimes  fleshy.  Seed  large. 

A.     Plants  green,  not  parasitic;  leaves  ordinary,  wide.      CONVOLVULUS  (p.  182) 
AA.     Plants  red  or  yellow,  without  green,  parasitic;   leaves  mere  scales. 

CUSCUTA  (p.  182) 
CONVOLVULUS    (BINDWEED) 

Corolla  campanulate  to  funnelform,  somewhat  5 -lobed  or  -angled  at 
margin.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  globose,  2-celled.  Seeds  usually  2.  T— 
(L.  convolver e  =  to  entwine ;  they  are  twining  plants.) 

A.     Peduncles  with   2  bracts    just  beneath  the    calyx  and  reaching  or  inclosing  it; 

stigmas  linear  to  ovate. 
B.     Leaves  somewhat  cuneate  at  base;   basal  leaf-lobes  small  or  none.     W. 

C.  calif ornicus 

BB.     Leaves  not  at  all  cuneate  at  base. 

C.     Leaves  reniform,  entire  or  with  obscure  angles,  fleshy;   stem  trailing  or  creeping. 

W.  C.  soldanella  (FLESHY  BINDWEED) 

CC.     Leaves  not  reniform,  distinctly  angled,  not  fleshy;   stem  mostly  twining. 

D.     Leaf  lobes  at  base  entire;    peduncles  often  2-flowered.     W.          C.  occidentalis 

DD.     Leaf  lobes  at  base  from  entire  to  2-3-lobed;  peduncles  all  i-flowered.      E. 

C.  sepium  (HEDGE  BINDWEED) 

AA.     Peduncles  without  bracts  near  the    calyx,  but  often  with  them  farther  down; 
stigmas  filiform.     W.  E.  C.  arvensis  (FIELD  BINDWEED) 

CUSCUTA    (DODDER) 

Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  cymose  clusters.  Calyx  4~5-parted  or  -cleft. 
Stamens  in  throat  of  corolla.  Ovary  globose,  2-celled.  Seeds  1-4.  —  (The 
Latin  name.)  Those  growing  on  crop  plants  are  bad  weeds. 

A.     Corolla  scales  fringed;   stigmas  capitate. 
B.     Capsule  pointed. 

C.  Flowers  with  pedicels;    dry  corolla  enveloping  the  capsule;    in  fields  and  waste 
places.     E.  C.  indecora  (PRETTY  DODDER) 

CC.  Flowers  subsessile;  dry  corolla  not  enveloping  the  capsule;  in  salt  marshes 
along  the  coast.  W.  C.  squamigera  (SALT-MARSH  DODDER) 

BB.     Capsule  globose. 

D.  Flowers  sessile;   style  shorter  than  ovary.     E.          C.  arvensis  (FIELD  DODDER) 
DD.     Flowers  with  pedicels;   style  as  long  or  longer  than  the  ovary. 


POLEMONIACEAE   (PHLOX   FAMILY)  183 

E.     Stems  coarse;    calyx-lobes  obtuse;    corolla  lobes  obtuse  or  rounded.     E. 

C.  cephalanthi  (SAGE  DODDER) 
EE.     Stems  fine;  calyx   lobes  acute;  corolla  lobes  lanceolate-subulate.     C.  E. 

C.  calif ornica 

AA.     Corolla  scales  crenulate;   stigmas  filiform. 
F.     Calyx  lobes  not  keeled;   corolla  lobes  triangular,  acute.     W. 

C.  epithymum  (ALFALFA  DODDER) 
FF.     Calyx  lobes  keeled;   corolla  lobes  ovate,  obtuse.     E.  C.  planiflora 

POLEMONIACEAE   (PHLOX  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular; 
calyx  5-lobed  to  -parted,  persistent.  Corolla  5-lobed.  Stamens  5, 
distinct,  in  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes. 
Ovary  superior;  style  I,  j-lobed  or  -cleft.  Fruit  a  capsule,  j-celled, 
loculicidal.  Seeds  small.  —  Several  genera  are  too  difficult  for 
beginners.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  311-316.) 

A.     Calyx  distended  and  at  length  burst  by  the  capsule;   leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate. 

B.  Leaves  opposite,  entire;  plant  perennial;  corolla  salverform.    PHLOX  (p.  183) 
BB.     Not  as  above  in  all  of  the  first  3  points;  corolla  often  not  salverform. 

GILIA  (p.  183) 
AA.     Calyx  not  distended  nor  burst  by  the  capsule;  leaves  alternate. 

C.  Calyx  teeth  spine-tipped;    leaves  compound;    stamens  inserted  at  unequal 
heights  in  the  corolla-tube.  NAVARRETIA  (p.  183) 

CC.     Calyx  teeth  herbaceous,  not  spine-tipped. 

D.     Leaves  compound,  pinnate;    leaflets  entire  (except  P.  confertum)',   stamens 
inserted  equally  high  in  the  corolla  tube;   corolla  rotate  to  funnelform. 

POLEMONIUM  (p.  184) 

DD.     Leaves  simple,  entire  or  pinnately  or  palmately  dissected;    stamens  in- 
serted at  unequal  heights  in  the  corolla  tube;   corolla  salverform  to  funnelform. 

COLLOMIA  (p.  184) 
PHLOX  (PHLOX) 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite  or  some  of  the  upper  ones  alternate.  Flowers 
large.  Calyx  5-ribbed.  —  (Gk.  phlox  =  flame ;  the  name  of  some  flame- 
colored  flower.) 

GILIA   (GILIA) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Corolla  funnelform  or 
tubular  or  campanulate  or  salverform.  —  (Honor  of  F.  Gil,  a  Spanish 
botanist.) 

NAVARRETIA   (NAVARRETIA) 

Herbs,  annual,  low.  Flowers  small,  in  headlike  clusters ;  clusters  leafy- 
bracted.  Calyx  tube  with  five  prominent  great  angles  or  veins,  scarious 
between  the  angles ;  lobes  unequal.  Corolla  tubular-f unnelform  to  salver- 
form. —  (Honor  of  Navarrete,  a  Spanish  physician.) 


1 84  POLEMONIACEAE   (PHLOX  FAMILY) 

A.     Leaves  i-pinnatifid  or  -incised,  or  many  leaves  entire. 

B.  Stem  not  viscid,  slender,  2.5-15  cm.  high;    leaves  all  slender  and  filiform  except 
the  bracts  of  the  head.     E.  N.  divaricata 

BB.     Stem  very  viscid,  stout,  rigid,  15-18   cm.  high;    leaves  of  the  stem  mostly  la- 
ciniate-pinnatifid.     U.  N.  atractyloides 

AA.     Some  of  the  leaves  and  bracts  more  than  i-pinnatifid  or  -incised. 

C.  Plant  with  skunklike  odor,  glandular-viscid.     W.         N.  squarrosa  (SKUNKWEED) 
CC.     Plant  without  skunklike  odor,  not  glandular,  not  viscid  (except  N.  breweri). 

D.     Corolla  yellow;    plant  somewhat  glandular-viscid.     U.  E.  N.  breweri 

DD.     Corolla  white  or  blue;    plant  not  glandular- viscid. 

E.     Corolla  pale  blue;   leaf -divisions  all  spinose.     U.  N.  stricta 

EE.     Corolla  white. 

F.     Stem  glabrous  or  glabrate  except  at  the  very  top;    ovules  1-3  in  each  cell. 
G.     Plant  2.5-7.5  cm.  high;   bracts  of  the  head  with  spinose  lobes.     C. 

N.  minima 

GG.     Plant  10-25  cm.  high;   bracts  of  the  head  with  barely  sharp-pointed  lobes. 
U.  N.  leucocephala 

FF.     Stem  puberulent  or  pubescent. 

H.     Ovules  3-4  in  each  cell;  stem  pubescent;  calyx  tube  and  base  of  bracts  very 

hairy.     E.  N.  intertexta 

HH.     Ovule  i  in  each  cell;    stem  puberulent;   calyx  tube  and  bracts  sparsely 

hairy.     E.  N.  klickitatensis 

COLLOMIA    (COLLOMIA) 

Herbs.  Flowers  white  or  yellow  or  purple.  Calyx  obpyramidal,  scarious 
in  the  sinuses ;  lobes  erect,  entire.  —  (Gk.  kolla  =  glue ;  referring  to  the 
glutinous  seeds  when  wet.) 

A.     Leaves  or  at  least  the  lower  ones  more  or  less  dissected. 
B.     Calyx  lobes  triangular-  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

C.  Leaves  pinnately  veined;   annual.     W.  C.  C.  heterophylla 
CC.     Leaves  palmately  veined;   perennial.     C.  C.  debilis 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  subulate;    perennial. 

D.  Stems  loosely  branching,  often  more  than  one  from  the  same  root;   inflorescence 
loose.     U.  C.  glutinosa 

DD.     Stems  usually  simple  but  mostly  several  from  the  same  root;    inflorescence 

dense,  headlike.     C.  C.  mazama 
AA.     Leaves  entire  or  at  most  merely  serrate. 

E.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.     E.  C.  tenella 
EE.     Flowers  in  clusters. 
F.     Corolla  pink,  i  cm.  long. 

G.     Calyx  lobes  aristate;  flowers  few  in  a  cluster.     C.  E.  C.  arlstella 

GG.     Calyx  lobes  acute;   flowers  many  in  a  cluster.     E.  C.  linearis 

FF.     Corolla  salmon-colored,  2-3  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E.  C.  grandiflora 

POLEMONIUM  (GREEK  VALERIAN) 

Herbs.  Flowers  clustered.  Calyx  not  angled,  not  ribbed,  campanulate 
or  narrower,  cleft  to  the  middle;  lobes  equal,  erect  to  spreading.  Corolla 
regular.  —  (Gk.  polemos  =  war ;  it  is  said  that  two  kings  fought  over  the 
honor  of  the  discovery  of  the  medicinal  uses.) 

A.     Corolla  yellow,  16-20  mm.  long,  its  lobes  3-4  times  as  long  as  its  tube;   plant  1.5- 
4.5  dm.  high.     C.  P.  luteum 


HYDROPHYLLACEAE   (WATER-LEAF  FAMILY)         185 

AA.     Corolla  white  or  cream-colored  or  blue  or  salmon-colored,  various  in  length  and 

in  lobing. 
B.     Leaflets  2-3-divided  and  thus  appearing  in  fascicles  or  whorls,  2-6  mm.  long. 

C.  E.  P-  confertum 
BB.     Leaflets  entire,  not  as  if  fascicled,  usually  longer. 

C.     Leaflets  2-12  mm.  long;   stem  5-30  cm.  high. 

D.  Corolla  white,  nearly  rotate;    our  only  annual  species.     E.         P.  micranthum 
DD.     Corolla  blue,  campanulate;    perennial. 

E.     Flower  violet  with  a  yellow  eye.     C.  E.  P.  elegans 

EE.     Flower  pale  blue  or  purplish  or  white,  without  eye. 

F.     Plants  densely  caespitose,  5-10  cm.  high;    leaflets  30-40  C.     P.  viscosum 
FF.     Plants  loosely  caespitose,  15-30  cm.  high;   leaflets  9-21.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  humile 

CC.     Leaflets  12-35  mm.  or  more  long;   stems  often  over  30  cm.  high. 
G.     Corolla  salmon-  or  flesh-colored,  25-37  cm.  wide.     U.  P.  carneum 

GG.     Corolla  white  or  cream-colored  or  blue,  less  than  25  cm.  wide. 
H.     Stems  6-9  dm.  high;   seeds  6-13  in  each  cell. 

I.     Leaflets  oblong-ovate.     C.  E.  P.  occidentale 

n.     Leaflets  linear.     E.  P.  pectinatum 

HH.     Stems  1.5-5  dm.  high;   seeds  3-4  in  each  cell.     W.  P.  amoenum 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE   (WATER-LEAF  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  stipules  none.  Flowers  various,  mostly 
in  scorpoid  bractless  clusters.  Sepals  5,  distinct  or  nearly  so. 
Corolla  regular,  5-lobed,  rotate  to  salverform.  Stamens  5,  alter- 
nate with  the  corolla  lobes,  on  base  of  corolla.  Ovary  superior; 
styles  i~2.  Fruit  a  capsule,  i-2-celled,  2-4-valved.  Seeds  2  to 
many. 

A.    Herbs,  not  evergreen;  leaves  without  balsamic  resin. 

B.     Stems  elongated,  leafy;  flowers  either  not  solitary  or  else  not  on  basal  peduncles. 
C.     Flowers  grouped  in  bractless  inflorescences;  stems  and  leaves  often  unlike 
those  in  CC. 

D.     Style  2-lobed  or  -cleft  at  apex;  leaves  rarely  reniform;  stems  leafy. 
E.     Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud;  placentae  wide. 

F.  Annual;  stamens  included;  ovules  4-20.  NEMOPHILA  (p.  186) 
FF.     Perennial;  stamens  exserted;  ovules  4.        HYDROPHYLLUM  (p.  187) 

EE.     Corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud;  placentae  narrow. 

G.  Corolla  deciduous,  rarely  yellowish  and  then  the  stamens  exserted;    sta- 
mens unequally  inserted  in  the  corolla.  PHACELIA  (p.  186) 

GG.     Corolla  persistent,  yellow  or  yellowish;    stamens  included,  equally  in- 
serted at  the  very  base  of  the  corolla.  EMMENANTHE  (p.  186) 
DD.     Style  and  even  the  stigma  entire;  leaves  round-reniform,  25  mm.  or  less 
wide;  stems  almost  leafless.     W.  C.  —  (Honor  of  M.  Romanzoff,  a  Russian 
nobleman  who  sent  Kotzebue  to  Alaska.)  Romanzoffia  sitchensis 
CC.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf-axils;  stems  5-10  cm.  long,    dichotomously 
branched;  leaves  entire,  linear-spatulate,  1-3  cm.  long. 

H.     Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  ovary.     E.  —  (Gk.  nama  =  a  stream;    probably 
referring  to  the  habitat.)  Nama  demissum 


l86         HYDROPHYLLACEAE   (WATER-LEAF   FAMILY) 

HH.     Style  i,  2 -cleft  at  the  apex.  CONANTHUS  (p.  187) 

BB.     Acaulescent;  leaves  all  basal;  flowers  solitary  on  basal  peduncles. 

CAPNOREA  (p.  187) 

AA.  Shrubs,  evergreen,  glabrous,  9-15  dm.  high;  leaves  glutinous  with  a  balsamic 
resin,  lanceolate,  entire  or  serrate,  7.5-15  cm.  long.  E.  —  (Gk.  erion  =  wool, 
diktyon  —  a  net;  from  the  hairy  and  reticulate- veiny  under  side  of  the  leaves.) 

Eriodictyon  glutinosum  (YERBA  SANTA) 

EMMENANTHE   (WHISPERING  BELLS) 

Low,  annual.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  simple  or  circinate  racemes. 
Corolla  campanulate.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  flattish,  incompletely 
2-celled.  Seeds  2  to  many.  —  (Gk.  emmenos  =  a  month,  anthos  =  a  flower ; 
said  to  be  because  the  corolla  is  persistent.) 

A.     Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so;    corolla  nearly  white,  without  appendages  inside.     E. 

E.  pusilla 
AA.     Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid;    corolla  bright  yellow,  with   10  appendages 

inside. 

B.     Style  much  longer  than  the  ovary;    ovules  about   n;  seeds  8-10;    calyx  lobes 

linear.     E.  E.  lutea 

BB.     Style  hardly  longer  than  the  ovary;    ovules  20-40;    seeds  15-20;    calyx  lobes 

linear-spatulate.     E.  E.  parviflora 

PHACELIA    (PHACELIA) 

Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  somewhat  scorpoid  clusters,  blue  or  purple 
or  white  or  yellowish.  Corolla  tube  rotate  to  tubular.  Placentae  2, 
parietal;  style  2-cleft  or  -parted.  Capsule  i -celled  or  nearly  2-celled. 
Seeds  2  to  many.  —  (Gk.  fakelos  =  a  fascicle ;  referring  to  the  flower 
bunches.)  Species  too  difficult  for  beginners.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  317-319.) 

NEMOPHILA    (GROVE  LOVER) 

Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Calyx  with  appendage  in  each  sinus,  en- 
larged in  fruit.  Corolla  rotate  to  tubular.  —  (Gk.  nemos  =  a  grove, 
phileo  =  I  love ;  from  the  shady  habitat.) 

A.     Corolla  rotate,  white  or  light  blue,  speckled  with  dark  blue;   leaves  opposite.     W. 

N.  menziesii 
AA.     Corolla  campanulate  to  tubular,  white  or  bluish,  not  speckled;    leaves  opposite 

or  alternate. 

B.     Leaves  mostly  opposite;    corolla  equaling  the  calyx,  white  or  bluish. 
C.     Corolla  bluish,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;   calyx  lobes  subulate.     W.  C. 

N.  sepulta 
CC.     Corolla  white,  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;    calyx  lobes  lanceolate  or 

wider. 

D.     Leaves  oblong;   seeds  mostly  6-8.     E.  N.  pedunculata 

DD.     Leaves  ovate;   seeds  mostly  4.     W.  C.  E.  N.  parviflora 

BB.     Leaves  mostly  alternate;   corolla  shorter  than  calyx,  white.     E.      N.  breviflora 


BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE  FAMILY)  187 

HYDROPHYLLUM    (WATER-LEAF) 

Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately  lobed  or  divided.  Flowers  on  long 
naked  peduncles,  in  terminal  scorpoid  clusters.  Calyx  without  appendages 
at  the  sinuses.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  appendages  inside.  Filaments 
bearded  at  the  middle.  Seeds  1-4.  —  (Gk.  hydro  =  water,  phyllon  =  a 
leaf ;  it  was  supposed  that  each  leaf  had  a  water  cavity.) 

A.     Flowers  in  a  dense  head;    peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole;    leaf  lobes  obtuse. 

E.  H.  capitatum 

AA.     Flowers  in  a  loose  head  or  a  cyme;   peduncle  longer  than  the  petiole. 

B.     Basal  leaves  3~5-parted;   calyx  lobes  glabrous  on  the  back,  ciliate   with  stiff 

hairs;   leaf-lobes  mostly  acute.     W.  H.  tenuipes 

BB.     Basal  leaves  5-is-parted;  calyx  lobes  pubescent  on  the  back,  ciliate  with  long 

soft  hairs. 

C.     Leaf  lobes  obtuse.     U.  C.  H.  occidentals 

CC.     Leaf  lobes  acute. 

D.     Plant  4-6  cm.  high.     C.  E.  H.  albifrons 

DD.     Plant  20-40  cm.  high.     E.  H.  fendleri 

CAPNOREA 

Leaves  entire,  spatulate  or  oblong.  Calyx  5-y-parted.  Corolla  cam- 
panulate to  saucer-shaped.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule  loculicidal.  Seeds 
15-20,  large.  —  (Gk.  kapnos  =  smoke;  apparently  from  the  smoke-colored 
leaves.) 

A.     Corolla  saucer-shaped. 
B.     Leaves  pubescent  beneath. 

C.  Pubescence  appressed.     E.  C.  villosula 
CC.     Pubescence  not  appressed.     E.  C.  hirtella 

BB.     Leaves  glabrous  except  on  the  margin. 

D.  Calyx  lobes  very  unequal.     E.  C.  fulcrata 
DD.     Calj'x  lobes  almost  equal.     E.  C.  pumila 

AA.     Corolla  campanulate.     E.  C.  nana 

CONANTHUS 

Annual.  Leaves  alternate.  Calyx  sinuses  without  appendages.  Corolla 
tubular-funnelform,  without  appendages  inside.  Stamens  included.  Seeds 
10-20.  —  (Gk.  konos  =  a  cone,  anthos  =  a  flower ;  probably  referring  to 
the  form  of  the  corolla.) 

A.     Corolla  5  mm.  or  less  long.     E.  C.  parviflora 

AA.     Corolla  6  mm.  or  more  long.     E.  C.  aretioides 

BORAGINACEAE    (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  rarely  opposite 
or  whorled,  mostly  entire,  hairy;  stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect, 
mostly  blue,  mostly  in  i-sided  scorpoid  spikes  or  racemes  or  cymes. 


1 88  BORAGTNACEAE    (BORAGE   FAMILY) 

Corolla  sympetalous,  5-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla 
lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  superior, 
usually  of  2  or  4  somewhat  globose  lobes  with  a  common  style  from  be- 
tween them;  ovules  4 ;  style  entire  to  2-parted.  Fruit  of  two  2-seeded 
carpels  or  of  four  i-seeded  nutlets.  — Difficult  family;  keys  largely 
based  upon  mature  fruit.  Keys  to  species  mostly  omitted.  (F.  &  R. 
pp.  321-330.) 
A.  Ovary  undivided,  sometimes  2-4-grooved;  style  at  tip  of  ovary. 

B.  Plant  hairy,  prostrate,  annual;   leaves  ovate  to  rounded,  4-8  mm.  long;   style 
2-cleft  or  -parted.     E.  —  (Honor  of  C.  Golden,  a  colonial  Lieutenant- Governor 
of  N.  Y.)  Coldenia  nuttallii 

BB.     Plant  glabrous,  spreading,  perennial;    leaves  obovate  to  linear,  25-50  mm. 

long;  style  entire  or  none.     E.  —  (Gk.  helos  —  the  sun,  trope  =  a  turn;  refers  to 

flowering  at  the  summer  solstice.)         Heliotropium  curassavicum  (HELIOTROPE) 

AA.     Ovary  4-cleft  or  -divided;  style  arising  from  between  the  parts  of  the  ovary. 

C.  Prickles  of  the  nutlets  barbed. 

D.     Nutlets  spreading,  prickly  all  over;  flowers  blue.  CYNOGLOSSUM   (p.  189) 

DD.     Nutlets  erect,  prickly  on  the  margin  and  sometimes  on  the  back;  flowers 

variously  colored.  —  (Diminutive  of  L.  lappa  =  a  burr;  referring  to  the  fruit.) 

Lappula  (STICKSEED) 

CC.     Prickles  of   the  nutlets  hooked;   flowers   white.  —  (Gk.  pekteo   =  comblike, 
karyon  =  a  nut;    from  the  comblike  margin  of  the  nutlets  of  some  species.) 

Pectocarya 
CCC.     Prickles  of  the  nutlets  neither  barbed  nor  hooked,  or  none  at  all. 

E.     Nutlets  attached  laterally  to  a  pyramid-like  projection  of  the  receptacle. 
F.     Calyx  with  5  wide  flat  lobes  and  5  smaller  ones  alternating   with  them; 
corolla  blue.     E.  —  (L.  asper  =  rough;  referring  to  the  leaves.) 

Asperugo  procumbens   (MADWORT) 

FF.     Calyx  simply  s-lobed,  without  the  5  smaller  alternating  ones. 
G.     Lower  leaves  opposite.  —  (Gk.  alias  =  another,  karyon  =  a  nut;    that 
is,  another  kind  of  nutlet.)  Allocarya 

GG.     Leaves  all  alternate. 
H.     Flowers  yellow. 

I.     Annual;    scar  of  nutlets  ovate  or  oblong;    throat  of  corolla  naked  or 

merely  with  hairy  tufts  within.  AMSINCKIA  (p.  190) 

n.     Biennial  or  perennial;   scar  of  nutlets  very  slender;   throat   of   the 

corolla  with  prominent  folds  within.  OREOCARYA  (p.  100) 

HH.     Flowers  white. 

J.     Stems  repeatedly  dichotomously  branched;  annual. 
K.     Sepals  distinct  to  the  base;   ventral  groove  of  the  nutlets  not  forked 
at  base;  most  of  the  leaves  in  a  basal  tuft.     E.  —  (Gk.  eremos  =  solitary, 
karyon  =  a  nut.     Application  not  clear.)  Eremocarya  micrantha 

KK.  Sepals  distinct  to  the  middle;  ventral  groove  of  the  nutlets  forked 
at  base;  leaves  scattered,  not  mostly  basal.  E.  —  (Gk.  piptein  =  to 
fall;  +  calyx;  the  upper  part  of  the  calyx  is  deciduous.) 

Piptocalyx  circumscissus 
JJ.     Stems  not  dichotomously  branched;  annual  or  perennial. 


BORAGINACEAE  (BORAGE  FAMILY)        189 

L.    Annual;  pedicels  persistent;    leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  tuft;    nutlets 
keeled  on  both  sides.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS  (p.  189) 

LL.     Biennial  or  perennial;    pedicels  persistent;    leaves  scattered  along 
the  stem;  nutlets  not  keeled.  OREOCARYA  (p.  100) 

LLL.     Annual;   pedicels  deciduous  (except  in  C.  pterocarya) ;   leaves  scat- 
tered along  the  stem;  nutlets  not  keeled  (except  some  in  C.  pterocarya) .  — 
(Gk.  kryptos  =  hidden,  anthos  =  a  flower;   because  the  corolla  is  some- 
times very  small.)  Cryptanthe  (NiE VITAS) 
HHH.     Flowers  blue  or  purple  or  pink. 

M.     Nutlets  erect;   corolla  tubular-funnelform;     plant    not    conspicuously 

white-hairy  nor  silvery-hairy.  MERTENSIA  (p.  191) 

MM.     Nutlets   ascending   to   horizontal;     corolla   rotate   or   salverform; 

plant  conspicuously  silvery-  or  white-hairy.          ERITRICHIUM  (p.  189) 

EE.     Nutlets  attached  by  the  very  base. 

N.     Raceme  bractless;    roots  slender;    flowers  white  or  blue;    corolla  lobes 

convolute  in  the  bud.  MYOSOTIS  (p.  190) 

NN.     Raceme  bracted;    roots  thick;    flowers  white  or   yellow;  corolla  lobes 

imbricate  in  the  bud.  LITHOSPERMUM  (p.  191) 

CYNOGLOSSUM    (HOUND'S  TONGUE) 

Coarse,  hairy,  perennial.  Flowers  in  panicled  racemes.  Corolla  with 
conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat.  Stamens  included.  Style  in- 
cluded. —  (Gk.  kyon  =  a  dog,  glossa  =  the  tongue ;  from  a  resemblance  in 
the  leaf.) 

A.  Lower  leaves  ovate  to  subcordate;  upper  leaves  wing-petioled;  calyx  segments 

ovate;  corolla  tube  hardly  exceeding  its  lobes.  W.  C.  C.  grande 

AA.  Lower  leaves  spatulate;  upper  leaves  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  calyx  segments 

lanceolate;  corolla  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  its  lobes.  U.  C.  C.  occidentale 

ERITRICHIUM 

Leaves  2  cm.  or  less  long.  Flowers  blue.  Appendages  almost  closing 
the  corolla-throat.  Stamens  included.  Border  of  nutlets  acute.  —  (Gk. 
erion  =  wool;  thrix  =  hair;  referring  to  the  hairy  herbage.) 

A.  Basal  leaves  linear-spatulate;  corolla  8-10  mm.  wide;  nutlets  wingless,  the  sharp 
edge  entire;  plant  with  short  silky  hairs.  C.  E.  howardi 

AA.  Basal  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate;  corolla  4-6  mm.  wide;  nutlets  winged,  the 
wing  toothed  or  lobed;  plant  with  long  shaggy  hairs.  C.  E.  E.  argenteum 

PLAGIOBOTHRYS  (POP-CORN  FLOWER) 

Flowers  in  circinate  racemes.  Corolla-throat  conspicuously  appendaged. 
Nutlets  3-angled,  incurved.  —  (Gk.  plagios  =  oblique,  bothros  =  a  trench ; 
probably  referring  to  the  scar  on  the  nutlet.) 

A.     Plant  pubescent  to  tomentose,  not  hispid. 
B.     Stem  simple  up  to  the  racemes. 
C.     Basal  leaves  oblanceolate;    calyx  cleft  almost  to  base.     U.  P.  campestre 


I  go        BORAGINACEAE  (BORAGE  FAMILY) 

CC.     Basal  leaves  linear  to  spatulate;    calyx  cleft  to  the  middle  or  very  little  below 
it.     U.  P.  shastensis 

BB.     Stem  branching  from  the  base. 

D.     Calyx  cleft  to  below  the  middle,  persistent;    nutlets  somewhat  cross-shaped. 

W.  E.  P.  tenellus 

DD.     Calyx  cleft  only  to  the  middle,  soon  deciduous  by  separating  near  its  base; 

nutlets  ovate. 

E.     Plant  1-2.5  cm.  high,  white-hairy;    nutlets  3  mm.  long.     W.  C.     P.  canescens 
EE.     Plant  2.5-5  cm.  high,  hairy  but  not  white-hairy;    nutlets  2  mm.  long.     W.  C. 

P.  nothofulvus 
AA.     Plant  hispid. 

F.     Nutlets  with  transverse  wrinkles;    branches  hispid  but  stem  not  so.     (See  D.) 
FF.     Nutlets  without  transverse  wrinkles;    branches  and  stem  both  hispid.     E. 

P.  hispidus 

OREOCARYA 

Flowers  white  or  yellow,  in  headlike  or  panicled  racemes.  Corolla  with 
10  scales  or  glands  at  base  within ;  throat  with  prominent  folds  within.  — 
(Gk.  oros  =  a  mountain,  karyon  =  a  nut ;  probably  referring  to  the  habitat.) 

A.     Corolla  tube  exceeding  the  calyx.     E.  O.  leucophaea 

AA.     Corolla  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 
B.     Plant  thinly  stiff-hairy;    inflorescence  not  tawny-hairy;    leaves  obtuse.     E. 

O.  sericea 

BB.     Plant  densely  stiff-hairy;   inflorescence  not  tawny-hairy. 

C.     Leaves  obtuse;   inflorescence  very  dense.     E.  O.  celosioides 

CC.     Leaves  acute,  inflorescence  not  very  dense.     E.  O.  spiculifera 

AMSINCKIA    (FIDDLE  NECK) 

Coarse,  hispid.  Leaves  oblong  to  linear.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes. 
Calyx  persistent.  Corolla  salverform  to  funnelform;  throat  naked  or  with 
minute  hairy  tufts  opposite  the  lobes.  Nutlets  3-angled.  —  (Honor  of 
W.  Amsinck,  a  German,  who  materially  aided  the  Hamburg  Botanical 
Garden.) 

A.      Nutlets  roughened  with  short  hard  points,  convex  or  keeled  on  the  back. 
B.     Calyx  lobes  linear;    plant  erect.     W.  E.  A.  Intermedia 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate;    plant  spreading.     W.  E.  A.  lycopsoides 

AA.     Nutlets  not  roughened  with  points,  the  projections  rounded  and  smooth,  nearly 
flat  on  the  back,  not  keeled.     E.  .  A.  tessellata 

MYOSOTIS    (FORGET-ME-NOT) 

Flowers  in  racemes  or  spikes.  Corolla  salverform  to  rotate;  throat  with 
small  blunt  crests  at  the  base  of  the  lobes.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets 
smooth ;  scar  minute.  —  (Gk.  myos  =  of  a  mouse,  otos  =  of  an  ear ;  hence 
mouse-ear  like,  referring  to  the  short  soft  leaves.) 

A.     Corolla  blue;   calyx  open  in  fruit;   calyx  hairs  appressed,  none  of  them  hooked  nor 

gland-tipped. 
B.     Calyx  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube.     W. 

M.  scorpioides  (GARDEN  FORGET-ME-NOT) 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  as  long  as  calyx  tube.     W.  E.          M.  laxa   (BLUE  FORGET-ME-NOT) 

AA.     Corolla  white;  calyx  closing  on  fruit;  calyx  hairs  spreading,  some  of  them  minutely 

hooked  or  gland-tipped.     W.  E.  M.  macrosperma  (WHITE  FORGET-ME-NOT) 


BORAGINACEAE   (BORAGE   FAMILY)  191 

MERTENSIA    (LUNGWORT) 

Perennial.  Flowers  rather  large,  in  panicles  or  cymes  or  racemes.  Calyx 
lobes  linear  to  triangular,  not  much  enlarged  in  fruit.  Stamens  included. 
Ovary  4-divided.  Nutlets  wrinkled  when  mature.  —  (Honor  of  F.  K.  Mer- 
tens,  a  German  botanist.) 

A.     Plants  of  the  seashore;    nutlets  fleshy,  smooth  and  shining.     W. 
AA.    Plants  not  of  the  seashore ;  nutlets  dry,  wrinkled  when  mature. 

M.  maritima  (SEA  LUNGWORT) 
B.     Plants  5-10  dm.  high;   leaves  thin,  wide. 
C.     Leaves  soft-hairy  beneath,  upper  surface  various;   calyx  glabrous  or  hairy  on  the 

back. 

D.     Upper  leaf  surface  stiff-hairy. 

E.     Calyx  lobes  canescent.     E.  M.  membranacea 

EE.      Calyx  lobes  not  canescent. 

F.     Calyx  lobes  pubescent  on  the  back.     W.  M.  platyphylla 

FF.     Calyx  lobes  glabrous  on  the  back.     E.       M.  paniculata  (TALL  LUNGWORT) 
DD.     Upper  leaf  surface  smooth  or  merely  papillose. 

G.     Calyx  lobes  pubescent  on  the  back.     C.  E.  M.  subcordata 

GG.     Calyx  lobes  glabrous  on  the  back.     W.  E.  M.  leptophylla 

CC.     Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  merely  papillose  above;    calyx  glabrous  on 

the  back. 
H.     Calyx  lobes  either  short  and  obtuse  or  triangular  and  acute,  not  longer  than 

the  fruit. 

I.     Leaves  acute,  mostly  sessile;   calyx  lobes  obtuse.     C.  M.  ambigua 

n.     Leaves  acuminate,  short-petioled;   calyx  lobes  acute.     E.         M.  brachycalyx 
HH.     Calyx  lobes  elongate,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  fruit. 
J.     Leaves  many,  pallid,  ovate,  acuminate.     W.  C.  E.  M.  laevigata 

JJ.     Leaves  few,  green,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish.     E.  M.  infirma 

BB.     Plants  1.5-4  dm.  high;   leaves  narrow,  thickish. 
K.     Basal  leaves  numerous,  their  dry  bases  remaining  on  the  crown  of  the  root; 

root  vertical,  not  tuberous. 
L.     Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides. 

M.     Plant  1-1.5  dm.  high.     E.  M.  pubescens 

MM.     Plant  3-4.5  dm.  high.     E.  M.  cuslckii 

LL.     Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  merely  with  some  short  stiff  hairs  above.     E. 

M.  nutans 

KK.     Basal  leaves  none;   root  not  a  taproot,  tuberous  or  fasciculate-tuberous. 
N.     Leaves  glabrous  or  merely  papillose  above.     E.  M.  pulchella 

NN.     Leaves  stiff-hairy  above. 

O.     Corolla  tube  1-2  times  as  long  as  its  limb.     E.  M.  horneri 

OO.     Corolla  tube  3-4  times  as  long  as  its  limb.     E.  M.  oblongifolia 

LITHOSPERMUM    (GROMWELL) 

Perennial.  Leaves  sessile.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform;  throat 
pubescent  or  crested.  —  (Gk.  lithos  =  a  stone,  sperma  =  a  seed.) 

A.  Sepals  8-16  mm.  long;  corolla  about  20-25  mm.  long,  bright  yellow,  lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  throat.  U.  L.  californicum 

AA.  Sepals  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  12-16  mm.  long,  dull  greenish-yellow,  lobes  about 
equaling  the  throat.  W.  E  L.  ruderale  (WOOLLY  GROMWELL) 


1 92  VERBENACEAE   (VERVAIN  FAMILY) 

VERBENACEAE    (VERVAIN  FAMILY) 

Perennial  herbs.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  perfect,  in  terminal 
or  axillary  spikes.  Corolla  sympetalous,  regular  or  2-lipped. 
Stamens  didynamous  unless  only  2,  on  the  corolla,  alternate  with  the 
corolla  lobes.  Ovary  superior,  2-4-celled  ;  carpels  2;  ovules  4;  style  I, 
terminal;  stigmas  1-2.  Fruit  dry,  separating  into  4  nutlets  —  Only 
the  following  genus. 

VERBENA    (VERVAIN) 

Stems  4-angled.  Leaves  pinnately  veined.  Flowers  bracted,  blue  or 
purple  or  pink.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Celtic  farfaen  =  to  remove  stone.  Ap- 
plication not  clear.) 

A.     Bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

B.     Corolla  8-10  mm.  long;   plant  erect.     E.  V.  stricta  (HOARY  VERVAIN) 

BB.     Corolla  about  4  mm.  long. 

C.     Plant  erect.     E.  V.  hastata  (BLUE  VERVAIN) 

CC.     Plant  spreading  or  ascending.     U.  V.  prostrata 

AA.     Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx;   plant  prostrate  or  decumbent.     E.     V.  bracteosa 

MENTHACEAE   (MINT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  erect  to  vinelike,  stems  mostly  4-angled.  Leaves 
simple,  opposite,  mostly  punctate;  stipules  none.  Flowers  mostly 
irregular,  perfect,  variously  clustered  but  mostly  in  axillary  whorls. 
Calyx  persistent,  regular  to  2-lipped,  4~5-lobed,  mostly  veined. 
Corolla  limb  4~5-lobed,  mostly  2-lipped;  upper  lip  entire  to  2-lobed ; 
lower  lip  usually  3-lobed.  Stamens  on  the  corolla  tube,  alternate 
with  the  petal  lobes,  usually  4 ;  2  usually  shorter  or  antherless  or 
rudimentary  or  wanting.  Ovary  4-lobed  or  -parted,  superior;  ovules 
4-,  style  i,  2-lobed.  Fruit  of  4  nutlets. 

A.    Herbs. 

B.     Plants  erect  or  merely  spreading,  not  vinelike. 
C.     Corolla  distinctly  irregular,  distinctly  2-lipped  in  most. 
D.     Stem  villous  or  densely  tomentose. 

E.     Leaves  acute;   flowers  in  terminal  spikes  on  stem  and  branches;    stamens 
projecting  beyond  the  corolla  tube. 

F.  Leaves  mostly  rounded  at  base;  calyx  10- veined;  corolla  not  dark-dotted; 
ovary  4-lobed.  E.  —  (Honor  of  Teucer,  a  King  of  Troy  who  first  used  it 
medicinally.)  Teucrium  occidentale  (GERMANDER) 

FF.  Leaves  mostly  cordate  at  base;  calyx  is-veined;  corolla  dark-dotted; 
ovary  4-parted.  W.  E.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Nepete,  a  town  in  Tuscany, 
Italy.)  Nepeta  cataria  (CATNIP) 


MENTHACEAE  (MINT  FAMILY)          193 

EE.  Leaves  obtuse;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters;  calyx  s-io-veined; 
corolla  not  dotted;  stamens  included  in  the  corolla  tube.  W.  E.  —  Me- 
dicinal plant.  (Hebrew  morrob  =  a  bitter  juice.) 

Marrubium  vulgare  (HOREHOUND) 

DD.     Stem  not  villous  nor  tomentose,  though  often  hairy. 
G.     Calyx  with  a  crest  or  protuberance  on  one  side.      SCUTELLARIA  (p.  194) 
GG.    Calyx  without  crest  or  protuberance. 
H.     Calyx  is-veined. 

I.    Leaves  not  entire;  leaf  blades  widest  at  or  below  their  middle. 
J.     Plants   not    aromatic;    flowers  in  elongated  spikelike  clusters;    all  4 

stamens  with  anthers. 

K.  Perennial;  leaves  triangular-ovate;  inflorescence  bracts  not  pecti- 
nate; lower  lip  of  corolla  with  middle  lobe  crenulate. 

AGASTACHE  (p.  194) 

KK.  Annual  or  biennial;  leaves  lanceolate;  inflorescence  bracts  pecti- 
nate; lower  lip  of  corolla  with  middle  lobe  not  crenulate.  C.  E.  — •  (Gk. 
drakon  =  a  dragon,  kephale  =  a  head;  referring  to  the  form  of  the 
flower  in  some  species.)  Dracocephalum  parviflorum  (DRAGONHEAD) 

JJ.  Plants  aromatic  ;  flowers  in  flattened  or  round  headlike  clusters ; 
2  stamens  with  anthers,  2  others  from  antherless  to  totally  absent. 

MONARDA  (p.  195) 

H.    Leaves  entire,  oblanceolate  to  obovate.     U.  —  (Gk.  pogon  =  a  beard, 
gyne  =  the  pistil;  referring  to  the  bearded  style.)  Pogogyne  douglasii 

HH.     Calyx  5~i3-veined. 
L.     Leaves  not  cleft. 
M.     Flowers  in  terminal  headlike  or  dense  spikelike  clusters;   calyx  10-13- 

veined. 

N.     Heads  elongated,  spikelike.     W.  C.  E.  —  (German  braune  =  quinsy, 

for  which  this  was  thought  a  remedy.)         Prunella  vulgaris  (HEAL-ALL) 

NN.     Heads  flat.  MADRONELLA  (p.  195) 

MM.     Flowers  in  loose  interrupted    terminal   spikelike    clusters;     calyx 

5- 10- veined. 

O.    Leaf  teeth   sharp- pointed,  not  rounded;     leaves  narrowed  at  base. 

W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  physa  =  a  bladder,  siege  =  a  covering;    referring  to 

inflated  fruiting  calyx.)        Physostegia  parviflora  (FALSE  DRAGONHEAD) 

OO.     Leaf  teeth  somewhat  rounded  at  tip;   leaves  rounded  to  cordate 

at  base.  STACHYS  (p.  195) 

MMM.     Flowers  in  whorls  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  stem  leaves;  calyx  about 

5-  or  i3-veined. 

P.    Annual  or  biennial;   upper  leaves  sessile;  flowers  purple  or  red;   calyx 

about  s-veined.     E.  —  (Gk.  laimos  =  the  throat;    because  the  corolla 

is  widely  gaping.)  Lamium  amplexicaule   (HENBIT) 

PP.     Perennial;    upper  leaves  petioled;    flowers  white  or  yellow;    calyx 

about  i3-veined.     E.  —  (Greek  name  of  the  honeybee;  the  flowers  are 

very  sweet.)  Melissa  offic mails  GARDEN  (BALM) 

LL.     Leaves  3-cleft  or  some  S-cleft;   flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves. 

W.  —  (Gk.  leon  =  a  lion;,  oura  =  a  tail;    suggested  by  the  inflorescence.) 

Leonurus  cardiaca  (MOTHERWORT) 
CC.     Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  13 


IQ4  MENTHACEAE    (MINT   FAMILY) 

Q.     Annual;   leaves  entire  or  merely  slightly  wavy;  ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 

TRICHOSTEMA  (p.  194) 

QQ.     Perennial;  leaves  toothed;  ovary  4-parted. 
R.     Plants  without  mint  odor;    2  stamens  with  anthers  and  2  antherless. 

LYCOPUS  (p.  196) 

RR.     Plants  with  mint  odor ;  all  4  stamens  with  anthers.       MENTHA  (p.  196) 
BB.     Plants  prostrate,  vinelike. 

S.     Plant  with  disagreeable  odor;    petioles  25  mm.  or  more  long;    leaves  dark 

green;  flowers  in  small  clusters  in  the  leaf  axils.     W.  —  (Greek  name  for  some 

plant  of  this  family.)  Glecoma  hederacea  (GROUND  IVY) 

SS.     Plant  with  mint  odor;    petioles  4-6  mm.  long;    leaves  red-green;    flowers 

solitary  in  the  leaf  axils.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  mikros  =  small,  meros  =  a  division; 

referring  to  the  slightly  2-lipped  perianth.)    Micromeria  douglasii  (TEA  VINE) 

AA.     Shrubs  aromatic;  leaves  entire,  spatulate  to  obovate.     E.  —  (Possibly  French 

ramon  =  a  broom  of  twigs;  it  is  a  low,  much-branched  shrub.)       Ramona  incana 

TRICHOSTEMA    (BLUE  CURLS) 

Flowers  blue,  in  axillary  panicles  or  cymes.     Calyx   5-lobed.     Corolla 
tube  narrow ;  lobes  somewhat  similar,  oblong.     Stamens  4.  —  (Gk.  trichos  = 
hair,  stemon  =  a  stamen ;   the  stamens  are  long  and  hairlike.) 
A.     Calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;   corolla  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx.     W.  E. 

T.  oblongum 

AA.     Calyx-lobes  ovate-triangular,  acute;    corolla  tube  exceeding  the  calyx. 
B.     Leaves  acuminate,  obscurely  veined;    corolla  6-8  mm.  long.     U.  T.  laxum 

BB.     Leaves  acute,  strongly  veined;    corolla  about  12  mm.  long.     W. 

T.  lanceolatum   (VINEGAR  WEED) 

SCUTELLARIA    (SKULLCAP) 

Bitter.     Flowers  blue  or  violet  or  whitish,  in  spikelike  racemes,  or    1-3 
in  each  leaf  axil.     Calyx  2-lipped;    lips  entire,  lower  persistent.     Corolla 
much  exserted,  glabrous  inside.     Stamens  4,  all  with  anthers.  —  (L.  scutella 
=  a  dish ;  referring  to  the  appendages  of  the  calyx  in  fruit.) 
A.     Leaves  or  at  least  the  lower  ones  somewhat  serrate  or  dentate. 
B.     Leaf  blades  widest  below  their  middle. 

C.     Flowers  in  axillary  and  sometimes  also  terminal  racemes;  corolla  6-10  mm.  long. 
W.  E.  S.  lateriflora  (MAD-DOG  SKULLCAP) 

CC.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils;  corolla  14-30  mm.  long. 
D.     Leaves  obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long.     U.  S.  tuberosa 

DD.     Leaves  acute,  10-37  mm.  long.     E.  S.  galericulata   (MARSH  SKULLCAP) 

BB.     Leaf  blades  widest  above  middle;  flowers  solitary  in  leaf  axils.     E.  S.  nana 

AA.     Leaves  entire. 
E.     Stem  leaves  obtuse  at  both  ends;   corolla  14-20  mm.  long.     W.  E. 

S.  antirrhinoldes 
EE.     Stem  leaves  acute  at  base;   corolla  16-25  mm.  long.     U.  E.  S.  angustifolia 

AGASTACHE    (GIANT  HYSSOP) 

Erect,  tall.     Leaves  serrate,  petioled.     Flowers  yellowish  or  purplish  or 
blue,   in   whorled   clusters   in   spikes;     spikes   bracted,    terminal.     Calyx 


MENTHACEAE    (MINT  FAMILY)  195 

slightly  2-lipped,  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lobed ;  lower  lip  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  lower  pair  shorter ;  anthers  4.  —  (Gk.  agan  =  much,  stachys  =  a 
head  of  wheat ;  referring  to  the  many  spikes.) 

A.  Leaves  canescent  and  white  beneath,  glabrous  and  green  above;  spikes  25  mm.  or 
less  thick.  E.  A.  urticifolia 

AA.      Leaves  glabrous  and  green  on  both  sides;   spikes  25  mm.  or  more  thick.      E. 

A.  occideutalis 

STACHYS    (HEDGE  NETTLE) 

Flowers  purple,  whorled  in  spikes.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of 
corolla  entire  or  emarginate ;  lower  lip  3-clef t,  middle  lobe  wider  and  some- 
times 2-lobed.  Stamens  4,  lower  2  longer.  —  (Gk.  stachys  =  a  spike  or 
head  of  wheat ;  referring  to  the  inflorescence.) 

A.      Corolla  tube  less  than  ij  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

B.     Plant  soft  hairy;    corolla  white  or  cream-colored  with  some  purple  on  the  lower 
lip.     W.  E.  S.  pycnantha 

BB.     Plant  rather  stiff-hairy;    corolla  light  red  to  purple,  often  spotted. 
C.     Upper  leaves  sessile,  lower  short-petioled;    leaves  acute  or  acuminate.      W.  E. 

S.  palustris     (wo  UNO  WORT) 

CC.     Upper   leaves   short-petioled,    lower   long-petioled;     leaves   obtuse   or    acute. 
W.  E.  S.  bullata 

AA.      Corolla  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
D.     Leaves  tomentose  beneath,  thick;    corolla  about  20  mm.  long.     W.  C. 

S.  chamissonis 

DD.     Leaves  not  tomentose  beneath,  thin. 

E.      Corolla  about  20  mm.  long;    calyx  glabrous  or  sparingly  stiff-hairy.       W.  C.  E. 

S.  ciliata 
EE.      Corolla  about  12  mm.  long;    calyx  soft-hairy.      W.  S.  pubens 

MONARDA    (BERGAMOT  MINT) 

Flowers  variously  colored.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  glabrous  inside; 
upper  lip  emarginate  or  entire ;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  larger.  Anther- 
bearing  stamens  2,  usually  exserted;  antherless  stamens  or  their  rudiments 
2  or  none.  —  (Honor  of  N.  Monardes,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

A.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate;  stamens  longer  than  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla;  corolla 
not  spotted,  its  upper  lip  straight;  heads  solitary,  terminal.  E.  M.  mollis 

AA.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower;  stamens  shorter  than  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla; 
corolla  purple-spotted,  its  upper  lip  curved;  heads  many,  terminal  and  axillary.  W. 

M.  punctata  (HORSE  MINT) 

MADRONELLA 

Leaves  mostly  entire.  Flowers  purple  or  red  or  white,  bracted.  Calyx 
5-toothed.  Corolla  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx;  throat  glabrous  inside; 
upper  lip  2-cleft;  lower  lip  3-cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  4, 
equal,  or  the  lower  2  longer,  exserted.  —  (An  anagram  of  Monardella,  the 
diminutive  of  Monarda.) 

A.     Leaves  white-tomentose  or  tomentulose  beneath. 
B.     Leaves  paler  beneath  than  above,  veins  not  prominent.     C.  E.  M.  discolor 


196         SOLANACEAE  (POTATO  FAMILY) 

BB.     Leaves  not  paler  beneath,  veins  prominent.     E.  M.  nervosa 

AA.     Leaves  not  so  beneath. 

C.     Plant  somewhat  canescent.     U.  M.  villosa 

CC.     Plant  glabrous  or  puberulent  except  the  inflorescence. 

D.     Leaves  not  as  long  as  the  stem  internodes.     U.  E.  M.  reflexa 

DD.     Leaves  mostly  longer  than  the  stem  internodes. 

E.     Plant  very  smooth  and  shining  except  the  inflorescence;    leaves  obtuse.     E. 

M.  purpurea 
EE.     Plant  somewhat  ashy-gray  with  scurfy  puberulence;    leaves  acute.     E. 

M.  odoratissima 

LYCOPUS    (WATER  HOREHOUND) 

Flowers  small,  white  or  purple,  bracted,  whorled  in  dense  axillary  clusters. 
Calyx  4~5-toothed.  Corolla  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;  limb  either 
nearly  equally  4-cleft  or  else  one  of  the  lobes  wider  and  emarginate.  —  (Gk. 
lykos  =  a  wolf,  pous  =  a  foot ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves.) 

A.     All  of  the  leaves  or  all  but  the  upper  ones  irregularly  incised  or  laciniate-pinnatifid. 
W.  E.  L.  americanus 

AA.     Leaves  merely  serrate. 

B.     Calyx  teeth    lanceolate  or  deltoid,  obtuse  or  barely  acutish,  shorter  than  the 

mature  nutlets.     W.  C.  E.  L.  uniflorus  (BUGLEWEED) 

BB.  '  Calyx  teeth  narrow,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  mature  nutlets. 

C.     Leaves  short-petioled;    bracts  about  half  the  length  of  the  calyx;   corolla  almost 

twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     W.  L.  rubellus 

CC.     Leaves  sessile  or  very  short-petioled;    bracts  almost  as  long  as  the  calyx; 

corolla  very  little  longer  than  the  calyx.     E.  L.  lucidus 

MENTHA   (MINT) 

Erect  or  diffuse.  Flowers  purple  or  pink  or  white ;  whorls  axillary  or  in 
terminal  spikes.  Calyx  lo-veined,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tube  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  limb  4-cleft,  slightly  irregular;  upper  lobe  usually  wider,  entire 
or  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  equal.  —  (Minthe  was  a  nymph  whom  the 
Greeks  believed  was  changed  into  a  Mint.) 

A.     Stems  finely  retrorse-pubescent  at  least  on  the  angles;   flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordi- 
nary leaves.     W.  C.  E.  M.  canadensis  (FIELD  MINT) 
AA.     Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  hairs  when  present  not  retrorse;   most  of  the  flowers 

in  the  axils  of  bracts. 

B.     Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so;   flowers  sessile.     W.  E.  M.  spicata  (SPEARMINT) 

BB.     Leaves  petioled;   flowers  pedicelled. 

C.     Calyx  teeth  hairy;  leaves  ovate-oblong  to  lance-oblong,  acute;   garden  escape. 
W.  M.  piperita   (PEPPERMINT) 

CC.     Calyx  teeth  glabrous;   leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute.     W.  E. 

M.  citrata  (BERGAMOT  MINT) 

SOLANACEAE   (POTATO  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnately 
veined;  stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  mostly 
5-toothed  or  -lobed.  Corolla  rotate  to  tubular,  mostly  5-lobed. 


SOLAN ACEAE   (POTATO  FAMILY)  197 

Stamens  as  many  as  corolla  lobes,  alternate  with  them,  on  the 
corolla  tube,  all  equal  in  length  and  perfect.  Ovary  terete,  superior, 
2-8-celled;  style  i.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  capsule.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate;  fruit  a  berry. 
B.     Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  5  or  more. 

C.  Flowers  yellow;    fruit  yellow  or  red.     W.  E.  —  Cultivated.     (Gk.  lykos  = 
a  wolf,  persikos  =  the  peach.)  Lycopersicum  esculentum   (TOMATO) 

CC.     Flowers  white  to  blue;  fruit  green.  SOLANUM  (p.  197) 

BB.     Leaves  entire  to  3-foliolate. 

D.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf -axils;   calyx  in  fruit  enlarged,  bladdery ;   corolla 
campanulate;  anthers  distinct.  PHYSALIS  (p.  197) 

DD.     Flowers  in  clusters;  calyx  in  fruit  not  conspicuously  enlarged,  not  bladdery ; 
corolla  rotate;    anthers  closely  fitted   together  into  a  cone. 

SOLANUM  (p.  197) 

AA.     Corolla  tubular  or  salverform  or  funnelform;  fruit  a  capsule. 
E.     Leaves  dentate;  flowers  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  stems;   capsule  prickly. 

DATURA  (p.  198) 
EE.    Leaves  entire;  flowers  in  clusters;  capsule  not  prickly.  NICOTIANA  (p.  198) 

PHYSALIS    (GROUND  CHERRY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  entire  or  sinuately  toothed.  Calyx  campanulate, 
5-io-angled  or  -ribbed,  wholly  inclosing  the  fruit.  Corolla  whitish  or 
yellowish,  with  dark  center,  plicate.  Stamens  near  base  of  corolla.  Seeds 
kidney-shaped.  —  (Gk.  physalis  =  a  bladder,  from  the  inflated  calyx.) 

A.     Annual;    leaves  ovate  to  cordate,  or  rarely  some  lanceolate,  some  of  them  always 

somewhat  sinuate-toothed. 

B.     Plant  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;    calyx  in  fruit  obscurely  s-io-angled.     E. 

P.  ixocarpa  (TOMATILLO) 

BB.     Plant  pubescent;   calyx  in  fruit  sharply  5-angled.     E.  P.  pubescens 

AA.     Perennial;    leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  entire  or  sinuate  but  not  sinuate- 
toothed.     E.  P.  lanceolata 

SOLANUM    (NIGHTSHADE) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  to  pinnate.  Corolla  limb 
plicate.  Stamens  on  throat  of  corolla.  —  (Said  to  be  from  L.  solamen  = 
quieting;  the  Bittersweet  is  mildly  narcotic.) 

A.     Plant  not  prickly;    corolla  8-20  mm.  wide;    calyx  in  fruit  not  spiny,  not  nearly 

covering  the  berry. 

B.     Climbing;   perennial.     W.  E.  —  Medicinal.  S.  dulcamara  (BITTERSWEET) 

BB.     Not  climbing  nor  twining. 

C.     Leaves  pinnate;    tubers  present.     W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for  the  tubers.     W.  E. 

S.  tuberosum  (POTATO) 

CC.     Leaves  entire  to  3-foliolate;   tubers  none. 
D.     Annual;    hairs  simple;    corolla  8-10  mm.  wide;    leaves  not  all  entire,  often 

rounded  or  cordate  at  base;    berry  green  or  black  or  yellow. 
E.     Leaves  oblong,  pinnately  7~9-lobed;    berries  green.     E.  —  Poisonous. 

S.  triflorum  (WILD  TOMATO) 


Ip8  SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

EE.     Leaves  ovate,  merely  wavy-toothed;    berries  black  or  yellow.     W.  C.  E.  — 
The  berry  of  the  wild  plants  is  poisonous.     The  Wonderberry  is  an  edible  culti- 
vated form.  S.  nigrum   (COMMON  NIGHTSHADE) 
DD.     Perennial;    hairs  stellate;    corolla  16-20  mm.  wide;    leaves  all  entire,  acute 
or  narrowed  at  base;    berry  purple.      U.  S.  umbelliferum 
AA.     Plant  prickly;    corolla  25-50  mm.  wide;    calyx  in  fruit  spiny. 
P.     Corolla  white  or  light  blue;    fruit  only  partly  covered  by  the  calyx. 
G.     Fruit  less  than  i  cm.  long,  almost  covered  by  calyx.     W.          S.  sisymbrifolium 
GG.      Fruit  2  dm.  or  less  long,  very  much  exceeding  the  calyx.     E.  —  Cultivated 
for  its  edible  fruit.                                                                  S.  melongena   (EGG  PLANT) 
FF.     Corolla  yellow;    fruit  quite  covered  by  the  calyx.     E.  —  A  bad  weed  in  culti- 
vated  fields.                                                                           S.  rostratum   (BUFFALO  BUR) 

DATURA  (THORN  APPLE) 

Herbs,  annual,  erect.  Flowers  large,  white  or  purple  or  violet.  Calyx 
tubular  or  prismatic,  circumscissile  near  the  persistent  base.  Corolla 
plicate ;  lobes  acuminate.  Ovary  2-4-celled.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid.  — 
(From  Dhatura,  the  Hindoo  name.)  Medicinal.  Poisonous. 

A.     Stem  green;   corolla  white;   lower  prickles  of  the  fruit  shorter  than  the  others.     E. 

D.  stramonium   (STRAMONIUM) 

AA.     Stem  purple;   corolla  purple  or  violet;    prickles  of  the  fruit  all  of  the  same  length. 
E.  D.  tatula   (PURPLE  THORN  APPLE) 

NICOTIANA    (TOBACCO) 

Herbs.  Leaves  large.  Flowers  white  or  green  or  purple,  in  terminal 
racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  5-8-cleft.  Corolla  plicate,  limb  5-8-lobed. 
Ovary  2-8-celled.  Seeds  very  small.  —  (Honor  of  J.  Nicot,  a  French  Am- 
bassador, who  early  sent  tobacco  seed  to  Italy.) 

A.     Leaves  all  with  slender  petioles;  corolla   limb  8-12  mm.  wide;    calyx  teeth  much 

shorter  than  its  tube.     E.  N.  attenuata 

AA.     Leaves  of  some  of  the  upper  ones  sessile;    corolla  limb  20-40  mm.  wide;    calyx 

teeth  about  equaling  its  tube. 

B.     Leaves  2-6  dm.  long.     W.   —  Cultivated  for  its  leaf.          N.  tabacum  (TOBACCO) 
BB.     Leaves  shorter. 

C.     Corolla  25-50  mm.  long;    capsule  2-celled.     U.  N.  bigelovii 

CC.     Corolla  20-25  mm.  long;   capsule  3-8-celled.     U.  E.  N.  quadrivalvis 

SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  or  whorled; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  irregular.  Calyx  persis- 
tent, i-5-toothed  to  -divided,  sometimes  split.  Corolla  sympetalous, 
rarely  none  in  Synthyris;  limb  2-lipped  or  nearly  regular,  variously 
colored.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2-5,  2  often  shorter,  on  the  co- 
rolla, alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes;  antherless  stamens  often 
present.  Pistil  /,  entire  or  2-lobed;  ovary  superior,  i-2-celled; 
placenta  central;  style  i.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  few  or  many. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIG WORT  FAMILY)  199 

A.     Herbs. 
B.     Leaves  alternate. 

C.  Vines;  leaves  ren if orm -orbicular,  palmately  veined,  coarsely  dentate  or  lobed. 
W.  —  Planted  along  walls.  (Gk.  kymbalon  =  a  cymbal;  referring  to  the  leaf 
form.)  Cymbalaria  cymbalaria  (KENILWORTH  IVY) 

CC.     Leaves  not  as  above  in  all  points. 

D.  Mud  plants,  creeping  or  floating;  leaves  glabrous,  nearly  all  basal,  entire, 
linear  to  oblong.  W.  E.  —  (L.  limus  =  mud,  sella  =  a  seat;  because  it  is 
a  stemless  mud  plant.)  Limosella  aquatica  (MUD WORT) 

DD.     Not  as  above  in  all  points. 
E.     Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  base  on  the  lower  side. 

F.  Leaves  sessile;   corolla  spurred  at  base.  LINARIA  (p.  201) 
FF.     Leaves  short-petioled;  corolla  merely  saccate  at  base. 

ANTIRRHINUM  (p.  201) 

EE.     Corolla  neither  spurred  nor  saccate  at  base  on  the  lower  side,  but  some- 
times saccate  at  base  on  the  upper  side. 

G.  Calyx  s-toothed  or  -lobed. 

H.     Corolla  rotate;  anther-bearing  stamens  5.  VERBASCUM  (p.  201) 

HH.     Corolla  tubular;  anther-bearing  stamens  4,  rarely  5  in  Pentstemon. 

I.  Leaves  entire  to  dentate;  corolla  not  produced  into  a  long  projection. 
J.     Leaf  blade  0.6-10  cm.  long;  5th  stamen  represented  by  a  filament  on 

the  corolla.  PENTSTEMON  (p.  202) 

JJ.     Leaf  blade  8-25  cm.  long;  5th  stamen  not  represented  at  all.     W.  — 

Medicinal  plant.     (L.  digitalis  =  belonging  to  the  finger;     the  corolla 

suggests  a  glove  finger.)  Digitalis  purpurea  (FOXGLOVE)- 

II.  Leaves  either  pinnately -lobed  or  -parted,  or  else  corolla  produced  into  a 
long  and  elephant-trunk-like  projection.  PEDICULARIS  (p.  208) 

GG.     Calyx  i-4-toothed  or  -lobed. 

K.     Corolla  nearly  regular,  rotate  or  short-campanulate,  never  yellow. 
L.     Leaves  chiefly  scattered  along  the  stem,  at  least  the  lower  opposite, 
entire  to  toothed;  spikes  or  racemes  terminal  or  axillary;  annual  or  peren- 
nial. VERONICA  (p.  204) 
LL.     Leaves  chiefly  basal,  all  alternate,  toothed  to  divided;  spikes  or  racemes 
terminal;  perennial.                                                         SYNTHYRIS  (p.  205) 
KK.     Corolla  distinctly  2-lipped,  tubular,  often  yellow. 
M.     Leaves  entire  to  pinnately  or  palmately  parted  into  3-11  long  lobes, 
sometimes  the  lobes  again  lobed;  upper  lip  of  corolla  not  elephant-trunk- 
like. 

N.     Capsule  few-seeded;    calyx  cleft  down  i  side  and  apparently  of  2 
sepals;  lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal.  ADENOSTEGIA  (p.  208) 

NN.     Capsule  many-seeded;  calyx  cleft  down  i  or  2  or  4  sides  and  appar- 
ently of  4  sepals  or  rarely  of  2  sepals. 
O.     Lips  of  the  corolla  nearly  equal  in  length;   calyx  2-  or  4-toothed. 

ORTHOCARPUS  (p.  207) 
OO.     Lips  of  the  corolla  unequal  in  length;  calyx  4-toothed. 

CASTILLEJA  (p.  205) 

MM.  Leaves  either  serrate  and  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  prolonged  into 
an  elephant-trunk-like  projection,  or  else  leaves  pinnately  more  than 
iS-lobed  or  -parted  into  rather  short  wide  lobes.  PEDICULARIS  (p.  208) 


200  SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

BB.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
P.     Calyx  s-toothed  or  -lobed. 

Q.     Corolla  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base  on  lower  side;  seeds  many.     (See  E.) 
QQ.     Corolla  gibbous  at  base  on  upper  side;  seeds  few. 

R.     Corolla  deeply  2-lipped,  6-16  mm.  long,  blue  or  pink  or  variegated;   leaves 

entire  to  lobed.  COLLINSIA  (p.  202) 

RR.     Corolla  obscurely  2-lipped,  2-10  mm.  long,  blue  or  white;    leaves  lobed 

to  3-5-divided.  TONELLA  (p.  202) 

QQQ.     Corolla  neither  gibbous  nor   spurred  at    base    on    any   side;     seeds 

many. 

S.     Leaves  nearly  all  basal,  entire,  linear;    stem  leaves  only  2-4.     E.  —  (Gk. 
chion  =  snow,  phileo  =  I  love;  from  its  habitat.)  Chionophila  tweedyi 

SS.     Not  as  above  in  all  points. 
T.     Calyx  deeply  cleft  at  the  front  or  the  rear  or  both. 

PEDICULARIS  (p.  208) 

TT.     Calyx  about  equally  notched  into  5  teeth  or  lobes. 
U.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils,  either  with  4  anther-bearing  stamens 
and  no  rudiment  of  a  5th  stamen,  or  else  with  2  anther-bearing  stamens  and 
2  rudimentary  ones. 

V.  Calyx  5-angled  to  terete,  clefts  between  its  teeth  not  reaching  the 
middle;  anther-bearing  stamens  4,  antherless  stamens  o;  leaves  often 
several-veined  from  the  base.  MIMULUS  (p.  203) 

W.     Calyx  terete,  clefts  between  its  teeth  extending  to  the  middle  or  be- 
yond; anther-bearing  stamens  2;  antherless  stamens  2. 
W.     Leaves  pinnately  veined,  2.5-5  cm.  long;   corolla  white  or  yellow, 
8—12  mm.  long;  antherless  stamens  not  forked.         GRATIOLA  (p.  204) 
WW.     Leaves  several-veined  from  the  base,  1.2-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  red 
or  purple,  about  6  mm.  long;    antherless  stamens  forked.     W.  C.  E. 
—  (Gk.  ilys  =  mud,  anthos  =  a  flower;  from  the  habitat.) 

Ilysanthes  dubia  (FALSE  PIMPERNEL) 
UU.     Flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  with  4  anther-bearing  stamens 

and  the  rudiments  of  a  sth  stamen. 

X.     Corolla  greenish-  or  purplish-brown,  8-10  mm.  long;    5th  stamen  rep- 
resented by  a  scale  on  the  corolla;  herbs.     W.  C.  E.  —     (So  named  be- 
cause reputed  a  cure  for  scrofula.)     Scrophularia  californica  (FIGWORT) 
XX.     Corolla  often  some  other  color,  usually  longer;  5th  stamen  a  tongue- 
like  filament  on  the  corolla. 

Y.  Corolla  never  white  nor  yellow;  antherless  stamen  shorter  than  the 
others;  seed  winged.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  chelone  =  a  turtle;  the  corolla 
has  the  shape  of  a  turtle  head.)  Chelone  nemorosa  (TURTLEHEAD) 

YY.     Corolla  sometimes  white  or  yellow;   antherless  stamen  about  equal- 
ing the  others;  seed  wingless.  PENTSTEMON  (p.  202) 
PP.     Calyx  i-4-toothed  or  -lobed. 

Z.    Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so,  rotate  to  salverform,  never  yellow;  stamens  2. 

VERONICA  (p.  204) 

ZZ.     Corolla  plainly  2-lipped,  tubular,  often  yellow;  stamens  4. 
a.     Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  bristle-pointed  teeth  at  base;   corolla  8-12  mm. 
long;  seeds   2-4.     E. —  (Gk.   melas  =  black,   pyros  =  wheat;     referring  to 
the  seed  of  some  species.)  Melampyrum  lineare  (COWWHEAT) 


SCROPHULARIACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  2OI 

aa.    Leaves  not  entire,   serrate  or  crenately  dentate  to  pinnately  divided; 

corolla  12-40  mm.  long;  seeds  several  or  many. 

b.  Stem  without  black  lines  near  the  top;  leaves  pinnately  veined,  either 
some  of  them  pinnately  lobed  or  else  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  long  and 
elephant-trunk-like;  corolla  white  or  red  or  purple  or  yellow. 

PEDICULARIS  (p.  208) 

bb.     Stem  with  fine  black  lines  near  the  top;   leaves  merely  crenate-dentate; 

upper  lip  of  the  corolla  not  elephant-trunk-like;  corolla  yellow.     W.  C.  E.  — 

(Gk.  rhin  =  a  snout,  anthos  =  a  flower;  referring  to  the  compressed  corolla 

wings.)  Rhinanthus  crusgalli  (YELLOW  RATTLE) 

AA.     Shrubs. 

c.  Plant  with  young  parts  glutinous,  6-18  dm.  high;  leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long, 
pubescent  beneath  with  branched  hairs.  U.  —  (Gk.  dis  =  2,  plakos  =  a  pla- 
centa; the  splitting  of  the  capsule  shows  2  conspicuous  placentae.) 

Diplacus  glutinosus 

cc.  Plant  not  glutinous,  1-6  dm.  high;  leaves  0.6-5  cm.  long,  not  pubescent  be- 
neath with  branched  hairs.  PENTSTEMON  (p.  202) 

VERBASCUM    (MULLEIN) 

Flowers  rather  large.  Stamens  unequal.  Seeds  rugose,  not  winged.  — 
(L.  barbascum  =  bearded ;  on  account  of  its  hairiness.) 

A.  Plant  densely  woolly;  stem  leaves  strongly  decurrent;  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal 
spike;  filaments  of  3  upper  stamens  hairy,  those  of  2  lower  ones  glabrous.  W.  E. 
—  Medicinal  plant.  V.  thapsus  (COMMON  MULLEIN) 

AA.  Plant  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  not  decurrent;  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme; 
filaments  of  all  5  stamens  hairy.  E.  V.  blattaria  (MOTH  MULLEIN) 

LINARIA    (TOADFLAX) 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite  or  whorled,  linear  or  linear-oblong.  Flowers 
in  racemes  or  spikes,  yellow  or  blue.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lobed;  lower 
3-lobed.  Fifth  stamen  represented  by  a  gland  on  the  inside  of  the  corolla. 
—  (L.  linum  =  flax,  which  some  species  resemble.) 

A.     Perennial,  pale  green;    flower  yellow,  25-32  mm.  long;    seed  winged.     W.  E. 

L.  vulgaris  (BUTTER  AND  EGGS) 

AA.  Annual  or  biennial,  green,  not  pale;  flower  blue,  6-8  mm.  long;  seed  wingless. 
W.  E.  L.  canadensis 

ANTIRRHINUM    (SNAPDRAGON) 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  2-lobed ;  lower  3-lobed ; 
throat  nearly  closed.  Stamens  4,  2  shorter,  the  5th  represented  by  a 
gland  inside  the  corolla  tube.  Seed  oblong,  not  winged.  —  Cultivated  or 
escaped  or  accidentally  introduced.  —  (Gk.  anti  =  like,  rhin  =  a  snout ;  re- 
ferring to  the  form  of  the  corolla.) 

A.     Annual;    corolla  6-16  mm.  long. 

B.     Calyx  segments  10-14  mm.  long,  linear;    corolla  purple,  10-15  mm.  long.     W. 

A.  orontium 

BB.  Calyx  segments  2-4  mm.  long,  subulate;  corolla  dull  purple,  8-16  mm.  long. 
U.  C.  A.  leptopetalum 


202  SCROPHULAR1ACEAE    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 


J.     Calyx  segments  4-8  mm.  long,  oblong;    corolla  dull  white,  6-8  mm.  long.     E. 

A.  kingii 
AA.      Perennial;    corolla  20-30  mm.  long;    escaped  from  gardens.      W. 

A.  majus  (GARDEN  SNAPDRAGON) 

COLLINSIA  (BLUE  LIPS) 

Herbs,  low.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Upper  lip  of 
corolla  2-clef t ;  lower  larger,  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  a  keel-like  sac  inclosing 
the  stamens  and  style.  Fifth  stamen  a  gland.  —  (Honor  of  Z.  Collins,  an 
American  botanist.) 

A.     Inflorescence  glandular. 

B.  Plant  5-10  cm.  high;    lower  leaves   orbicular  to  oblong;    pedicels  bent  back  in 
fruit;    flowers   many;     calyx  lobes   broadly   subulate,   acute;     seed   oblong,    nearly 
terete,  not  winged.     U.  C.  C.  torreyi 

BB.      Plant  15-45  cm.  high;    lower  leaves  spatulate;    pedicels  erect  in  fruit;    flowers 
1-6  in  a  whorl;   calyx  lobes  lanceolate  to  triangular,  somewhat  obtuse;   seed  saucer- 
shaped,  winged.     C.  E.  C.  rattan! 
AA.     Inflorescence  not  glandular. 

C.  Calyx  lobes  2  or  more  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube;    pedicels  erect  in  fruit. 

D.  Scurfy  puberulent;    flowers  in  dense  whorls  in  upper  axils.      W.      C.  multiflora 
DD.      Glabrous   throughout;     flowers   usually   solitary   in   the   upper   axils.      W.  C. 

C.  sparsiflora 
CC.      Calyx  lobes  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  tube. 

E.  Leaves  all  linear,  all  entire,  or  a  few  of  the  lower  obscurely    dentate;    pedicels 
erect  in  fruit.     U.  C.  linearis 

EE.     Leaves  not  all  linear,  at  least  the  lower  wider,  nearly  always  at  least  the  lower 

ones  distinctly  toothed  or  notched. 

F.     Corolla  8-18  mm.  long,  its  tube  shorter  than  the  limb. 

G.     Corolla  8-10  mm.  long;    pedicels  erect  in  fruit.     W.  C.  C.  pusilla 

GG.     Corolla  12-18  mm;    pedicels  bent  back  in  fruit.     W.  C.  C.  grandiflora 

FF.     Corolla  5-7  mm.  long,  its  tube  longer  than  the  limb;    pedicels  bent  back  in 

fruit.     W.  C.  E  C.  parviflora 

TONELLA 

Herbs,  annual,  small.  Leaves  opposite.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary 
whorls.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla  slightly  gibbous  at  base,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  the  5th  a  rudiment.  Capsule  subglobose,  septicidal.  Seeds  2-4. 
—  (Meaning  not  determined.) 

A.     Stem  weak  and  filiform;    corolla  2-3  mm.  wide;    ovules  and  seeds  i  in  each  cell. 
C.  E.  T.  collinsioides 

AA.      Stem  stout;    corolla  6-10  mm.  wide;    ovules  and  seeds  3-4  in  each  cell.      E. 

T.  floribunda 

PENTSTEMON    (BEARDTONGUE) 

Perennial.  Leaves  opposite,  sometimes  partly  alternate  or  whorled. 
Calyx  5-lobed.  Limb  of  corolla  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  included,  2  shorter ;  5th  stamen  a  mere  filament.  —  (Gk.  pente  = 
5,  stemon  =  a  stamen;  because  the  5th  stamen  is  conspicuous,  although 
antherless.)  Large  and  difficult  genus.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  346-349.) 


SCROPHULARIACEAR    (FTGWORT   FAMILY)  203 

MIMULUS  (MONKEY  FLOWER) 

Flowers  either  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx 
tubular,  persistent,  upper  tooth  usually  largest.  Corolla  irregular  to  nearly 
regular ;  tube  cylindric ;  limb  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  2-lobed ;  lower  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  2  shorter.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  obtuse,  not  exceeding  the 
calyx.  —  (Gk.  mimo  =  an  ape ;  from  the  grinning  corolla.) 

A.     Flowers  yellow. 

B.     Leaves  with  3  or  more  veins  from  the  base. 
C.      Stems  leafy,  not  scapose,  rarely  only  i -flowered. 
D.     Corolla  25-50  mm.  long;    calyx  shorter  than  the   corolla,  its  lobes  equal  or 

unequal. 

E.     Plant  not  viscid-hairy. 

F.     Plants  15-60  cm.  high,  without  rhizomes;    stems  more  than  i -flowered. 
G.     Leaves  oblong  to  orbicular;    plant  glabrous  throughout  or  pubescent  to 
puberulent  in  the  inflorescence;   capsule  oblong;   seeds  oblong.     W.  C.  E. 

M.  langsdorfii 

GG.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate;    plant  glabrous  throughout;    capsule  obovate; 
seed  obovate.     W.  M.  scouleri 

FF.     Plants  2-4  cm.  high,  with  rhizomes;    stems  mostly  i-flowered.     C. 

M.  alpinus 
EE.     Plant   viscid-hairy,   10-20  cm.   high,   with  rhizomes.     W.    E. 

M.  implexus 

DD.     Corolla  8-16  mm.  long;    calyx  shorter  than  the  corolla,  its  lobes  unequal. 
H.     Stems  stout,  4-angled,  branching  from  the  base.     W.  C.  E.  M.  nasutus 

HH.      Stems  slender,  terete,  mostly  simple.     E.  M.  microphyllus 

DDD.      Corolla  4-6  mm.  long;   calyx  longer  than  the  corolla,  its  lobes  nearly  equal. 
E.  M.  breviflorus 

CC.     Stem  leafless,  scapose,  i-flowered.     C.  E.  '      M.  primuloides 

BB.     Leaves  with  only  i  vein  from  the  base. 

I.  Calyx  5-angled,  s-toothed. 
J.      Corolla  20-25  mm.  long. 

K.     Plant  not  viscid;    hairy  lines  inside  the  corolla  extending  to  its  base;    seed 
ovate.     W.  M.  dentatus 

KK.     Plant  viscid;    hairy  lines  inside  the  corolla  not  extending  to  its  base;    seed 
spherical.     W.  C.  E.  M.  moschatus  (MUSK  FLOWER) 

JJ.     Corolla  4-20  mm.  long. 
L.     Plant  villous  with  spreading  white  hairs,  prostrate  or  spreading.     E. 

M.  floribundus 

LL.     Plants  glabrous  or  puberulent,  not  villous,  erect  (except  M.  alsinoides). 
M.     Calyx  teeth  distinctly  unequal,   2  larger;    lower  lip  of  corolla  with  bright 
crimson  spot  in  center.     W.  C.  E.  M.  alsinoides 

MM.      Calyx  teeth  equal  or  very  nearly  so;    corolla  without  crimson  spot. 
N.     Leaves  with  wide  petioles;    corolla  10-20  mm.  long. 

O.     Calyx  cylindric  in  fruit;    capsule  oblanceolate.     E.  M.  peduncularis 

OO.     Calyx  distended  in  fruit;    capsule  oblong.     E.  M.  pulsiferea 

NN.     Leaves  sessile  but  narrowed  at  base;   corolla  6-8  mm.  long.     C.  E. 

M.  rubellus 

II.  Calyx  not  angled,  s-cleft;  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  under  lip  usually  with  a  pair  of 
brown  spots.     E.  M.  pilosus 

AA.     Flowers  pink  or  red  or  purple. 
P.     Corolla  5-10  mm.  long;   stigma  2-lipped. 


204  SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 

Q.     Plant  not  viscid  or  merely  viscid-puberulent;    corolla  6-8  mm.  long;    some  of 
the  leaves  wider  than  linear.     C.  E.  M.  rubellus 

QQ.     Plant  viscid-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs;    corolla  8-10  mm.  long;    leaves 
linear.     C.  E.  M.  brewer! 

PP.     Corolla  14-20  mm.  long;   stigma  funnelform. 
R.     Leaves  elliptic  or  merely  the  upper  ones  ovate,  acute. 

S.     Calyx  teeth  subulate,  about  $  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube.     E.  M.  bigelovii 

SS.     Calyx  teeth  triangular,  acute,  }-j  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube.     E.       M.  nanus 
RR.     Leaves  ovate,  acuminate;    calyx  teeth  triangular-subulate.     E.     M.  cusickil 
PPP.  Corolla  22-50  mm.  long;   stigma  either  2-lipped  or  funnelform. 
T.     Perennial;    calyx  16-30  mm.  long;   style  glabrous. 

U.     Upper  leaves  often  connate;   calyx  25-30  mm.  long;   corolla  scarlet  and  yellow; 

stamens    exserted.     W.  E.  M.  cardinalis 

Uu.     Leaves  not  connate;    calyx  16-20  mm.  long;    corolla  rose-red  and  purplish; 

stamens  included.     C.  E.  M.  lewisii 

TT.     Annual;    calyx  10-12  mm.  long;    style  pubescent  above;    upper  leaves  often 

connate.     U.  E.  M.  subuniflorus 

GRATIOLA    (HEDGE  HYSSOP) 

Annual.  Leaves  entire  or  dentate.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils. 
Corolla  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  entire  to  a-cleft ;  lower  3-lobed.  —  (L.  gratia  =  a 
favor,  from  supposed  medicinal  value.) 

A.  Peduncles  2-bracted  under  the  calyx;  sepals  shorter  than  the  corolla;  capsule 
about  equaling  the  calyx.  W.  C.  E.  G.  virginiana 

AA.  Peduncles  bractless;  sepals  equaling  the  corolla;  capsule  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  W.  C.  G.  ebracteata 

VERONICA    (SPEEDWELL) 

Flowers  white-  or  pink  or  blue.  Corolla  rotate ;  limb  4~5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 2.  Ovary  2-celled.  Capsules  somewhat  flat,  loculicidal. —  (Said  to 
be  in  honor  of  St.  Veronica.) 

A.  Flowers  in  the  axillary  racemes;  bracts  of  the  racemes  small,  not  leaflike;  per- 
ennial. 

B.     Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate;  capsule  distinctly  flat;  seeds  several.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  scutellata   (MARSH  SPEEDWELL) 
BB.     Leaves   ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate;     capsule   turgid,   orbicular   or   nearly  so; 

seeds  many. 

C.     Stem  leaves  short-petioled,  serrate.     W.  C.  E.  V.  americana   (BROOKLIME) 

CC.     Stem  leaves  sessile  or  somewhat  clasping,  serrate  or  entire.     E. 

V.  anagallis-aquatica  (WATER  SPEEDWELL) 
AA.     Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  which  are  either  foliage  leaves 

or  leaflike  bracts. 
D.     Perennial;    most  of  the  leaves  opposite;  inflorescence  leaves  much  reduced,  the 

upper  bractlike. 
E.     Lower  leaves  petioled,  upper  sessile;  capsule  wider  than  long. 

F.  Rachis  and  pedicels  puberulent  but  not  glandular-hairy;    corolla  whitish  or 
pale  blue.     W.  E.  V.  serpyllifolia  (THYME-LEAVED  SPEEDWELL) 

FF.     Rachis  and  pedicels  glandular-hairy;    corolla  dark  blue.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  humifusa 
EE.     All  the  leaves  sessile;   capsule  longer  than  wide. 

G.  Leaves  longer  than  the  internodes;   corolla  6-10  mm.  wide. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT  FAMILY)  205 

H.     Stem  glabrous;   sepals  lanceolate;   corolla  blue  to  violet.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  cusickii 

HH.     Stem  pubescent  above,  glabrous  below;    sepals  oblong  to  ovate;    corolla 
white  with  purplish  throat.     C.  V.  allenii 

GG.     Leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes;    corolla  5-6  mm.  wide.     (See  B.) 
DD.     Annual;    most  of  the  leaves  alternate;  inflorescence  leaves   normal  or  merely 

smaller. 

I.     Flowers  in  the  axils  of  reduced  leaves;    pedicels  short;   seed  flat. 
J.     Plant   glabrous   or   merely   glandular-puberulent;     lowest   leaves   oval-oblong, 
toothed;     petals   white.     W.  E.  V.  peregrina   (NECK WEED) 

JJ.     Plant  pubescent;   lowest  leaves  ovate,  crenate;    petals  blue.     W.  C.  E. 

V.  arvensis  (WALL  SPEEDWELL) 

n.     Flowers  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves;    pedicels  long;   seed  cup-shaped;    petals 
blue;   plant  pubescent.     E.  V.  tournefortii 

SYNTHYRIS 

Stem  simple.  Flowers  white  or  pink  or  blue  or  purple.  Calyx  4-parted. 
Corolla  4-cleft,  rarely  none.  Stamens  2,  rarely  4. —  (Gk.  syn  =  together, 
thyris  =  a  little  door;  referring  to  the  closed  valves  of  the  pod.) 

A.     Leaves  reniform-orbicular;   flowers  in  racemes. 
B.     Petals  entire. 

C.     Scape  naked  except  for  the  floral  bracts,  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;   calyx 

lobes  ovate.     W.  C.  S.  rotundifolia 

CC.     Scape  with  some  scattered  and  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  exceeding  the 

leaves;   calyx  lobes  lanceolate.     E.  S.  reniformis 

BB.     Petals  laciniately  incised.     W.  S.  schizantha 

AA.     Leaves  not  reniform-orbicular;   flowers  in  spikes. 

D.     Leaves  crenulate;   corolla  none.     E.  S.  rubra 

DD.     Leaves  pinnatifid;    corolla  whitish,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     W.  E. 

S.  pinna t if ida 

CASTILLEJA    (INDIAN  PAINTBRUSH) 

Parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves  entire  to  pinnatifid. 
Flowers  in  spikes;  spikes  terminal,  leafy-bracted ;  bracts  often  brightly 
colored.  Calyx  tubular,  laterally  flattened,  the  2  lobes  2-toothed.  Corolla 
very  irregular;  tube  not  exceeding  the  calyx;  limb  2 -lipped;  upper  lip 
long,  laterally  flattened,  entire;  lower  lip  short,  3-toothed.  Stamens  4, 
2  shorter ;  anther  sacs  unequal,  the  outer  attached  by  its  middle,  the  inner 
hanging  by  its  end.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong.  Seeds  reticulate.  —  (Honor 
of  D.  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

A.     Upper  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  red  or  purple. 
B.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  entire. 
C.     Plant  villous-pubescent  throughout. 

D.     Annual;   bracts  linear;   corolla  12-20  mm.  long.     E.  C.  exilis 

DD.       Perennial;  bracts  oblong  to  broadly  cuneate;  corolla  25-30  mm.  long.     E. 

C.  elmeri 

CC.     Plant  glabrous  except  the  inflorescence;  bracts  scarlet.     W.  C.  E.      C.  miniata 
BB.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  somewhat  lobed  or  dissected. 

Calyx  more  deeply  cleft  in  front  than  behind;   leaves  often  all  entire. 


206  SCROPHULARIACEAK    (FIGWORT   FAMILY) 

F.  Calyx  16-20  mm.  long;    plant  2-3  dm.  high,  pubescent  to  base;    corolla  2.5-3 
cm.  long.     E.  C.  elmeri 

FF.      Calyx  20-30  mm.  long;    plant  5-10  dm.   high,  glabrous  below;    corolla  4-5 
cm.  long.     E.  C.  linearifolia 

EE.      Calyx  more  deeply  cleft  behind  than  in  front.      E.  C.  covilleana 

EEE.      Calyx  cleft  to  about  the  same  depth  behind  as  in  front. 

G.  Corolla  tube  about  3  times  as  long  as  its  upper  lip.      E.  C.  rubida 
GG.      Corolla  tube  1-2  times  as  long  as  its  upper  lip. 

H.     Stems  glabrous  below;    bracts  crimson  or  white.     W.  C.  E.  C.  oreopola 

HH.      Stems  not  glabrous  below;    bracts  scarlet. 

I.     Plants  ashy-pubescent.      E.  C.  pruinosa 

n.     Plant  not  ashy-pubescent. 

J.     Plant  densely  glandular;    leaves  lanceolate  to  obovate.     E.      C.  applegatei 
JJ.     Plant  net  glandular  or  only  sparingly  so. 
K.     Leaves  all  entire. 

L.     Stems  3-4  dm.  high;   leaves  oblong-linear,  5-10  cm.         E.     C.  pinetorum 
LL.      Stem  2-3  dm.  high;    leaves  lanceolate. 

M.     Leaves   2-4  cm.  long;    bracts  entire  or  merely  few-toothed  near  the 
apex.      C.  C.  crispula 

MM.     Leaves  5-15  cm.  long;   bracts  cleft  into  linear  lobes.     (See  NN.) 
KK.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  deeply  lobed. 

N.      Middle  lobe  of  bracts  wide  and  rounded;    halves  of  the  calyx  each  with 
2  very  shallow  lobes  or  merely  emarginate  or  entire.      E.  C.  camporum 

NN.      All  segments  of  the  bracts  linear;    halves  of  the  calyx  each  with  2  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate  lobes.     W.  C.  E.  C.  angustifolia 
GGG.      Corolla  tube  much  shorter  than  its  upper  lip. 
O.     Stem  1-2  dm.  high,  from  stout  caudices;    bracts  with  linear  lobes.      C. 

C.  rupicola 

OO.     Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  from  slender  rhizomes;    bracts  with  short  lobes.      C. 

C.  suksdorfil 

AA.      Upper  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  green  or  white  or  yellowish. 
P.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  lobed  or  cleft. 
Q.     Calyx  10-20  mm.  long. 

R.     Plant  ashy-pubescent  or  -puberulent;   corolla  10-20  mm.  long. 
S.     Inflorescence  more  or  less  pilose.     E.  C.  fasciculata 

SS.     Inflorescence  not  pilose. 

T.      Upper  leaves  lobed;    inflorescence  not  glandular;    upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
twice  as  long  as  the  lower.     E.  C.  pallescens 

TT.     All  the  leaves  often  entire;    inflorescence  somewhat  glandular;    upper  lip 
of  the  corolla  4  times  as  long  as  the  lower.      E.  C.  rustica 

RR.     Plant  glabrous  or  pubescent  or  pilose,  but  not  ashy. 
U.     Calyx  2-cleft,  the  lobes  2-toothed  or  -cleft. 
V.      Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  more  than  twice  as  long  as  its  tube. 
W.     Pubescence  soft,  pilose.     W.  C.  laevisecta 

WW.     Pubescence  harsh,  stiff.     E.  C.  lutescens 

W.      Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  less  than  twice  as  long  as  its  tube.      (Sec  KK.) 
UU.      Calyx  cleft  into  4  almost  equal  lobes;    corolla  12-15  mm.  long.     E. 

C.  longispica 

QQ.     Calyx  25-40  mm.  long. 
X.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube;   corolla  25-50  mm. 

long.     (See  KK.) 

XX.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  about  J  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube;    corolla  about 

25  mm.  long.     E.  C.  pilifera 

PP.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  all  entire.     E.  C.  cusickii 


SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT   FAMILY)  207 


ORTHOCARPUS  (OWL  CLOVER) 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  a  terminal  bracted  spike;  lower  lip 
of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  i~3-saccate.  Stamens  4,  2  shorter ;  anther  cells 
unlike,  the  outer  attached  by  its  middle,  the  inner  hanging  by  its  end.  Cap- 
sule oblong.  —  (Gk.  orthos  =  erect,  karpos  =  a  fruit.) 

A.     Leaves  entire  or  merely  3-lobed  or  -segmented. 

B.      Corolla   white;     lower   lip   purple-spotted,   with   3    conspicuous    teeth   or   lobes; 
leaves  5-8  cm.  long.     W.  O.  attenuatus 

BB.      Corolla  yellow  or  rose  or  purple;    lower  lip  entire  or  with  3  very  short  teeth. 
C.     Corolla  white  or  yellow;   leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

D.     Plant  pubescent  or  hirsute;    stem  usually  simple  ;  corolla  pubescent  outside. 
E.     Calyx  teeth  acute;    corolla  yellow,  its  lower  lip  about  as  long  as  the  upper. 
E.  O.  luteus 

EE.     Calyx  teeth  subulate;    corolla  white  or  cream-colored,  its  lower  lip  much 
longer  than  the  upper.      E.  O.  hispidus 

DD.  Plant  merely  puberulent;  stem  usually  with  spreading  branches  above; 
corolla  glabrous.  E.  O.  tolmiei 

CC.     Corolla  purple  or  rose-colored. 

F.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  not  colored,  all  3-cleft.     W.  C.  E.         O.  bracteosus 

FF.     Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  red  or  purple,  entire  or  with  2  smaller  lateral  lobes. 

G.     Leaves  5-8  cm.  long,  entire  or  3-segmented;  bracts  purple,  ciliate  at  base;  calyx 

8-12  mm.  long;    corolla  25  mm.  long;    capsule  ovate.     U.  O.  cuspidatus 

GG.     Leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  all  entire;    bracts  dull-red,  glabrous;    calyx  4  mm. 

long;    corolla  8-16  mm.  long;    capsule  obovoid.      W.  C.  O.  imbricatus 

AA.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  more  than  3-lobed  or  -segmented. 

H.     Corolla  4-6  mm.  long,  purplish.     W.  O.  pusillus   (RED  ANT-WEED) 

HH.      Corolla  10-16  mm.  long. 

I.      Corolla  purplish;    bracts  very  different  from  the  leaves. 
J.     Tip  of  upper  lip  of  corolla  hooked,  puberulent;    bracts  obtuse.     E. 

O.  tenuifolius 

JJ.  Tip  of  upper  lip  of  corolla  straight,  not  hooked,  glandular-pubescent;  bracts 
acute.  E.  O.  barbatus 

n.     Corolla  white  or  yellowish;    bracts  not  markedly  different  from  the  leaves. 
K.     Perennial;    lower  lip  of  corolla  i-saccate;    bracts  somewhat  whitish  or  yellow- 
ish at  the  tip.     C.  O.  pilosus 
KK.     Annual;   lower  lip  of  corolla  3-saccate;   bracts  not  different  in  color  from  the 
leaves.     E.                                                                                                            O.  lacerus 
HHH.     Corolla  20-28  mm.  long. 

L.      Bracts  with  white  or  yellow  or  crimson  or  purple  tips. 

M.  Bracts  white  or  yellow  at  least  at  tips;  corolla  dull-white  or  purplish  tipped, 
its  upper  lip  glabrous;  filaments  glabrous.  W.  O.  castilleoides 

MM.  Bracts  crimson  or  purple  at  least  at  tips;  corolla  crimson  or  purple,  its 
upper  lip  bearded  on  the  back;  filaments  pubescent.  W. 

O.  purpurascens  (PURPLE  OWL  CLOVER) 
LL.     Bracts  with  tips  uncolored. 

N.  Stem  much  branched;  calyx  10-12  mm.  long;  its  teeth  lanceolate,  about  \  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  yellow;  anthers  i-celled.  W.  O.  erianthera 

NN.  Stem  simple  or  with  a  few  branches  above;  calyx  4  mm.  long;  its  teeth  subu- 
late, about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  corolla  cream-colored  or  pale-rose  ;  anthers 
2-celled.  U.  O.  lithospermoides 


208  SCROPHULARIACEAE   (FIGWORT  FAMILY) 


ADENOSTEGIA 

Annual.  Leaves  narrow,  entire  to  dissected.  Flowers  in  terminal  leafy- 
bracted  spikes  or  fascicles.  Sepals  apparently  2.  Corolla  purple  or  yellow. 
Stamens  4,  2  shorter  or  antherless  or  not  present ;  anther  cells  either  pilose- 
ciliate  or  with  the  base  and  apex  minutely  bearded,  unlike,  outer  attached 
by  its  middle,  inner  hanging  by  its  end.  —  (Gk.  adenos  =  a  gland,  stegia  =  a 
sheath;  floral  leaves  and  bracts  are  tipped  with  glands.) 

A.     Plant  not  viscid-glandular;    upper  calyx  lobe  2-toothed  or  emarginate. 
B.     Corolla  purplish;     anther-bearing  stamens   2,   rudimentary  stamens   2;     anthers 
i-celled;   capsule  8-seeded.     C.  E.  A.  capitata 

BB.     Corolla  yellow;   anther-bearing  stamens  4;   anthers  2-celled;   capsule  2o-seeded. 

E.  A.  ramosa 
AA.     Plant  viscid-glandular;    upper  calyx  lobe  acuminate.     U.  A.  viscida 

PEDICULARIS    (LOUSEWORT) 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  tubular.  Corolla  strongly 
2-lipped;  tube  cylindric;  upper  lip  laterally  compressed;  lower  lip  erect 
or  ascending,  3-lobed;  lobes  of  lower  lip  spreading  or  reflexed,  middle  one 
smallest.  Stamens  4,  2  shorter.  Seeds  many.  —  (L.  pediculus  —  a  louse ; 
it  was  thought  these  plants  caused  lice  in  sheep.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  alternate  or  opposite. 
B.     Leaves  doubly  crenulate;   corolla  whitish  or  yellowish.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  racemosa  (ELEPHANT  TRUNK) 
BB.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  pinnately  parted. 
C.     Corolla  whitish  or  yellowish. 

D.     Basal  leaves  none.      U.  P.  howellii 

DD.     Basal  leaves  present. 

E.     Leaf  lobes  linear;  calyx  8-10  mm.  long;   corolla  beak  slender,  inrolled.     C.  E. 

P.  contorta   (ELEPHANT  TRUNK) 

EE.     Leaf  lobes  lanceolate;    calyx  about   18  mm.  long,  corolla  beak  wide,  hood- 
like.     W.  C.  E.  P.  bracteosa 
CC.     Corolla  scarlet  or  purple. 

F.  Corolla  beaked. 

G.     Stems  leafy;   corolla  beak  long,  threadlike.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  groenlandica  (BUTTERFLY  TONGUE) 
GG.     Stems  scapose  or  with  i  pair  of  leaves;   corolla  beak  short,  conic.     C.  E. 

P.  ornithorhyncha  (BIRD  BEAK) 
FF.     Corolla  beakless. 

H.     Plant  glabrous;    stems  branching;    calyx  2-cleft;    corolla  purplish,   12   mm. 
long.     W.  C.  P.  parviflora 

HH.     Plant  pubescent  or  glabrate;    stems  simple;    calyx  s-toothed;    corolla  scar- 
let, 25-37  mm.  long.     U.  C.  P.  densiflora  (SCARLET  LOUSEWORT) 
AA.     Stem  leaves  in  whorls  or  nearly  so.     W.  P.  menziesii 


OROBANCHACEAE   (BROOM-RAPE   FAMILY)  209 

OROBANCHACEAE    (BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  erect,  low,  root  parasites,  white  or  yellow  or  brown  or 
purple,  without  green;  stem  simple.  Leaves  scalelike,  alternate. 
Flowers  perfect,  irregular.  Calyx  various.  Corolla  2-lipped, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  2  shorter,  on  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with 
corolla  lobes.  Ovary  superior,  i-celled;  style  slender.  Capsule 
2-valved.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Plant  glandular-pubescent;    inflorescence   often    not  conelike;    upper  lip  of 

corolla  2-lobed. 

B.  Peduncles    2.5-20  cm.  long,  naked.  THALESIA  (p.  209) 

BB.     Peduncles  0-2  cm.  long,  often  with  bracteoles  at  base  of  calyx  or  farther 
down.  OROBANCHE  (p.  209) 

AA.     Plant  glabrous;  inflorescence  conelike;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire. 

BOSCHNIAKIA  (p.  209) 

THALESIA   (CANCER-ROOT) 

Leaves  scattered.  Flowers  on  long  bractless  scapelike  peduncles.  Calyx 
nearly  equally  5-cleft.  Corolla  long,  curved,  slightly  2-lipped;  lower  lip 
3-lobed.  Anther  sacs  mucronate  at  base.  —  (Honor  of  the  Greek  philosopher 
Thales.) 

A.     Flowers  1-4;  calyx  lobes  subulate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube.     W.  C.  E. 

T.  uniflora 

AA.     Flowers  3-20;  calyx  lobes  triangular,  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube.     W.  C.  E. 

T.  fasciculata 

BOSCHNIAKIA 

Parasitic  on  plants  of  the  family  Ericaceae.  Leaves  densely  crowded. 
Flowers  sessile  or  short-pedicelled.  Calyx  shorter  at  the  back,  with  3  teeth 
in  front.  Corolla  swollen  at  base  on  i  side ;  lower  lip  3-lobed  or  -toothed. 
Anther  sacs  blunt  at  base.  —  (Honor  of  some  Russian,  a  Mr.  Boschniak.) 

A.  Calyx  with  2  hairlike  bracteoles  at  base;  calyx  teeth  subulate;  corolla  lips  nearly 
equal;  placentae  4.  W.  B.  strobilacea 

AA.  Calyx  without  bracteoles;  calyx  teeth  triangular,  blunt;  lower  corolla  lip  J  as 
long  as  the  upper;  placentae  2.  W.  B.  hooker! 

OROBANCHE    (BROOM-RAPE) 

Leaves  scattered.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  unequally 
5-toothed.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Anther  sacs 
usually  mucronate  at  base.  —  (Gk.  orobos  =  a  vetch,  agchone  —  a  strangler ; 
thought  injurious  to  vetches.) 

A.     Calyx  lobes  plainly  longer  than  the  tube. 
B.     Pedicels  5-16  mm.  long;   stem  simple  or  branched. 

C.     Stem  5-10  cm.  high;    anthers  woolly.    W.  E.  O.  comosa 

CC.     Stem  20-30  cm.  high;   anthers  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy.     E.       O.  californica 

F.   &   R.   EL.   FL.  —  14 


210         PINGUICULACEAE    (BLADDERWORT   FAMILY) 

BB.      Pedicels  0-3  mm.  long;    stem  simple.     E.  O.  ludoviciana 

AA.     Calyx  lobes  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  tubes;  stem  branched  above;    flowers 

nearly  sessile.      E.  O.  pinorum 

PINGUICULACEAE    (BLADDERWORT  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  in  water  or  on  damp  soil.  Flowers  perfect;  pedicels  brac- 
teolate.  Calyx  2-5-parted.  Corolla  spurred  at  base,  2 -lipped; 
upper  lip  plicate,  entire  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  larger,  3-lobed,  with 
a  palate.  Stamens  2.  Ovary  superior,  ovoid  or  globose,  i -celled; 
style  short  or  none;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds  many. 

A.     Terrestrial  plants;    leaves  entire;   flowers  purple- violet.     W.  C.  E.  —  (L.  pin- 

guis  =  fat;  the  leaves  have  a  fatty  feel.)  Pinguicula  vulgaris  (BUTTERWORT) 

AA.     Aquatic  or  marsh  plants;  leaves  dissected  or  apparently  none;  flowers  yellow. 

UTRICULARIA  (p.  210) 

UTRICULARIA    (BLADDERWORT) 

Free-floating  or  mud-anchoring.  Leaves  finely  divided  in  nearly  all, 
sometimes  apparently  none,  bladder-bearing  in  most  water  species,  with  a 
few  mud-covered  bladders  or  none  in  mud  species.  Flowers  yellow,  con- 
spicuous, elevated  above  the  water,  very  rare. 

A.     Leaf  segments  terete,  their  margins  entire. 

B.     Leaves  12-25  mm.  long,  2-3-pinnately  segmented,  very  bladdery;    bladders  3-4 

mm.  long.     W.  C.   E.  U.  vulgaris 

BB.     Leaves  4-8  mm.  long,  several  times  forked,  with  few  or  no  bladders;    bladders 

1-2  mm.  long. 

C.     Corolla  spur  short,  obtuse.     W.  C.  U.  minor 

CC.     -Corolla  spur  conic,  acute.     C.  U.  occidentalis 

AA.     Leaf  segments  flat,  their   margins   minutely  bristle-toothed;     leaves   6-12    mm. 
long,  repeatedly  forked;    bladders  nearly  always  on  leafless  branches.      C.  E. 

U.  intermedia 

PLANTAGINACEAE    (PLANTAIN  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  acaulescent.  Leaves  basal.  Flowers  small,  perfect  or  im- 
perfect, in  spikes  or  heads;  clusters  terminal,  on  scapes.  Calyx 
4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  scarious  or  membranous,  4-lobed. 
Stamens  2  or  4,  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  superior,  i-4-celled;  style  i. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  by  a  lid.  Seeds  i  to  several.  —  Only  the 
following  genus. 

PLANTAGO    (PLANTAIN) 
Flowers  greenish  or  purplish.  —  (The  Latin  name.) 

A.     Leaves  ovate.     W.  C.  E.  P.  major  (COMMON  PLANTAIN) 

AA.     Leaves  lanceolate. 
B.     Seeds  1-2,  flat  or  concave  on  the  face. 


RUBIACEAE    (MADDER   FAMILY)  211 

C.     Scape  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy  above.      W.  C.  E. 

P.  lanceolata  (ENGLISH  PLANTAIN) 

CC.      Scape  densely  woolly  above.      W.  P.  macrocarpa 

BB.     Seeds  4-5,  plump,  neither  flat  nor  concave  on  the  face.     E.  P.  eriopoda 

AAA.     Leaves  linear. 
D.     Capsule  2-seeded. 

E.     Leaves  fleshy;   seashore  plant.     W.  P.  maritima   (SEASIDE  PLANTAIN) 

EE.     Leaves  not  fleshy;    not  particularly  seashore  plants. 
F.     Bracts  J-iJ  as  long  as  the  calyx,  not  aristate. 

G.     Scape  densely  woolly;    bracts  about  as  long  as  calyx.     W.  C.  E.      P.  purshii 
GG.      Scape  glabrous  to  pubescent;    bracts  about  £  as  long  as  the  calyx.      U. 

P.  tetrantha 

FF.      Bracts  2-8  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  aristate. 
H.      Spikes  dense;   plant  dark  green;   bracts  5-10  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.      W. 

P.  aristata 

HH.     Spike  interrupted;  plant  light  green;  bracts  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
E.  P.  spinulosa 

DD.      Capsule  4-seeded. 

I.     Plant  usually  glabrous;    leaves  linear;    corolla-lobes  remaining  open  in  the  cap- 
sule;   spike  dense;    capsule  3-4  mm.  long.     W.  P.  bigelovii 
n.     Plant  ashy-puberulent;    leaves  linear-spatulate;    corolla  lobes  closing  over  the 
capsule;    spike  not  dense;    capsule  2   mm.  long.     C.  E.  P.  elongata 

RUBIACEAE    (MADDER  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  whorled, 
i-5-veined  from  the  base.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx 
4-toothed,  or  limbless  and  thus  apparently  none.  Corolla  funnel- 
form  to  rotate,  4-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  corolla  lobes  and 
alternate  with  them,  on  the  corolla.  Ovary  inferior,  2-celled; 
styles  1-2.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry  or  drupe;  2-lobed  or  -parted. 
Seeds  i  to  many. 

A.     Leaves  opposite;    stipules  small,  scarious.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  A.  Kellogg, 
an  American  botanist.)  Kelloggia  galioides 

AA.     Leaves  whorled  or  occasionally  some  of  them  opposite;   stipules  none. 

GALIUM  (p.  211) 
GALIUM    (BEDSTRAW) 

Stem  4-angled.  Calyx-limb  none  or  minutely  toothed.  Corolla  rotate. 
Styles  2.  Fruit  of  2  somewhat  spherical  halves,  dry  or  fleshy,  smooth  to 
bristly ;  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels.  —  (L.  gala  =  milk ;  some 
species  were  used  to  curdle  milk.) 

A.     Leaves  2-4  in  a  whorl  but  never  all  in  2's,  i-s-veined  from  the  base. 
B.     Leaves  3-s-veined  from  the  base. 

C.     Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs;    leaves   12-37   mm.  long;    leaf  margin  ciliate; 
flowers  yellowish  green.     W.  C.         G.  kamtschaticum  (NORTHERN  WILD  LICORICE) 
CC.      Fruit  either  smooth  or  hispid  with   hooked   hairs;    leaves   25-63   mm.   long  ; 
leaf  margin  ciliate  or  not;   flowers  clear  white.     W.  C.  E. 

G.  boreale   (NORTHERN  BEDSTRAW) 


212  CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY) 

CCC.  Fruit  hispid  with  straight  hairs;  leaves  8-16  mm.  long;  leaf  margin  not 
ciliate;  flowers  yellowish  green.  E.  G.  multiflorum 

BB.     Leaves  i -veined  from  the  base. 

D.  Annual;  leaves  2-4  in  a  whorl,  if  4  then  2  of  them  only  J-f  as  long  as  the  other 
2;  fruit  minutely  hispid  with  hooked  bristles.  U.  C.  E. 

G.  bifolium  (TWIN-LEAVED  BEDSTRAW) 

DD.     Perennial;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl,  all  4  about  equal;   fruit  smooth. 
E.     Leaves  flat,  linear  or  oblong  or  wider,  not  densely  crowded;    plant  3-12  dm. 

high,  diffuse  or  climbing. 

F.     Plant  7-12  dm.  high;   leaves  obtuse,  often  mucronate.     U  G.  nuttallii 

FF.     Plant  3-6  dm.  high;   leaves  acute,  not  mucronate.     U.  C.  G.  bolanderi 

EE.     Leaves  awl-shaped,  angular,  densely  crowded;    plant  0.5-2.5  cm.  high,  de- 
pressed, caespitose.     U.  G.  andrewsii 
AA.     Leaves  4-6  in  a  whorl   but  never  all  in  4's,   i-veined  from   the  base;    peren- 
nial. 

G.     Leaves  acute  to  rounded,  4-6  in  a  whorl;   fruit  smooth. 
H.     Flowers  1-3  on  peduncles  which  are  solitary  in  the  leaf  axils.     W.  C.  E. 

G.  trifidum  (SMALL  BEDSTRAW) 

HH.     Flowers  in  cymes,  numerous.     W.  G.  cymosum 

GG.     Leaves  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  6  in  a  whorl;    fruit  minutely  or  plainly  stiff- 
hairy. 
I.     Fruit  covered  with  hooked  hairs;   leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long.     W.  C.  E. 

G.  triforum  (FRAGRANT  BEDSTRAW) 

n.     Fruit  rough  or  minutely  hairy  but  not  with  hooked  hairs;  leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

E.  G.  asperrimum 

AAA.     Leaves  6-8  in  a  whorl  but  never  all  in  6's,  i-veined  from  the  base;   fruit  covered 

with  hooked  bristles;   annual. 
J.     Stems  erect  or  ascending;   fruit  2-3  mm.  wide;   leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long.     E. 

G.  vaillantii 
JJ.     Stems  reclining;   fruit  4-6  mm.  wide;   leaves  2.5-7  cm.  long.     W.  E. 

G.  aparine   (CLEAVERS) 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE    (HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs  or  trees,  perennial,  vining  to  erect.  Leaves 
opposite,  simple  or  pinnately  odd-compound,  pinnately  or  pal- 
mately  veined.  Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  entire  or  5-toothed, 
sometimes  apparently  none  through  complete  adherence  to  the 
ovary.  Corolla  rotate  to  tubular,  5-lobed,  sometimes  2-lipped. 
Stamens  4-5,  on  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with  the  lobes.  Ovary 
inferior,  i-6-celled.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe  or  capsule. 

A.  Leaves  pinnately  compound;   tall  shrubs  or  trees  ;  fruit  berrylike,  black  or  red 
or  yellow,  3-5-seeded.  SAMBUCUS  (p.  213) 

AA.    Leaves  simple. 

B.    Leaves  palmately  3-5 -veined;    fruit  drupelike,  red  or  black,  i -seeded;    tall 
shrubs.  VIBURNUM  (p.  213) 

BB.     Leaves  pinnately  veined;  fruit  dry  or  berrylike. 

C.  Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  blade  not  over  2  cm.  long;  fruit  dry,  i-seeded; 
shrubby  herb,  prostrate,  vinelike,  creeping.  W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  C.  von 
Linnaeus  the  great  Swedish  botanist.)  Linnaea  americana  (TWIN-FLOWER) 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE   (HONEYSUCKLE   FAMILY)  213 

CC.     Leaves  not  coriaceous,  not  evergreen,  blade  usually  larger;  fruit  berrylike, 
2-4-seeded;  plainly  a  shrub  or  tree,  vine  to  erect,  often  climbing  or  reclining. 
D.     Corolla  regular,  12  mm.  or  less  long;   ovary  4-celled;  berry  white,  2-seeded; 
leaves  entire  or  dentate  or  irregularly  lobed,  not  united  at  base;   shrub,  erect 
or  rarely  trailing.  SYMPHORICARPOS  (p.  213) 

DD.  Corolla  irregular,  12  mm.  or  more  long;  ovary  2-3-celled;  berry  red  or 
black,  2-4-seeded;  leaves  entire  or  merely  sinuate,  upper  pair  sometimes 
united  at  base;  shrubs  or  trees,  erect  or  often  trailing  or  a  climbing  vine. 

LONICERA  (p.  214) 

SAMBUCUS    (ELDER) 

Leaflets  serrate  to  laciniate.  Flowers  small,  white  or  pinkish,  in  cymes. 
Corolla  rotate,  regular.  Stamens  5,  on  base  of  corolla.  Ovary  3-5-celled; 
style  3-parted.  —  (Gk.  sambuke  =  a  musical  instrument ;  said  to  have  been 
made  of  Elder.) 

A.     Inflorescence  flat-topped;  pith  in    i-year-old  stems   white  or  slightly  brownish; 

berries  black  but  gray  with  a  bloom.     W.  C.  E.  S.  glauca  (TREE  ELDER) 

A  A.     Inflorescence  conic;  pith  in  i -year-old  stems  yellowish  brown.  —  Both  these  have 

edible  fruits. 
B.     Fruit  black,  without  a  bloom;  leaves  blackening  in  drying.     C.  E. 

S.  melanocarpa  (BLACK  ELDER) 
BB.     Fruit  bright  red  to  yellow;  leaves  not  blackening  in  drying.     W.  C.  E. 

S.  callicarpa   (RED  ELDER) 

VIBURNUM    (ARROWWOOD) 

Flowers  white  or  pink,  in  compound  cymes,  the  outer  flowers  sometimes 
raylike  and  neutral.  Calyx  limb  short.  Corolla  rotate  or  short-campanu- 
late,  regular.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  i-3-celled;  style  3-lobed  or  -parted. — 
(Said  to  be  from  L.  mere  =  to  tie;  because  the  twigs  of  some  are  very 
pliable.) 

A.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  3-lobed;  fruit  red,  its  stone  not  or  hardly  grooved  on 

either  face. 

B.     Erect  shrub;  cyme  6-10  cm.  wide,  its  outer  flowers  much  larger  than  the  others. 

W.  C.  V.  opulus   (HIGH-BUSH  CRANBERRY) 

BB.     Straggling  shrub;  cyme  1-3  cm.  wide/its  outer  flowers  not  larger  than  the  others. 

C.  E.  V.  pauciflorum  (SQUASH  BERRY) 

AA.     Leaves  not  lobed,  merely  dentate  above  the  middle;  fruit  black,  its  stone  grooved 

on  both  faces;  cyme  4-10  cm.  wide,  its  outer  flowers  not  larger  than  the  others. 

W.  C.  E.  V.  ellipticum  (BLACK  HAW) 

SYMPHORICARPOS   (SNOWBERRY) 

Flowers  2-bracteolate,  white  or  rose  colored.  Calyx  tube  spherical. 
Corolla  short-campanulate  to  salverform.  Stamens  5,  on  the  corolla  throat. 
Berry  globose,  white.  —  (Gk.  syn  =  together,  phero  =  I  bear,  karpos  = 
fruit;  from  the  clustered  berries.) 

A.     Corolla  2-4  mm.  long. 
B.     Erect;  leaves  glabrous.     W.  C.  E.  S.  racemosus 


214  VALERIANACEAE   (VALERIAN  FAMILY) 

BB.     Trailing;  leaves  pubescent.     W.  C.  E.  S.  mollis 
AA.     Corolla  6-12  mm.  long. 

C.  Corolla  tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  its  lobes  ;  leaves  tomentulose  or  pubescent. 
C.  E.  S.  rotundifolius 

CC.     Corolla  tube  4-5  times  as  long  as  its  lobes;  leaves  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy. 

E.  S.  orephilus 

LONICERA    (HONEYSUCKLE) 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  erect  to  climbing.  Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads  or 
pairs.  Calyx  tube  ovoid  or  nearly  spherical ;  limb  none  or  slightly  5-toothed. 
Corolla  tubular  to  campanulate,  either  oblique  or  2-lipped.  Stamens  5.— 
(Honor  of  A.  Lonitzer,  a  German  botanist.) 

A.      Climbing  or  twining  or  trailing,  vinelike;   flowers  in  terminal  clusters;   upper  pair 

of  leaves  united  at  base. 

B.     Flowers  orange  to  scarlet;  young  stem  glabrous. 

C.     Corolla  25-40  mm.  long,  its  tube  many  times  as  long  as  its  lower  lip;  leaf  margin 

usually  ciliate.     W.  C.  E.  L.  ciliosa  (ORANGE  HONEYSUCKLE) 

CC.     Corolla  12-16  mm.  long,  its  tube  less  than  twice  as  long  as  its  lower  lip;   leaf 

margin  not  ciliate.     U.  L.  californica  (CALIFORNIA  HONEYSUCKLE) 

BB.     Flowers  pink;  young  stem  hairy.     W.  L.  hispidula   (PINK  HONEYSUCKLE) 

AA.      Erect,  the  branches  sometimes  long  and  reclining  on  other  shrubs;  flowers  in  pairs 

on  axillary  peduncles;  upper  pairs  of  leaves  not  united. 

D.  Pair  of  flowers  or  fruits  subtended  by  narrow  or  minute  bracts,  or  bractless. 
E.     Leaves  green  on  both  sides;  fruit  red. 

F.  Corolla  whitish,  its  lobes  nearly  equal;  leaves  obtuse.     W.  C.  E. 

L.  utahensis  (RED  TWIN-BERRY) 
FF.     Corolla  dark  purple,  2-lipped;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate.     C.  E. 

L.  conjugialis 

EE.     Leaves  somewhat  pale  beneath;    fruit  blue-black;  corolla  yellowish,  2-lipped. 

C.  L.  coeiulea  (EDIBLE  TWIN-BERRY) 

DD.     Pair  of  flowers  or  fruits  subtended  by  large  wide  leaflike  bracts;  flowers  yellow; 

fruit  black.     W.  C.  E.  L.  involucrata   (BLACK  TWIN-BERRY) 


VALERIANACEAE    (VALERIAN  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  opposite;  stipules  none.  Flowers  usually  small, 
perfect  or  dioecious,  clustered.  Calyx  limb  inconspicuous  or  none 
in  the  flower,  often  becoming  prominent  in  fruit.  Corolla  some- 
what irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  on  the  corolla,  alternate  with 
corolla-lobes,  usually  exserted.  Ovary  inferior,  i-3-celled;  style  i. 
Fruit  dry,  indehiscent.  Seed  I. 
A.  Annual;  calyx  teeth  not  plumose;  fruit  3-celled;  leaves  entire  to  dentate; 

flowers  white  or  pink  or  blue.  VALERIA NELLA  (p.  215) 

AA.     Perennial;    calyx  teeth  plumose;    fruit  i-celled;  leaves  entire  to  compound; 

flowers  white  or  pink  or  yellowish.  VALERIANA  (p.  215) 


DIPSACACEAE   (TEASEL  FAMILY)  215 


VALERIANELLA    (CORN  SALAD) 

Basal  leaves  tufted,  entire;  stem  leaves  sessile  often  dentate.  Flowers 
perfect.  Calyx  limb  short  or  none.  Corolla  nearly  regular. —  (Diminutive 
of  Valeriana,  a  related  genus.) 

A.     Stems  not  dichotomous;  corolla  white  or  pink;  leaf  margin  not  ciliate. 
B.     Corolla  6-7  mm.  long,  rose  color,  the  spur  half  as  long  as  the  tube  or  less;  fruit 
strongly  keeled  on  the  back,  broadly  winged.     W.  C.  E.  V.  congesta 

BB.      Corolla  1-3  mm.  long. 
C.     Spur  of  the  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  fruit  obscurely  keeled  on  the  back. 

D.  Wing  of  the  fruit  wide,  as  long  as  the  fruit  body.     E.  V.  macrocera 
DD.      Wing  of  the  fruit  narrow,  shorter  than  the  body.     E.  V.  mamillata 

CC.     Spur  of  the  corolla  none  or  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  fruit  strongly  keeled 
on  the  back. 

E.  Corolla  spurred. 

F.     Fruit  wingless.      W.  C.  E  V.  samolifolia 

FF.     Fruit  winged.     U.  E.  V.  aphanoptera 

EE.     Corolla  spurless;  fruit  winged.     W.  C.  E.  V.  anomala 

AA.     Stems  dichotomous;  corolla  pale  blue;    upper  leaves  ciliate  at  margin.     W. 

V.  olitoria 

VALERIANA    (VALERIAN) 

Flowers  perfect  or  dioecious  or  the  two  mixed.  Calyx  teeth  deciduous, 
inrolled  and  hidden  when  in  bloom.  Corolla  tube  cylindric  to  obconic,  not 
spurred.  —  (Said  to  be  from  L.  valere  =  to  be  strong ;  on  account  of  the 
medicinal  properties  of  V.  officinalis.) 

A.     Leaflets  of  the  stem  leaves  coarsely  dentate,  ovate-lanceolate  to  orbicular;  flowers 
6-8  mm.  long;  plant  from  a  creeping  rhizome.      W.  C.  E.  V.  sitchensis 

AA.     Leaflets  of  the  stem  leaves  entire  or  the  terminal  one  merely  3-cleft. 
B.      Corolla  4-8  mm.  long,  its  tube  less  than  twice  as  long  as  its  limb. 
C.     Basal  leaves  mostly  of  3-5  leaflets;  divisions  of  the  stem  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 

to  orbicular;  plant  from  a  creeping  rhizome.      (See  A.) 
CC.     Basal  leaves  mostly  simple  and  entire;  divisions  of  the  stem  leaves  linear  to 

lanceolate. 

D.     Leaves  thick,  entire  or  the  segments  not  dentate,  veins  somewhat  parallel; 

stems  from  an  erect  fusiform  rhizome-root.     E.    V.  ceratophylla  (TOBACCO  ROOT) 

DD.     Leaves  thin,  entire  or  the  segments  dentate,  veins  reticulate;  stems  from 

horizontal  rhizomes.     C.  V.  sylvatica   (WOOD  VALERIAN) 

BB.     Corolla  14-15  mm.  long,  its  tube  twice  as  long  as  its  limb.     E.    V.  columbiana 

DIPSACACEAE    (TEASEL  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  biennial,  rough-hairy  or  prickly.  Leaves  opposite;  stip- 
ules none.  Flowers  perfect,  lilac,  in  dense  involucrate  spiny  heads, 
subtended  by  bracts  and  involucels;  receptacle  elongated  or  glo- 
bose. Calyx  limb  cup-shaped,  4-toothed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  4- 
lobed.  Stamens  4  on  corolla  tube,  alternate  with  the  lobes;  an- 
thers versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  i -celled;  style  filiform.  Fruit 


21 6  CUCURBITACEAE   (SQUASH  FAMILY) 

an  akene,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  lobes.     W.  E.  —  (Gk. 
dipsen  =  to  thirst;  because  the  leaf  bases  of  some  catch  water.) 

Dipsacus  sylvestris  (Teasel) 

CUCURBITACEAE   (SQUASH  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  vines,  with  tendrils,  perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
palmately  lobed;  stipules  none.  Flowers  racemose,  monoecious, 
white.  Calyx  limb  campanulate,  usually  5-lobed.  Corolla  rotate ; 
limb  deeply  5-lobed.  Stamens  3,  monadelphous.  Style  i,  termi- 
nal. Fruit  fleshy,  becoming  dry,  prickly,  dehiscent  at  the  summit; 
Seeds,  few,  flat.  W.  E.  —  (Gk.  echinos  =  a  hedgehog,  kystis  =  a 
bladder;  referring  to  the  prickly  inflated  fruit.) 

Echinocystis  oregana   (WILD  CUCUMBER) 

CAMPANULACEAE   (BELLFLOWER  FAMILY) 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple;  stipules  none.  Flowers  regular, 
solitary-axillary  or  racemose,  white  or  blue  or  violet.  Calyx 
3~5-lobed.  Corolla  sympetalous,  5-lobed,  rotate  to  campanulate. 
Stamens  5,  usually  free  from  the  corolla.  Ovary  inferior;  style  i. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  prismatic  or  terete,  2-5-celled.  Seeds  many,  small. 

A.     Stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  spatulate  to  linear,  petioled  or  sessile,  not  clasping. 

B.  Calyx  lobes  not  over  i  cm.  long;   perennial;  leaves  sessile  or  petioled. 

CAMPANULA  (p.  216) 

BB.     Calyx  lobes  2-4  cm.  long;    annual;    leaves  sessile.     W.  E.  —  (Githago  is 
another  genus;  Gk.  opsis  =  like.)  Githopsis  specularioides 

AA.     Stem  leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  sessile,  clasping;   annual. 

C.  Calyx  lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  entire;    corolla  rotate;  capsule  opening  by 
lateral  pores;  seed  lens-shaped.     W.  E.  —  (L.  speculum  =  a  mirror;    referring 
to  the  corolla  of  a  European  species.) 

Specularia  perfoliata  (VENUS'  LOOKING-GLASS) 

CC.  Calyx  lobes  triangular-ovate,  somewhat  toothed;  corolla  open-campanulate; 
capsule  bursting  irregularly;  seed  obscurely  3-angled.  E.  —  (Gk.  heteros  =• 
different,  kodon  =  a  bell;  referring  to  the  2  forms  of  flowers.) 

Heterocodon  rariflorum 

CAMPANULA    (BELLFLOWER) 

Flowers  white  or  blue  or  violet.  Calyx  tube  hemispheric  to  prismatic. 
Corolla  campanulate.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  stigma  3~5-lobed.  Capsule 
crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx  lobes.  —  (Diminutive  of  L.  campana  = 
a  bell ;  referring  to  the  corolla.) 

A.     Stem  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate;  corolla  lobes  spreading;  style  long-exserted. 
B.     Stems  not  clustered;  leaves  acuminate;  pedicel  longer  than  the  flower.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  scouleri 


LOBELIACEAE   (LOBELIA  FAMILY)  217 

BB.     Stems  clustered;  leaves  acute;  pedicel  shorter  than  the  flower.     U. 

C.  prenanthoides 
AA.     Stem  leaves  linear  or  spatulate  or  cuneate;  corolla  lobes  erect;  style  included. 

C.  Plant  puberulent;  leaves  all  entire;  basal-leaves  spatulate;  stem  leaves  mostly 
linear.     C.  E.  C.  scabrella 

CC.     Plant  glabrous;  at  least  the  basal  leaves  not  entire. 

D.  Stem  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,  dentate;  basal   leaves  similar  in   form   to 
the  stem  leaves.     W.  C.  piperi 

DD.     Stem  leaves  linear,  entire;  basal  leaves  orbicular  to  cordate.     W.  C.  E. 

C.  rottmdifolia  (BLUEBELL) 

LOBELIACEAE   (LOBELIA  FAMILY) 

Herbs,  often  with  milky  or  acrid  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  simple; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  parts  in  5*5,  racemose  or  solitary- 
axillary.  Calyx  i-lobed.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped.  Anthers  and 
rarely  the  filaments  united  about  the  style.  Ovary  inferior  or  ^ 
inferior,  i-2-celled;  style  i;  stigma  with  a  rim  of  hairs.  Seed 
small. 

A.     Plants  merely  of  wet  places,  not  aquatic;  flowers  blue. 

B.     Leaves  wavy-denticulate  or  some  of  them  entire;   capsule  free  from  the  calyx 
at  its  top;  corolla  cleft  to  the  base  on  one  side.  LOBELIA  (p.  217) 

BB.     Leaves  all  entire;  capsule  wholly  inferior. 

C.  Calyx  tube  oblong  or  shorter;  capsule  short;  stems  creeping  or  diffuse,  root- 
ing at  the  nodes;  corolla  without  white  or  yellow  center.  E.  —  (Honor  of  M.  A. 
Laurenti,  an  Italian  botanist.)  Laurentia  carnulosa 

CC.  Calyx  tube  10  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide;  capsule  2-7  cm.  long;  stems 
diffuse  or  erect,  not  rooting  at  the  nodes;  corolla  deep  blue  with  white  or  yellow 
center.  DOWNINGIA  (p.  217) 

AA.     Plants  aquatic;   submerged  leaves  linear-setaceous  or  terete. 

D.  Submerged  leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  all  in  a  basal  tuft;   perrennial;    corolla  blue. 

LOBELIA  (p.  217) 

DD.     Submerged  leaves  5-15  cm.  long,  scattered  along  an  elongated  stem;  annual; 
corolla  white.     W.  —  (Honor  of  J.  and  T.  Howell,  Oregon  botanists.) 

Howellia  aquatica 

LOBELIA    (LOBELIA) 

Perennial.  Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal,  simple.  Flowers  blue,  in 
racemes,  bracted.  Corolla  divided  to  base  on  i  side.  Stamens  free  from 
corolla,  monadelphous  at  least  above ;  2  or  5  of  the  anthers  with  a  tuft  of 
hair  at  tip.  Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  M.  de  1'Obel,  a  Flemish  botanist.) 

A.     Aquatic;  leaves  all  basal,  terete,  hollow.     W.        L.  dortmanna  (WATER  LOBELIA) 
AA.     Terrestrial;  most  of  the  leaves  scattered  along  the  stem,  flat, linear  to  spatulate. 

E.  L.  kalmii 

DOWNINGIA 

Annual,  glabrous.  Leaves  sessile.  Flowers  solitary-axillary,  sessile, 
deep  blue  with  white  or  yellow  center.  Corolla  tube  not  split ;  large  lip 


2l8  COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

3-lobed;  small  lip  2-lobed.  Filaments  and  anthers  united  into  a  tube; 
2  anthers  with  a  tuft  of  hair  at  tip.  Seeds  many.  —  (Honor  of  A.  J.  Down- 
ing, an  American  horticulturist.) 

A.  Leaves  acute,  lanceolate  to  ovate;  2  lobes  of  the  smaller  lip  of  the  corolla  lanceo- 
late. E.  D.  elegans 

AA.  Leaves  mostly  obtuse,  lanceolate  to  linear;  2  lobes  of  the  smaller  lip  of  the  corolla 
ovate-oblong.  U.  E.  D.  pulchella 

COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  various  in  form  and  arrangement. 
Flowers  in  heads,  often  of  2  kinds,  their  parts  in  4's  or  5*5;  heads 
involucrale.  Calyx  limb  none  or  cuplike,  or  of  teeth  or  scales  or 
awns  or  capillary  bristles,  often  serving  as  a  means  of  seed  dispersal. 
Corolla  on  the  calyx,  tubular  or  strap-shaped,  or  else  the  inner 
tubular  (disk  flowers)  and  the  outer  strap-shaped  (ray  flowers). 
Stamens  as  many  as  corolla  lobes,  alternate  with  them,  on  the 
corolla  tube;  anthers  syngenesious .  Ovary  i -celled,  ovule  i; 
style  i ;  stigmas  2  in  fertile  flowers.  Fruit  an  akene.  —  A  difficult 
family.  Keys  mostly  to  genera  only.  (F.  &  R.  pp.  372-430.) 

SCIENTIFIC   KEY   TO   THE   TRIBES.     (See  also  p.  219.) 

A.     Corollas  all  tubular  and  regular,  or  only  the  marginal  ones  ligulate. 
B.     Heads  rayless  or  radiate ;  anther  not  tailed  at  base;  style  branches  either  trun- 
cate or  tipped  with  an  appendage. 
C.     Heads  rayless;  flowers  never  yellow,  all  perfect;  style  branches  clavate. 

EUPATOREAE  (p.  220) 

CC.     Heads  usually  radiate,  very  rarely  both  rayless  and  yellow;  style  branches 
rarely  clavate. 

D.     Style  branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  either  flat  or  tipped  with  a  distinct 
appendage;  leaves  mostly  alternate.        .        .        .        .  ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 
DD.     Style  branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  truncate  or  appendaged,  but  not 
flattened;  leaves  often  opposite. 
E.     Involucre  not  scarious. 
F.     Pappus  none  or  not  capillary. 

G.     Receptacle  chaffy HELIANTHEAE  (p.  224) 

GG.     Receptacle  not  chaffy  except  in  Gaillardia.         .  HELENEAE  (p.  228) 
FF.     Pappus  capillary;  receptacle  not  chaffy.         .        .  SENECEAE  (p.  232) 
EE.     Involucre  scarious;    pappus  none  or  not  capillary;   receptacle  not  chaffy 
except  in  Anthemis  and  Achillea.  .         .         .      ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 

BB.     Heads  rayless  (except  Inula);   anthers  tailed  at  base;   style  branches  neither 
truncate  nor  tipped  with  an  appendage. 
H.     Corollas  not  deeply  cleft;   receptacle  not  bristly  (except  Evax). 

INULEAE  (p.  223) 

HH.     Corollas  deeply  cleft;  receptacle  bristly.             .  CYNAREAE  (p.  235) 

AA.     Corollas  all  ligulate,  all  perfect CICHOREAE  (p.  236) 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  219 

ARTIFICIAL   KEY    TO    THE   TRIBES.     (See  also  p.  218.) 

A.     Herbs. 

B.     Flowers  either  all  tubular  or  the  outer  ligulate  and  the  inner  tubular;  juice 
rarely  milky. 

C.     Pappus  of  capillary  or  plumose  bristles. 
D.     Heads  radiate. 
E.     Rays  yellow. 
F.     Heads  3-10  cm.  wide;  basal  leaves  2-5  dm.  long,  1-2  dm.  wide,  oblong, 

denticulate. INULEAE  (p.  223) 

FF.     Heads  less  than  2  cm.  wide;  leaves  smaller. 

G.     Involucre  bracts  in  more  than  2  series.  .         .  ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

GG.     Involucre  bracts  in  1-2  series. 

H.     Rays  20-30  or  more ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

HH.     Rays  fewer.         .         .         .         .         .         .  SENECEAE  (  p.  232) 

EE.     Rays  not  yellow. 

I.  Flowers   appearing  before   the  foliage  leaves;     staminate  and   pistillate 
flowers  on  separate  plants;  foliage  leaves  large,  palmately  lobed,  all  basal. 

SENECEAE  (p.  232) 

II.  Flowers  on  foliage-bearing  stems,  or  appearing  after  the  leaves  when  they 
are  all  basal;  leaves  not  as  above ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

DD.     Heads  rayless. 
J.     Heads  distinctly  yellow. 

K.     Involucre  bracts  white,  many,  almost  hiding  the  few  small  yellow  flowers, 

the  most  prominent  feature  of  the  head.  .         .      INULEAE  (p.  223) 

KK.     Involucre  bracts  either  not  white,  or  not  the  most  prominent  feature 

of  the  head. 

L.     Corolla  deeply  s-lobed.    .-      .       ...        .         .         .  CYNAREAE  (p.  235) 

LL.     Corolla  with  4-5  merely  triangular  teeth. 

M.     Involucre  bracts  in  more  than  2  series.     .         .  ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 
MM.     Involucre  bracts  in  1-2  series. 
N.     Akenes  not  ribbed,  flattish,  0-4  lateral  veins.        ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

NN.     Akenes  s-is-ribbed SENECEAE  (p.  232) 

JJ.     Heads  not  yellow;    corolla  often  hidden  in  white  wool  or  so  inconspicuous 

that  it  shows  little  if  any  color. 

O.     Leaves  large,  palmately  lobed,  squash-leaf-like.       .  SENECEAE  (p.  232) 
OO.     Leaves  pinnately  veined. 

P.     Corolla  deeply  lobed CYNAREAE  (p.  235) 

PP.     Corolla  with  4-5  merely  triangular  teeth. 

Q.     Leaves  white- woolly  at  least  beneath.          .         .      INULEAE  (p.  223) 
QQ.     Leaves  not  white- woolly. 
R.     Akenes  5-is-ribbed  or  striate.    .         .         .      EUPATOREAE  (p.  220) 

RR.     Akenes  flattish,  0-4- veined ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

CC.     Pappus  none,  or  of  scales,  or  of  rigid  bristles. 
S.     Heads  radiate. 
T.     Rays  yellow. 
U.     Receptacle  chaffy. 

V.     Leaves  in  most  species  opposite  at  least  below;  involucre  not  scarious 

HELIANTHEAE  (p.  224 


220  COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

W.     Leaves  alternate;  involucre  scarious.    .         .      ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 
UTJ.     Receptacle  not  chaffy. 

W.     Leaves  opposite HELENEAE  (p.  228) 

WW.     Leaves  alternate. 

X.     Involucre  gummy,  not  glandular-hairy,  glabrous.   ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 
XX.     Involucre  not  gummy,  or  merely  with  glandular  hairs  if  sticky. 

Y.     Herbage  resinous,  glabrous ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

YY.     Herbage  not  resinous,  mostly  not  glabrous.       HELENEAE  (p.  228) 
TT.     Rays  not  yellow. 
Z.     Involucre  bracts  scarious  or  scarious-margined. 

a.  Leaves  pinnately  dissected  or  compounded.    .       ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 
aa.      Leaves  entire ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

ZZ.     Involucre  bracts  herbaceous  throughout. 

b.  Leaves  all  basal ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

bb.     Leaves  not  all  basal HELIANTHEAE  (p.  224) 

SS.     Heads  rayless. 

c.     Involucre  gummy  but  not  glabrous;  flowers  yellow.  ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 
cc.     Involucre  not  gummy  or  merely  glandular-hairy  if  sticky. 
d.     Corolla  deeply  lobed;  flowers  rarely  yellow.      .         .  CYNAREAE  (p.  235) 
dd.     Corolla  with  4-5  merely  triangular  teeth, 
e.     Receptacle  chaffy  or  hairy. 

f.  Plants  pubescent  with  jointed  hairs.      .         .         .  HELENEAE  (p.  228) 
ff.     Plants  without  jointed  hairs.       .         .        .    HELIANTHEAE  (p.  224) 

ee.     Receptacle  neither  chaffy  nor  hairy. 

g.  Heads  distinctly  white;   at  least  the  inflorescence  very  glandular. 

INULEAE  (p.  223) 
gg.     Heads  yellowish  or  brownish  or  purplish;   plant  usually  not  glandular. 

h.     Salt-marsh  plants ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 

hh.     Not  salt-marsh  plants. 
i.     Involucre  bracts  scarious  at  least  at  margin. 

j.     Leaves  entire.  INULEAE  (p.  223) 

jj.     Leaves  not  entire.  ....      ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 

ii.     Involucre  bracts  not  scarious  though  sometimes  burlike. 

HELENEAE  (p.  228) 

BB.     Rowers  all  ligulate;  juice  milky  in  most.       .        .        CICHOREAE  (p.  236) 
AA.     Shrubs, 
k.     Leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent  but  not  hoary. 

I.  Flowers  white  or  pinkish EUPATOREAE  (p.  220) 

II.  Flowers  yellow ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

kk.     Leaves  hoary  with  white  or  woolly  hairs. 

m.     Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 

n.     Involucre  of  4-6  bracts SENECEAE  (p.  232) 

nn.     Involucre  of  more  than  6  bracts ASTEREAE  (p.  221) 

mm.     Pappus  none ANTHEMEAE  (p.  230) 

EUPATOREAE  (Boneset  Tribe). — Perennial.  Leaves  entire  to  den- 
tate. Heads  rayless,  all  alike,  10-15 -flowered;  receptacle  naked,  flat. 
Flowers  perfect,  fertile ;  corolla  tubular,  regular,  5-toothed,  never  yellow. 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  221 

Anthers  without   tails   at   base.     Style  branches   somewhat   club-shaped, 
obtuse.     Pappus  bristles  capillary,  in  i  series,  scabrous  to  almost  plumose. 

A.  Akenes  s-angled,  without  intermediate  ridges  or  lines;  involucre  bracts  nearly 
veinless.  E.  —  (Honor  of  Mithridates  Eupator,  king  of  Pontus,  who  first  used  one 
of  these  in  medicine.)  Eupatorium  occidental e  (BONESET) 

AA.  Akenes  to-ribbed  or  -striate;  involucre  bracts  striate-veined.  —  (Gk.  koleos  = 
a  sheath,  anthos  =  a  flower;  probably  referring  to  the  involucre.) 

Coleosanthus  (THOROUGHWORT) 

ASTEREAE  (Aster  Tribe).  —  Leaves  mostly  alternate.  Heads  radiate 
or  rayless,  all  alike  (except  staminate  and  pistillate  on  separate  plants  in 
Baccharis] ;  receptacle  naked.  Ray  flowers  pistillate  or  rarely  neutral. 
Corolla  of  disk  flowers  nearly  always  yellow,  regular,  tubular,  4~5-lobed; 
style  branches  flat,  appendaged.  Anthers  not  tailed  at  base.  Pappus  none 
or  various,  in  most  species  of  capillary  bristles. 

A.     Rays  none  or  very  inconspicuous. 
B.     Herbs  though  sometimes  woody  at  base;  hairy  or  glabrous,  not  usually  sticky; 

heads  all  alike. 

C.     Pappus  of  2-8  rigid  awns;  involucre  glabrous  and  shining  but  very  gummy. 

GRINDELIA  (p.  223) 
CC.     Pappus  of  scabrous  capillary  bristles;  involucre  often  glandular  but  then  not 

glabrous. 

D.     Involucre  bracts  in    2-6   vertical   rows.  —  (Gk.   chrysos  =  gold,   thamnos  =  a 
shrub;  shrubby  plants  with  yellow  flowers.)         Chrysothamnus   (RABBIT  BRUSH) 
DD.     Involucre  bracts  not  in  vertical  rows. 
E.     Leaves  all  entire. 
F.     Heads  only  i  on  a  stem. 
G.     Involucre  glandular;  plant  15-30  cm.  high,  white-tomentose.     (See  T.) 

Aplopappus 

GG.     Involucre  hairy,  not  glandular;  plant  5-15  cm.  high,  white-puberulent 
to  glabrous.     (See  QQ.)  Erigeron  (FLEABANE) 

FF.     Heads  more  than  i  on  a  stem. 

H.     Plant  white-tomentose;  involucre  glandular.     (See  T.)  Aplopappus 

HH.     Plant  not  tomentose;  involucre  rarely  glandular. 

I.     Involucre  bracts  recurved  at  tip.     (See  Y.)  Aster  (ASTER) 

n.     Involucre  bracts  appressed  or  erect,  not  recurved. 

J.     Involucre  bracts  in   1-3  whorls,  herbaceous;    annual  or  biennial.     (See 

QQ.)  Erigeron  (FLEABANE) 

JJ.     Involucre  bracts  in  3  or  more  whorls,  scarious,  often  with  green  tips, 

thin  or  firm;  perennial. 
K.     Leaves  oblong;  plant  viscid-pubescent,  1.5-3  dm.  high.     (See  Q.) 

Chrysopsis  (GOLDEN  ASTER) 

KK.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  viscid,  6-9 
dm.  high.     (See  Y.)  Aster  (ASTER) 

EE.     Leaves  or  at  least  the  lower  ones  not  entire. 

L.     Teeth  of  the  leaves  spinulose-tipped.     (See  T.)  Aplopappus 

LL.     Teeth  of  the  leaves  not  spinulose-tipped.     (See  Y.)  Aster  (ASTER) 

LLL.     Leaves  or  nearly  all  of  them  entire. 

M.     Involucre  bracts  recurved  at  tip.     (See  QQ.)  Erigeron  (FLEABANE) 

MM.     Involucre  bracts  erect  or  appressed  at  tip,  not  recurved.     (See  Y.) 

Aster  (ASTER) 


222  COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

BB.     Shrubs,  glabrous  but  sticky;  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  separate  plants. 
E.  —  (The  name  of  some  shrub  dedicated  to  the  god  Bacchuc.) 

Baccharis  pilularis  (WINE  BUSH) 
AA.     Rays  yellow. 
N.     Pappus  of  scales  or  rigid  awns. 

O.     Heads  large,  10-25  mm.  high,  many-flowered;  pappus  of  2-8  rigid  awns;  invo- 
lucre bracts  often  gummy,  often  recurved  at  tip.  GRINDELIA  (p.  223) 
OO.     Heads  small,  4-6  mm.  high,  2-20  flowered;  pappus  of  4-14  scales;  involucre 
bracts  not  gummy,  not  recurved  at  tip.  —  (Honor  of  the  Gutierrez  family  of  the 
Spanish  nobility.)                                                                     Gutierrezia  (BROWN-WEED) 
NN.     Pappus  or  most  of  it  of  capillary  bristles. 
P.     Pappus  of  2  distinctly  different  whorls,  an  inner  of  scabrous  capillary  bristles, 

an  outer  of  small  scales  or  bristles. 

Q.  Involucre  bracts  in  several  indistinct  whorls,  the  outer  distinctly  shorter.  — 
(Gk.  chrysos  =  gold,  opsis  =  like;  referring  to  the  golden  yellow  flowers.) 

Chrysopsis  (GOLDEN  ASTER) 

QQ.  Involucre  bracts  in  1-2  indistinct  whorls,  all  about  equal.  —  (Gk.  er  = 
spring,  geron  =  an  old  man;  some  early  species  are  very  hoary.) 

Erigeron  (FLEABANE) 

PP.     Pappus  of  a  single  whorl  of  bristles  or  else  the  whorls  alike  when  more  than  i. 
R.     Involucre  bracts  not  in  vertical  rows;  rays  rarely  fewer  than  5;  leaves  various ; 

herbs  or  shrubs. 

S.     Pappus  bristles  equal  or  nearly  so;   heads  3-12  mm.  wide.  —  (L.  solidare  =  to 
make  whole;  on  account  of  the  reputed  vulnerary  properties.) 

Solidago  (GOLDENROD) 

SS.     Pappus  bristles  unequal;  heads  often  more  than  12  mm.  wide. 
T.     Leaves  often  not  as  in  TT  in  all  characters;  involucre  hemispheric  or  widely 
campanulate;   herb  or  shrub,  viscid  or  not.  —  (Gk.  aploos  =  simple;   -4-  pappus; 
the  pappus  is  not  plumose.)  Aplopappus 

TT.  Leaves  spatulate  to  filiform,  6-25  mm.  long,  sessile,  entire;  involucre 
narrowly  campanulate  to  oblong;  shrub,  viscid.  E.  —  Erica  is  a  genus  of 
heather.  (Gk.  meros  =  a  part;  because  the  leaves  are  heather-like.) 

Ericameria  nana  (FALSE  HEATHER) 

RR.  Involucre  bracts  in  3-4  vertical  rows;  rays  1-4;  leaves  narrowly  linear  or 
spatulate-linear;  shrub.  (See  D.)  Chrysothamnus  (RABBIT  BRUSH) 

AAA.      Rays  some  color  other  than  yellow. 
U.     Pappus  none  or  of  scales  or  of  small  hairlike  bristles  or  of  stout  awnlike  bristles, 

in  one  whorl. 

V.  Plant  glabrous,  3-18  dm.  high;  heads  many;  rays  white;  pappus  of  several  small 
scales  and  2  small  stiff  bristles.  E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  Bolton,  an  English  botanist.) 

Boltonla  occidentalis 

W.  Plant  puberulent  to  very  hairy,  acaulescent  to  4  dm.  high;  heads  few  in  most 
species;  rays  various;  pappus  of  ray  flowers  either  none  or  of  more  than  2 
bristles. 

W.  Scapes  leafless  and  bractless;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire  or  obscurely 
dentate;  pappus  either  none  or  a  ring  of  minute  bristles.  W.  —  Sometimes 
sown  on  lawns  for  beauty.  (L.  bellis  =  pretty;  referring  to  the  flowers.) 

Bellis  perennls  (GARDEN  DAISY) 

WW.     Scapes  sometimes  leafy  below,  bracted;  leaves  spatulate  to  linear,  entire; 

pappus  a  ring  of  stout  rough  awnlike  bristles.     E.  —  (Honor  of  D.  Townsend,  an 

American  botanist.)  Townsendia   (TOWNSENDIA) 

UU.     Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles,  sometimes  in  2  whorls  and  then  the  outer 

sometimes  of  shorter  bristles  or  of  scales. 
X.     Either  involucre  bracts  or  else  rays  not  as  below;  akenes  usually  flat. 


COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  223 

Y.     Involucre  bracts  in  more  than  2  indistinct  whorls;  rays  unequal,  wider  than 

filiform,  in  i  whorl;   pappus  in  i  whorl.  —  (Gk.  aster  =  a  star;   referring  to  the 

radiate  heads  of  most  species.)  Aster   (ASTER) 

YY.     Involucre  bracts  in  1-2  indistinct  whorls,  usually  nearly  equal;  rays  mostly 

filiform,  in  i  or  more  whorls;   pappus  in  1—2  whorls,  the  outer  whorl  often  of  scales 

or  shorter  bristles.     (See  QQ.)  Erigeron  (FLEABANE) 

XX.     Involucre   bracts    white,    green-tipped;   rays   about    5,  white;   akenes    not   or 

hardly  flattish.      W.  —  (Gk.   serikos  =  silky,   karpos  =  a  fruit;    referring  to  the 

hairy  akenes.)  Sericocarpus  rigidus  (WHITE-TOPPED  ASTER) 

GRINDELIA    (GUM-WEED) 

Herbs,  often  gummy  specially  on  the  involucre,  coarse.  Leaves  alter- 
nate; stem  leaves  sessile  to  clasping.  Ray  flowers  none  or  in  i  series; 
corolla  yellow.  Disk  flowers  perfect;  corolla  yellow.  Pappus  of  2-8 
nearly  smooth  and  easily  separating  awns  or  bristles.  —  (Honor  of  D.  H. 
Grindel,  a  Russian  botanist.)  Sometimes  a  bad  pasture  weed. 

A.     Stem  leaves  widest  at  their  base,  acute  or  acuminate;  heads  radiate,  more  than 
15  mm.  high.     W.  G.  integrifolia 

AA.      Stem  leaves  narrowed  at  their  base,  obtuse  in  most. 

B.     Heads  more  than  15  mm.  high,  radiate;   plant  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute.      W. 

G.  oregana 

BB.     Heads  10-15  mm.  high,  radiate  or  rayless;  plant  glabrous  throughout  or  slightly 
chaffy.     W.  C.  E.  G.  nana 

INULEAE  (Elecampane  Tribe).  —  Herbs.  Leaves  entire  (except  Inula). 
Heads  not  radiate  (except  Inula).  Involucre  usually  dry  and  scarious. 
Pistillate  flowers  mostly  filiform  and  truncate.  Anthers  tailed  at  base 
(except  Dimeresia  and  Adenocaulon) .  Style  branches  naked,  obtuse  to 
truncate,  unappendaged.  Pappus  none  or  of  capillary  bristles. 

A.     Heads  less  than  2  cm.  wide,  rayless;   basal  leaves  smaller  than  in  AA;  leaves  often 

white-woolly. 
B.     Leaves  linear  to  oblong  or  obovate,  not  cordate  at  base,  often  woolly  on  both 

sides. 

C.     Leaves  alternate. 
D.     Pappus  none,  except  a  few  bristles  on  sterile  flowers. 

E.  Style  and  corolla  lateral;   plant  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above,  loose- 
woolly.      U.  —  (Gk.  micros  =  small,  pous  =  foot;  application  not  clear.) 

Micropus  californicus 

EE.     Style  and  corolla  terminal;   plant  branching  from  the  base,  appressed- woolly. 
U.  —  (Gk.  stylos  =  a  column,  kline  =  a  bed;   referring  to  the  receptacle.) 

Stylocline  filaginea 
DD.     Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 

F.  Involucre  bracts  many  and  white  throughout,  conspicuous  and  almost  hiding 
the  small  group  of  yellow  flowers  within.      W.  C.  E.  —  (Gk.  a  =  not,  knaphalon 
=  a  lock  of  wool;   because  the  heads  are  chaffy  rather  than  woolly.) 

Anaphalis  margaritacea   (PEARLY  EVERLASTING) 
FF.     Involucre  bracts  either  few  or  not  white  throughout,  not  so  conspicuous  as 

the  group  of  flowers  within. 

G.  Heads  dioecious  or  sometimes  the  2  kinds  on  the  same  plant;  pappus  bristles 
of  the  staminate  flowers  swollen  at  tip.  —  (The  pappus  bristles  of  the  sterile 
flowers  suggested  the  antennae  of  insects.)  Antennaria  (EVERLASTING) 


224  COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

GG.     Heads  all  alike,  of  both  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers;  pappus  bristles  not 
swollen  at  tip.  —  (Gk.  gnaphalon  =  a  lock  of  wool;  referring  to  the  heads.) 

Gnaphalium   (CUDWEED) 
CC.     Most  of  the  leaves  opposite. 

H.     Pappus  none  or  of  capillary  bristles;   heads  many-flowered;    involucre  bracts 
several  to  many. 

I.  Receptacle  depressed-globose,  chaffy;  akenes  inclosed  in  involucre  bracts.  — 
(Gk.    psilos  =  naked,    carphos  =  a    small    dry    body;    probably    because    the 
akenes  are  naked.)  Psilocarphus 

II.  Receptacle   columnar,    villous;  akenes    hardly   inclosed  in  involucre   bracts. 
U.  —  (Possibly  from  Gk.  evaxos  =  easily  broken.)  Evax 

HH.     Pappus  of  stout  plumose  bristles;    heads  2-flowered;  involucre  bracts  2.     E. 

—  (Origin  undetermined.)  Dimeresia  howellii 

BB.     Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  glabrous  and  green  above,  white-woolly 

beneath;  pappus  none.      W.   C.  E.  —  (Gk.  aden  =  a  gland,  kaulos  =  a  stem;  the 

stem  is  very  glandular  above.)  Adenocaulon  bicolor  (SILVER-GREEN) 

AA.     Heads  3-10  cm.  wide,  radiate;  basal  leaves  1-2  dm.  wide,  2-5  dm.  long;  leaves 

pubescent  but  not  woolly;  pappus  bristles  capillary,  rough.     W.  —  Medicinal  plant. 

(The  Latin  name.)  Inula  helenium  (ELECAMPANE) 

HELIANTHEAE  (Sunflower  Tribe).  —  Herbs.  Leaves  commonly  oppo- 
site at  least  below.  Heads  radiate  or  rayless;  involucre  not  scarious; 
receptacle  chaffy.  Ray  flowers  yellow  or  white  or  pinkish.  Disk  flowers 
various  in  color.  Anthers  not  tailed  at  base.  Style  branches  of  the  perfect 
flowers  truncate  or  tipped  with  a  hairy  appendage.  Pappus  none  or  never 
of  capillary  bristles. 

A.     Heads  radiate,  i.e.,  with  some  ligulate  outer  flowers. 
B.      Rays  yellow. 

C.     Disk  flowers  dark  brown  or  purple. 
D.     Upper  leaves  mostly  not  dissected,  or  when  some  are  dissected  the  plant  not 

glabrous;  pappus  of  2  to  several  teeth  or  awns. 

E.     Receptacle  in  fruit  conical  to  columnar,  akenes  4-angled,  not  winged;  leaves 

alternate,  entire  to  pinnatifid.  RUDBECKIA  (p.  226) 

EE.      Receptacle  in  fruit  flat  or  convex;  akene  flat  or  4-angled,  often  somewhat 

winged;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  or  merely  dentate. 
F.     Annual;  receptacle  flat;  akene  somewhat  4-angled;  not  at  all  winged. 

HELIANTHUS  (p.  227) 

FF.     Perennial;    receptacle  convex;     akene    flat,    i    or    both    edges    somewhat 

winged.    E.  —  (Diminutive  of  Helianthus,  a  related  genus.)  Helianthella 

DD.     Upper  leaves  nearly  all  of  3  leaflets;  plant  glabrous  throughout;  pappus  of 

2  short  teeth.     W.  E.  —  (Gk.  koris  =  a  bug,  opsis  =  like;  referring  to  the  form 

of  the  akene.)  Coreopsis  atkinsoniana  (TICKSEED) 

CC.     Disk  flowers  yellow. 

G.     Pappus  either  none  or  else  not  of  retrorsely-barbed  awns. 
H.     Heads  2.5  cm.  or  more  wide;  involucre  bracts  flat  or  nearly  so,  not  inclosing 

a  ray  akene;  leaves  often  wider  than  lanceolate. 
I.     Most  of  the  leaves  basal;  ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile. 

J.     Pappus  none;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  in  some  species  pinnately  lobed 

to  pinnatifid.  BALSAMORHIZA  (p.  227) 

JJ.     Pappus  a  crown  of  3-10  teeth,  some  of  which  may  be  awn-tipped;  leaves 

all  alternate,  mostly  entire,  never  pinnately  lobed.  WYETHIA  (p.  227) 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  225 

II.     Most  of  the  leaves  on  the  stem;  ray  flowers  neutral;  pappus  of  2-6  deciduous 

scales  or  awns.  HELIANTHUS  (p.  227) 

HH.     Heads  less  than  2.5  cm.  wide;  involucre  bracts  boat-shaped,  more  or  less 

inclosing  an  outer  or  ray  akene;    leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower  (except  Lago- 

phylla). 

K.     Akenes  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  involucre;  involucre  bracts  keeled 

on  back;   plants  mostly  viscid-glandular;   pappus  none  except  in  M.  madioides, 

of  5-8  scales.  —  (From  madi,  the  name  in  Chile.)  Madia   (TARWEED) 

KK.     Akenes  not  flattened  at   right  angles  to  the    involucre;  involucre    bracts 

rounded  or  flattish  on  the  back. 
L.     Pappus  none. 

M.  Leaves  of  the  stem  pinnatifid;  leaves  of  the  branches  and  fascicles  entire, 
spinulose-tipped;  involucre  bracts  spinulose-tipped;  disk  flowers  10  or  more; 
ray  flowers  10  or  more;  most  of  the  leaves  alternate.  —  (Gk.  hemi  =  half, 
zone  =  a  girdle;  the  ray  akenes  are  swollen  on  one  side.)  Hemizonia 

MM.  Leaves  all  entire,  not  spinulose-tipped;  involucre  bracts  not  spinulose- 
tipped;  disk  flowers  1-6;  ray  flowers  4-6. 

N.      Disk  flowers  1-2,  fertile;  akenes  slightly  hairy;   plant  2.5-20  cm.  high; 

most  of  the  leaves  opposite,   2.5  or  less  long.     W.   C.  —  (Diminutive  of 

Hemizonia  a  related  genus.)  Hemizonella  durandii 

NN.     Disk  flowers  5-6,  sterile;    akenes  smooth;  plant  15-75  cm.  high;   most 

of  the  leaves  alternate,  5  cm.  or  less  long.      E.  —  (Gk.  lagos  =  a  rabbit, 

phyllon  =  a  leaf.     Application  not  clear.)  Lagophylla  ramosissima 

LL.     Pappus  present  at  least  on  the  disk  akenes,  of  7-12  scales  which  are  often 

awn-tipped. 

O.     Upper  leaves  spinulose-  or  gland-tipped;  pappus  of  7-12  scales,  in  i  whorl, 

often  awn-tipped,  its  scale  portion  3  mm.  or  less  long.     (See  M.)     Hemizonia 

OO.     Leaves  neither  spinulose-  nor  gland-tipped;  pappus  of  about  10  scales, 

in  2   whorls,   not  awn-tipped,   inner   whorl   about  6   mm.  long.     U.  —  (Gk. 

achyron  =  chaff,  achaino  =  an  akene;    probably  referring  to  the  chaff-like 

pappus.)  Achyrachaena  mollis 

GG.     Pappus  of  2-6  stout  retrorsely-barbed  awns;  heads  0.8-10  cm.  wide. 

BIDENS  (p.  228) 
BB.     Rays  white  or  pink. 

P.  Involucre  bracts  almost  flat,  not  inclosing  the  ray  akenes;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
margins  involute  or  revolute;  heads  12-30  mm.  wide;  rays  3-6.  E.  —  (Gk.  ble- 
pharon  =  an  eyelash;  +  pappus.)  Blepharipappus 

PP.     Involucre  bracts  boat-shaped,  inclosing  each  an  outer  or  ray  akene. 
Q.     Heads  12-25  mm.  wide;  rays  8-13;   basal  leaves  often  laciniately  lobed  or  in- 
cised.    E.  —  (Meaning  not  determined.)  Layia  glandulosa 
QQ.     Heads  4-12  mm.  wide;  rays  1-7;  leaves  all  entire  or  nearly  dentate.     (See  M.) 

Hemizonia 
AA.     Heads  rayless,  i.e.,  without  ligulate  flowers. 

R.     Pappus  none;  heads  few-flowered;  flowers  yellow  or  greenish,  the  staminate  and 

pistillate  often  in  separate  heads;  fruit  often  burlike. 
S.     Leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider,  often  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  heads  staminate 

or  pistillate  or  with  both  kinds  of  flowers. 

T.  Involucre  neither  tubercled  nor  spiny;  fruit  not  a  bur;  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  in  the  same  head;  plant  merely  puberulent  or  scabrous;  lower  leaves 
opposite.  E.  —  (Named  from  Ajuga  iva,  a  plant  with  a  similar  odor.) 

Iva  (MARSH  ELDER) 

TT.  Involucre  of  pistillate  heads  either  tubercled  or  spiny,  making  fruit  rough  or 
burlike;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  heads;  plant  either  hairy 
or  all  the  leaves  alternate. 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  15 


226  COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

U.     Involucre  bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  united;  fruit  often  not  a  bur  but  when 

so  the  bristles  usually  not  hooked. 
V.     Fruit  with  i  whorl  of  prickles  at  the  top,  i-seeded.     E. 

AMBROSIA  (p.  226) 

W.     Fruit  with  prickles  in   more  than    i   whorl  or    scattered,    i-4-seeded.  — 

(Honor  of  A.  Franseri,  a  Spanish  botanist.)  Franseria   (SAND  BUR) 

UU.     Involucre  bracts  of  the  staminate  heads  distinct;  fruit  a  bur  with  20-100 

usually  hooked  bristles.  —  Persistent   field   weeds.     The  burs  cling  to  the  wool 

of  sheep,  and  the  tails  of  horses  and  cattle.      (Gk.  xanthos  =  yellow;  the  Greeks 

secured  a  yellow  dye  from  one  species.)  Xanthium  (COCKLE  BUR) 

SS.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,   entire   or   remotely   serrulate;   heads   with 

perfect  flowers  only;  involucre  neither  tubercled  nor  spiny.      (See  K.) 

Madia  (TARWEED) 
RR.     Pappus  of  short  teeth  or  barbed  awns;    heads  many-flowered,  all  alike;  flowers 

yellow  or  brown  or  purple,  perfect;  fruit  not  burlike. 
W.     Leaves  all  alternate;  flowers  purple  or  brown;  pappus  a  crown  of  2-4  scales. 

RUDBECKIA  (p.  226) 

WW.     Leaves  opposite  at  least  below;  flowers  yellow;  pappus  of   2-6  retrorsely- 
batbed  awns.  BIDENS  (p.  228) 

AMBROSIA    (RAGWEED) 

Leaves  entire  to  pinnately-  or  palmately-divided.  Heads  small,  monoe- 
cious. Staminate  heads  in  spikes  or  racemes,  in  the  upper  axils  and  ter- 
minal, many-flowered;  corolla  5-toothed.  Pistillate  heads  solitary  or 
clustered,  in  the  upper  axils,  i-flowered ;  corolla  none.  —  (Gk.  ambrosia  = 
food  for  the  gods;  quite  inappropriate  for  ours.) 

A.     Leaves  all  opposite,  entire  to  coarsely  and  palmately  3~5-lobed  or  -cleft;  receptacle 
naked;  involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  3~4-ribbed;  annual.     E.  —  A  weed. 

A.  trifida  (GREAT  RAGWEED) 
AA.     Some  of  the  leaves  often  alternate,  entire  to  i-3-pinnatifid;  receptacle  chaffy; 

involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  not  ribbed. 

B.     Annual;  leaves  thin,   entire   to    2-pinnatifid;  fruit   with  acute   teeth.      E.  —  A 
bad  pasture  weed.  A.  artemisiaefolia   (BITTERWEED) 

BB.     Perennial;  leaves  thick,  i-pinnatifid;  fruit  with  blunt  teeth  or  unarmed.     E. 

A.  psilostachya  (WESTERN  RAGWEED) 

RUDBECKIA    (CONE-FLOWER) 

Coarse.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  rayless  or  radiate,  large,  on  long 
peduncles,  solitary,  in  the  axils  or  terminal ;  receptacle  conic  or  convex. 
Ray  flowers  yellow  or  none,  neutral.  Disk  flowers  purple  or  brown,  perfect. 
Pappus  none  or  a  crown  of  2-4  short  teeth.  —  (Honor  of  C.  Rudbeck>  a 
Swedish  botanist.) 

A.     Rays  present. 

B.  Leaves  stiff-hairy;  pappus  none;  disk  globose-ovoid.     W. 

R.  hirta   (BLACK-EYED  SUSAN) 

BB.     Leaves  finely  soft-hairy;  pappus  of  4  irregular  bractlike  teeth;  disk  columnar. 
U.  R.  californica  (MEXICAN  HAT) 

AA.     Rays  none. 

C.  Plant  pubescent;  leaves  mostly  3~s-parted  toward  the  base.     E.  R.  alpicola 
CC.     Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  entire  or  dentate.     E. 

R.  occidentalis   (NIGGKR  THUMB) 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  227 


BALSAMORHIZA    (BALSAM-ROOT) 

Perennial,  low,  with  scapelike  or  few-leaved  stems ;  roots  thick,  resinous. 
Leaves  entire  to  2-pinnate.  Heads  radiate,  many-flowered,  1-7  on  a  stem; 
receptacle  flat  or  barely  convex.  Disk  flowers  perfect.  —  (Gk.  balsamon  = 
balsam,  rhiza  =  root;  the  root  is  aromatic.) 

A.     Leaves  entire  to  serrate;  stems  with  1-7  heads. 

B.     Ray  corolla  2-2.5  cm.  long,  persistent  to  the  akenes;   akenes  all  canescent.     E. 

B.  careyana 

BB.      Ray  corollas  2.5-5  cm.  long,  deciduous  from  the  akenes;  akenes  all  glabrous. 
C.     Plant  silvery-canescent;  involucre  woolly;  stem  leaves  linear  to  spatulate.     E. 

B.  sagittata 

CC.     Plant  green,  though  pubescent  to  glabrate;  involucre  not  woolly  or  only  so 
at  base;  stem-leaves  lanceolate.     W.  E.  B.  deltoidea 

AA.     Leaves  laciniately  lobed  to  2-pinnatifid;  stems  with  only  i  head. 
D.     Plant  green,  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy. 

E.  Leaves  deltoid  in  outline,  entire  to  laciniate,  not  stiff-hairy;  involucre  more  or 
less  woolly,  not  stiff-hairy.     E.  B.  terebinthacea 

EE.     Leaves    lanceolate    in    outline,    pinnately-parted    or  -divided,  stiff-hairy;  in- 
volucre   rarely  woolly,  stiff-hairy.     E.  B.  hirsuta 
DD.     Plant  canescent  or  white-tomentose. 

F.  Plant  canescent  with  appressedor  spreading  hairs;  leaf  divisions  linear.      W.  E. 

B.  hookeri 

FF.     Plant  densely  white-tomentose  with  often  floccose  hairs;  leaf  division  oval  or 
oblong.     E.  B.  incana 

WYETHIA 

Perennial;  stems  usually  simple,  from  stout  root  or  rhizome.  Heads 
large,  i  to  few,  all  alike ;  receptacle  slightly  convex.  Ray.  flowers  2-10 
cm.  long.  Disk  flowers  5-toothed.  Akenes  4~5-angled. —  (Honor  of 
N.  J.  Wyeth,  an  American  botanist.) 

A.     Ray  corollas  white  to  pale  yellow;  leaves  oval  to  broadly  lanceolate;  stem  stiff- 
hairy.     E.  W.  helianthoides 
AA.     Ray  corollas  bright  yellow;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrowly  lanceolate. 
B.     Plant  sparsely  stiff-hairy;   involucre  very  stiff-hairy.      W.  E.  W.  angustifolia 
BB.     Plant  smooth  and  glabrous  throughout;  involucre  glabrous. 
C.      Basal  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,    17-38   cm.   long,   7-10  cm.    wide;   upper   stem 
leaves  partly  clasping.     E.                                                       W.  amplexicaulis  (PE-IK) 
CC.     Basal  leaves  lanceolate,   5-15   cm.  long,   2-10  cm.   wide;  upper  stem  leaves 
barely  sessile  and  not  clasping.     E.  W.  lanceolata 

HELIANTHUS    (SUNFLOWER) 

Leaves  simple.  Heads  large;  receptacle  flat  to  conic.  Ray  flowers 
neutral.  Disk  flowers  yellow  or  brown  or  purple,  perfect,  fertile,  5-lobed. 
Akene  flattish  to  4-angled.  Pappus  of  2  scales  or  awns,  or  sometimes  with 
2-4  additional  shorter  ones,  deciduous.  —  (Gk.  helios  =  the  sun,  anthos  =  a 
flower ;  said  to  refer  to  the  resemblance.) 


228  COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

A.     Annual;  disk  flowers  brownish  or  dark  purple. 
B.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  wider;  rays  more  than  8;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  3- 

toothed  or  -cleft,  not  awnlike  at  tip;    disk  often  over  12  mm.  wide. 
C.     Disk  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-8  cm.  long.       E. 

H.  petiolaris  (PRAIRIE  SUNFLOWER) 

CC.     Disk  2.5  cm.  or  more  wide;  at  least  the  lower  leaves  ovate  or  cordate,  5-17  cm. 
long.     E.  —  Often  cultivated  for  beauty  or  seed. 

H.  annuus  (COMMON  SUNFLOWER) 

BB.      Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate;  rays   5-8;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  not 
3-toothed,  narrowed  into  awnlike  tooth;   disk  12  mm.  or  less  wide.      U.        H.  exilis 
AA.     Perennial;  disk  flowers  yellow. 
D.     Stems  1.2  m.  or  less  high  or  long,  often  not  erect;  plant  scabrous,  without  hairs; 

leaves  entire  or  serrulate. 

E.     Stems  3-12  dm.  high  or  long;  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  entire  or  serrulate.     E. 

H.  nuttallii 

EE.     Stems  1-3  dm.  high  or  long;  leaves  obtuse,  entire.     E.  H.  cusickii 

DD.  Stems  1.5-3.5  m.  high,  erect;  plant  pubescent  or  hirsute;  leaves  coarsely  ser- 
rate or  lobed.  W.  E.  —  Cultivated  for  the  tubers  for  stock. 

H.  tuberosus  (JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE) 

BIDENS    (BEGGAR-TICK) 

Leaves  opposite  at  least  below.  Heads  radiate  or  rayless;  receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so.  Pappus  of  2-6  teeth  or  awns ;  awns  retrorsely  hispid  or 
barbed. —  (L.  bi  =  2,  dens  =  a  tooth;  the  akenes  of  some  have  2  barbed 
teeth.)  Weeds.  Akenes  adhere  to  wool  of  animals  and  to  clothing. 

A.     Leaves  usually   5-divided;   plant  terrestrial;   pappus  of   2   awns;   akene  and  awns 
retrorsely  barbed  to  base;  annual.     E.  B.  vulgata   (S-LEAVED  BEGGAR-TICK) 

AA.     Leaves  serrate  to  laciniate,  or  submerged  and  divided  into  many  capillary  seg- 
ments; pappus  of  3-6  awns. 

B.  Annual,  terrestrial;  stem  erect;  leaves  7-15  cm.  long;  rays  none  or  not  over 
16  mm.  long;  akenes  not  barbed;  pappus  awns  retrorsely  barbed  above  only. 
W.  E.  B.  cernua  (NODDING  BEGGAR-TICK) 

BB.  Perennial,  aquatic;  stem  slender  and  not  usually  erect;  leaves  1-5  cm.  long; 
rays  20-25  mm.  long;  akenes  retrorsely  barbed  at  margins;  pappus  awns  retrorsely 
barbed  to  base.  W.  E.  B.  beckii  (WATER  BEGGAR-TICK) 

HELENEAE  (Sneezeweed  Tribe).  —  Herbs.  Heads  radiate  or  appar- 
ently rayless;  involucre  bracts  not  scarious;  receptacle  naked  except 
in  Gaillardia.  Disk  flowers  fertile,  4-5-toothed,  tubular.  Anthers  not 
tailed  at  base.  Style  branches  of  perfect  flowers  truncate  or  appendaged, 
not  flat.  Pappus  none  or  chaffy  or  awns  or  bristles  but  the  bristles  not 
capillary. 

A.     Leaves  opposite,  except  sometimes  the  upper. 
B.     Leaves  entire. 
C.     Plants  of  salt  marshes. 

D.     Pappus  none,  involucre  bracts  not  united.     W.  —  (Honor  of  I.  H.  Jaume  St, 

Hilare,  a  French  botanist.)  Jaumea  carnosa 

DD.     Pappus  of  5-10  chaffy  scales;  involucre  bracts  united  to  form  a  s-is-toothed 

cup.     U.  —  (Honor  of  Lasthenia,  a  pupil  of  Plato.)  Lasthenia  glaberrima 

CC.     Plants  of  dry  soil,  not  of  salt  marshes. 


COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  229 

E.     Involucre  bracts  flat;  receptacle  conic  to  subulate.     U.  —  (Honor     of     K.     E. 

von  Baer,  a  Russian  botanist.)  Baeria  aristosa  (GOLD  FIELDS) 

EE.     Involucre    bracts    inrolled;    receptacle    flat.     E.  —  (Gk.     rigios  =  stiff;   + 

pappus.)  Rigiopappus  leptocladus 

BB.     Leaves  palmately  2-s-parted.     E.  —  (Honor  of  J.  F.  Bahi,  a  Spanish  botanist.) 

Baliia  oppositif olia 
AA.     Leaves  alternate. 
F.     Heads  radiate. 
G.     Receptacle  not  chaffy. 
H.     Akenes  4-angled;  pappus  scales  blunt  or  lacerate. 

I.  Involucre  bracts  somewhat  united;  rays  none  or  present;  herbage  floccose- 
woolly.  ERIOPHYLLUM  (p.  229) 

II.  Involucre   bracts   not   united;  rays   none;  herbage    viscid-pubescent.     E.  — • 
(Honor  of  G.  W.  Hulse,  a  U.  S.  army  surgeon.;  Hulsea  nana 

HH.     Akenes  5-io-ribbed;   pappus  scales  acuminate  or  aristate. 
J.     Involucre  bracts   erect.     E.  —  (Diminutive   of    Gk.   aktis  =  a   ray;   probably 
because  the  rays  are  present,  though  short.)  Actinella  richardsoni 

JJ.     Involucre  bracts  spreading  or  reflexed.  HELENIUM  (p.  229) 

GG.     Receptacle  with  bristlelike  chaff.     W.   E.  —  (Honor  of  Gaillard  de  Meren- 
tonneau,  a  French  botanist.)  Gaillardia  aristata 

FF.     Heads  rayless. 

K.     Involucre  bracts  with  white  or  purplish  tips.     E.  —  (Gk.  hymen  =  a  membrane; 
+  pappus;  because  the  pappus  scales  are  hyaline.)  Hymenopappus  filifolius 

KK.     Involucre  bracts  green  to  the  tips. 

L.     Involucre  bracts  somewhat  united;  corollaslyellow.      ERIOPHYLLUM  (p.  229) 
LL.     Involucre  bracts   not   united ;  corollas   yellow   or   white   or    flesh-colored.  — 
(Gk.  chainein  =  to  yawn,  aktis  =  a  ray;  referring  to  the  dilated  marginal  corol- 
las.) Chaenactis 

ERIOPHYLLUM    (WOOLLY  SUNFLOWER) 

Floccose-woolly.  Heads  many-flowered ;  involucre  green.  Ray  flowers 
yellow,  or  so  short  that  there  are  practically  none.  Disk  flowers  yellow. 
Pappus  of  blunt  veinless  chaffy  scales.  —  (Gk.  erion  —  wool,  phyllon  =  a 
leaf.) 

A.     Rays  1-3  mm.  long.     U.  E.  stachadifolium 

AA.     Rays  10-20  mm.  long. 

B.     Akenes  glabrous.     W.  C.  E.  E.  lanatum 

BB.     Akenes  glandular.     U.  C.  E.  E.  multiflorum 

HELENIUM    (SNEEZEWEED) 

Heads  many-flowered;  involucre  herbaceous.  All  flowers  yellow. 
Akenes  hairy  on  the  ribs.  Pappus  scales  5-6,  thin,  scarious,  acuminate  or 
awn-pointed.  —  (Said  to  be  in  honor  of  Helen  of  Troy,  who  used  it  cos- 
metically.) 

A.  Leaf  blades  not  decurrent  on  the  stem.  E.  H.  hoopesii 
AA.  Leaf  blades  decurrent  on  the  stem. 

B.  Leaves  dentate;  heads  several  to  many.  W.  C.  E.  —  Poisonous  to  cattle  and 

sheep.  H.  autumnale 

BB.     Leaves  entire;  head  i.     U.  H.  bigelovii 


230  COMPOSITACEAE    (COMPOSITE    FAMILY) 

ANTHEMEAE  (Sagebrush  Tribe).  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Heads  rayless 
or  radiate ;  involucre  bracts  imbricated,  not  foliaceous,  rarely  herbaceous, 
usually  dry  and  scarious;  receptacle  naked  or  somewhat  chaffy.  Anthers 
not  tailed  at  base.  Style  branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  truncate,  sometimes 
obscurely  conic-tipped.  Pappus  none  or  chaffy  or  scalelike  or  crownlike. 

A.  Herbs. 

B.     Rays  present. 

C.      Rays   4-6,   4-6    mm.    long;  receptacle   chaffy.      W.    C.    E.  —  Medicinal   plant. 
(Honor  of  Achilles,  who  first  used  it  as  a  vulnerary.) 

Achillea  millefolium  (YARROW) 
CC.     Rays  10  or  more,  10  mm.  or  more  long. 

D.     Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  toward  its  tip.  ANTHEMIS  (p.  230) 

DD.      Receptacle  naked  or  merely  hairy. 

E.     Leaf  segments  terete  or  nearly  so;   receptacle  conic.       MATRICARIA  (p.  230) 
EE.     Leaf  segments  plainly  flat;   receptacle  flat  to  hemispheric. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM  (p.  231) 
BB.      Rays  none. 

F.     Heads  sessile  in  the  leaf  axils  or  stem  forks.      U.  —  (Perhaps  L.  solus  =  alone, 
vagus  =  wandering.)  Solvia  sessilis 

FF.      Heads  peduncled,  either  terminal  on  the  branches  or  clustered. 
G.     Salt-marsh  plants;  leaves  fleshy.  COTULA  (p.  231) 

GG.     Not  salt-marsh  plants;  leaves  not  fleshy. 
H.      Heads  terminal  on  the  leafy  branches;  receptacle  conic. 

MATRICARIA  (p.  230) 
HH.     Heads  in  flat-topped  leafless  clusters;  receptacle  flat  or  hemispheric. 

TANACETUM  (p.  231) 

HHH.     Heads  in  bracted  spikes  or  racemes  or  panicles,  not  in  flat-topped  clusters; 

receptacle  flat  to  hemispheric.  ARTEMISIA  (p.  231) 

AA.     Shrubs.  ARTEMISIA  (p.  231) 

ANTHEMIS    (MAYWEED) 

Leaves  alternate,  pinnatifid  or  dissected.  Involucre  bracts  scarious- 
margined.  Ray  flowers  white  or  yellow.  Disk  flowers  yellow.  Pappus 
none  or  a  mere  border.  —  (The  Greek  name.) 

A.     Rays  white. 

B.  Leaves  glabrous,  with  bad  odor;  rays  neutral.     W.  E.     A.  cotula   (DOG  FENNEL) 
BB.     Leaves  pubescent,  without  bad  odor;   rays  fertile.      W.  E. 

A.  arvensis   (FIELD  MAYWEED) 
AA.     Rays  yellow;  leaves  somewhat  tomentose.     W.    A.  tinctoria  (YELLOW  MAYWEED) 

MATRICARIA    (CAMOMILE) 

Herbs,  annual.  Leaves  alternate,  2-3-dissected  into  narrow  or  filiform 
segments.  Receptacle  naked.  Ray  flowers  white.  Disk  flowers  yellow. 
Pappus  none.  —  (L.  mater  =  mother,  cara  =  dear ;  dear  to  mothers  from 
reputed  medicinal  properties.) 

A.     Heads  radiate. 

B.      Rays  20-30;  pappus  a  crown,  entire  or  4-toothed;   akenes  obpyramidal,  promi- 
nently 3-ribbed;  herbage  nearly  odorless.  W.  E.     M.  inodora  (SCENTLESS  CAMOMILK 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  231 

BB.     Rays  10-20;  pappus  none;  akenes  oblong,  faintly  3-5-ribbed;  herbage  sweet- 
scented.     W.  E.  —  Medicinal  plant.  M.  chamomille   (GARDEN  CAMOMILE) 
AA.     Heads  rayless.     W.  C.  E.  M.  suaveolens   (PINEAPPLE  WEED) 

CHRYSANTHEMUM    (CHRYSANTHEMUM) 

Perennial.  Leaves  alternate,  incised  or  dissected.  Heads  large.  Ray 
flowers  white.  Disk  flowers  yellow.  —  (Gk.  chrysos  =  gold,  anthos  =  a 
flower ;  some  species  outside  our  range  even  have  yellow  rays.) 

A.      Heads  1-2  cm.  wide,  many,  corymbose;   rays  10-20,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide; 

pappus  a  toothed  crown.     E.  C.  parthenium  (FEVERFEW) 

AA.     Heads  2.5-5  cm.  wide,  few,  terminal;   rays  20-30,  4  or  more  times  as  long  as 

wide;   pappus  none.      W.  —  A  very  bad  meadow  weed. 

C.  leucanthemum  (OX-EYE  DAISY) 

COTULA 

Leaves  alternate.  Heads  many-flowered,  with  2  kinds  of  flowers;  re- 
ceptacle naked.  Outer  flowers  pistillate,  in  1-3  rows,  apetalous.  Inner 
flowers  4-toothed,  yellow,  perfect.  Pappus  none  or  a  mere  ring.  —  (Gk. 
kotula  —  a  small  cup,  referring  to  the  hollow  at  the  base  of  the  clasping 
leaves.) 

A.     Herbage  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so.      W. 

C.  coronopifolia  (SALT-MARSH  BUTTERHFAD) 
AA.     Herbage  pubescent.     W.  C.  australis 

TANACETUM    (TANSY) 

Perennial,  aromatic.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  to  dissected.  Heads  with 
i  or  2  kinds  of  flowers ;  receptacle  naked.  Pappus  none  or  crownlike.  — 
(Said  to  be  from  Gk.  athanatox  —  immortal ;  referring  to  the  durable  flowers.) 

A.     Leaves  2-s-lobed  or  parted,  but  some  of  the  leaves  may  be  entire. 

B.  Leaf  lobes  linear.     E.  T.  capitatum 
BB.     Leaf  lobes  not  linear  or  none  of  the  leaves  lobed.     E.  T.  nuttallii 

AA.     Leaves  pinnately-parted  or  -dissected  into  many  segments. 

C.  Herbage  quite  pubescent. 

D.     Herbage  silky  with  white  hairs;  heads  many,  6-8  mm.  wide.     E. 

T.  potentilloides 
DD.     Herbage  villous-pubescent;   heads  1-8,  12-16  mm.  wide.     W. 

T.  huronense  (SEASHORE  TANSY) 

CC.     Herbage  glabrous  or  very    nearly  so;  heads  many,  6-10  mm.  wide.       W.  — 
Medicinal  plant.  T.  vulgare  (GARDEN  TANSY) 

ARTEMISIA    (SAGEBRUSH) 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  annual  or  perennial,  bitter,  aromatic.  Leaves  alternate. 
Heads  rayless,  small ;  flowers  of  i  or  2  kinds,  white  or  yellowish  ;  receptacle 
naked  or  woolly.  Outer  flowers  pistillate  and  inner  perfect,  or  all  perfect. 
Pappus  none.  —  (Honor  of  Artemisia,  the  wife  of  Mausolus.) 


232  COMPDSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

A.    Shrubs. 
B.     Plant  spiny;  akenes  with  long  cobweb-like  hairs.     E. 

A.  spinescens  (BUD-BRUSH) 

BB.     Plant  not  spiny;  akenes  without  cobweb-like  hairs. 
C.     Leaves  3~5-cleft  or  -parted,  the  lobes  linear;   2-6  dm.  high. 

D.  Heads  usually  solitary  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves;   panicle  spikelike.     E. 

A.  rigida  (SCAB-LAND  SAGEBRUSH) 

DD.     Heads  clustered;  panicle  thyrsoid.     E.  A.  trifida 

CC.     Leaves  entire  to  3-toothed  or  -lobed,  but  the  lobes  not  linear. 

E.  Plant  1-3  dm.  high;  leaves  entire  to  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  cuneate,  obovate.     E. 

A.  arbuscula 
EE.     Plant  5-20  dm.  high;  leaves  entire  to  3-toothed,  the  teeth  triangular.     E. 

A.  tridentata  (COMMON  SAGEBRUSH) 
AA.     Herbs  or  merely  shrubby  at  base. 

F.     Leaves  parted  or  dissected  into  oblong  or  linear  segments. 
G.     Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

H.     Leaf  lobes  filiform,  entire.     E.  A.  prescottiana 

HH.     Leaf  lobes,  wider,  laciniate  or  toothed.     E.  A.  biennis 

GG.     Leaves  pubescent. 
I.     Receptacle  woolly. 
J.     Leaves  silvery-pubescent,  leaf  segments  short,  filiform.     E. 

A.  frigida  (PASTURE  SAGEBRUSH) 

JJ.     Leaves  not  silvery;  leaf  segments  oblong  or  linear-oblong.     E.  —  Medicinal 
plant.  A.  absinthium  (WORMWOOD) 

n.     Receptacle  not  woolly. 
K.     Heads  2-3  mm.  wide. 

L.     Plants  5-15  cm.  high.     E.  A.  petatifida 

LL.     Plants  30-70  cm.  high.     E.  A.  canadensis 

KK.     Heads  4-5  mm.  wide.     W.  C.  E.  A.  borealis 

KKK.     Heads  8-10  mm.  wide.     C.  E.  A.  longipedunculata 

GGG.     Leaves  tomentose,  at  least  on  the  lower  surface. 

M.      Involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so.     C.  E.  A.  discolor 

MM.     Involucre  densely  pubescent  or  tomentose. 

N.     Leaves  with  scattered  fine  white-resinous  dots.     E.  A.  atomifera 

NN.     Leaves  not  resinous  dotted.     E  A.  ludoviciana 

FF.     Leaves  entire  to  cleft  or  lobed. 
O.     Leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  on  both  sides. 

P.     Herbage  sweet -aromatic;  4-8  dm.  high;  branches  not  drooping;  heads  30-60- 
flowered.     E.  A.  aromatica 

PP.     Herbage  not  sweet-aromatic;  8-16  dm.  high;  branches  drooping;  heads  15- 
2o-flowered.     E.  A.  dracunculoides 

OO.     Leaves  white-tomentose  at  least  beneath. 
Q.     Involucre  persistently  white-tomentose.      (See  MM.) 
QQ.     Involucre  glabrous  to  pubescent  but  green,  not  tomentose. 
R.     Involucre  cylindric;  plant  9-15  dm.  high.     W. 

A.  heterophylla  (GOLDEN-ROD  SAGE) 
RR.     Involucre  campanulate. 

S.     Plant  about  10  dm.  high;  involucre  green.     W.  C.  E.  A.  tilesii 

SS.     Plant  3-6  dm.  high;  involucre  gray-brown.     E.  A.  lindleyana 

SENECEAE  (Arnica  Tribe).  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Heads  rayless  or 
radiate;  receptacle  naked  (except  sometimes  hairy  in  Arnica).  Anthers 
without  tails  at  base  though  often  sagittate.  Style  branches  of  perfect 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY)  233 

flowers  usually  truncate  or  obtuse,  without  appendages  at  tip  or  with  short 
ones.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles  but  often  deciduous;  bristles  many, 
smooth  to  plumose. 

A.     Herbs. 

B.     Most  of  the  leaves  on  each  plant  opposite.  —  (Said  to  be  from  Gk.  arnakis  =  a 
lamb's  skin;  referring  to  the  softness  of  the  heads.)    Some  medicinal;  many  poisonous. 

Arnica 

BB.     Leaves  alternate  or  all  basal. 
C.     Leaves  all  basal. 

D.  Scapes  densely  large-bracted;  leaves  wider  than  lanceolate,  often  more  than 
10  cm.  long;  flowers  white  or  pinkish.  PETASITES  (p.  233) 

DD.     Scapes    naked;    leaves    linear    to    oblanceolate,    2.5-10   cm.   long;     flowers 
yellow.  —  (Diminutive  of   Raillardia,  a  related  genus.)  Raillardella 

CC.     Some  leaves  on  the  stem. 

E.  Heads  radiate. 

F.  Annual;  receptacle  conic.     W.   E.  —  (Gk.  krokis  =  the  nap  or  woolliness  of 
cloth;  the  leaf -axils  are  hairy.)  Crocidium  multicaule 

FF.     Perennial;  receptacle  flat.  —  A  large  and  difficult  genus.     (L.  senex  =  an 
old  man;  referring  to  the  hoary  heads  of  some.)  Senecio   (RAGWORT) 

EE.     Heads  rayless. 

G.  Heads  4-io-flowered. 

H.     Leaves  entire,  1-2.5  cm.  long;   heads  about  lo-flowered.     W.  C.  E.  —  (An 

anagram  of  Inula,  another  genus  of  this  family.)  Luina  hypoleuca 

HH.     Leaves  coarsely   dentate,  5-25  cm.  long;    heads  4-6-flowered.      C.  —  (It 

was  first  found  on  Mt.  Rainier.)  Rainiera  stricta 

GG.     Heads  more  than  xo-flowered. 

I.     Leaves  palmately  5-Q-lobed  or  -cleft  or  -parted,  palmately  veined.     C.  E.  — 
(Cacalia  is  a  related  genus;   Gk.  opsis  =  like;  hence  resembling  Cacalia.) 

Cacaliopsis  nardosmia 
n.     Leaves  entire  to  pinnately  compound,  not  palmately  veined.     (See  FF.) 

Senecio  (RAGWORT) 

AA.     Shrubs.     E.  —  (Gk.  tetradymos  =  4-fold;   because  many  species  have  just  4  flowers 
in  a  head.)  Tetradymia 

PETASITES    (COLT'S-FOOT) 

Perennial;  rhizome  thick,  horizontal.  Heads  rayless  or  radiate,  in  a 
raceme  or  corymb,  on  large  bracted  stems,  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
dioecious  or  somewhat  so;  involucre  herbaceous.  Pistillate  corolla  2-5- 
toothed.  Pappus  bristles  soft,  white,  long.  —  (Gk.  petasos  =  a  broad- 
brimmed  hat;  referring  to  the  leaves.) 

A.     Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  1.5-4  dm.  wide,  7-n-cleft.     W.  E.  —  Petioles  cooked 
and  eaten  like  Rhubarb.  P.  speciosus   (LARGE  COLT'S-FOOT) 

AA.     Leaves  longer  than  wide,  0.5-2.5  dm.  long. 
B.     Leaves  broadly  sagittate,  irregularly  dentate  to  almost  entire.     E. 

P.  sagittatus   (ARROW-LEAF  COLT'S-FOOT) 
BB.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  s-y-lobed;  alpine.     W.  C.  E. 

P.  frigidus   (ARCTIC  COLT'S-FOOT) 

CYNAREAE  (Thistle  Tribe).  —  Herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Heads  ray- 
less  ;  involucre  much  imbricated.  Corolla  5-cleft.  Anthers  tailed  at  base. 


234  COMPOS  IT  ACE  AE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY) 

Style  unbranched  or  the  branches  appendaged.     Pappus  none  or  chaff  or 
stiff  bristles  or  capillary  bristles,  simple  or  plumose 

A.     Involucre  bracts  hooked  at  tip;  leaves  not  spiny.  ARCTIUM  (p.  234) 

AA.     Involucre  bracts  not  hooked  at  tip. 
B.     Leaves  not  spiny. 

C.     Pappus  at  least  partly  of  plumose  bristles. 

D.     Leaves  entire  or  dentate;  heads  1-3  cm.  wide.     W.  C.  E.  —  (Honor  of  H.  B. 
de  Saussure,  a  Swiss  botanist.)  Saussurea  americana   (SAW-WORT) 

DD.     Leaves  pinnatifid;   heads  5-10  cm.  wide.      W.  —  Heads  edible.    (Gk.  kyon  = 
a  dog;  the  involucre  spines  suggest  dog-teeth.)     Cynaria  scolymus  (ARTICHOKE) 
CC.     Pappus  none  or  of  simple  bristles  or  scales.  CENTAUREA  (p.  235) 

BB.     Leaves  somewhat  spiny  and  often  also  the  involucre. 
E.     Pappus  distinctly  plumose. 

F.  Heads  1-5  cm.  wide;  involucre  bracts  not  fleshy;  akenes  not  ribbed. 

CARDUUS  (p.  234) 

FF.     Heads  5-10  cm.  wide;  involucre  bracts  fleshy;  akenes  slightly  ribbed.      (See 
DD.)  Cynaria  scolymus  (ARTICHOKE) 

EE.     Pappus  none  to  barbellate  or  fimbriate. 

G.  Heads  6-7  cm.  wide;  leaves  green  and  blotched  with  white.      W.  E.  —  (Gk. 
silybos  =  the  name  of  a  thistle  with  edible  stem.) 

Silybum  marianum  (LADY'S  THISTLE) 
GG.     Heads  2-4  cm.  wide;  leaves  not  white-blotched. 

H.     Heads  not  subtended  by  bristly  leaves.  CENTAUREA  (p.  235) 

HH.     Heads  subtended  by  bristly  leaves,  sessile.      U.  E.  —  (Gk.  kniso  =  to  prick.) 

Cnicus  benedictus  (BLESSED  THISTLE) 

ARCTIUM    (BURDOCK) 

Tall,  coarse.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  2-5  dm.  long. 
Heads  clustered;  receptacle  densely  bristly.  Pappus-bristles  short,  many, 
rough,  deciduous,  in  i  whorl.  —  (Gk.  arktos  =  a  bear ;  from  the  rough 
involucre.) 

A.     Heads  racemose,  1.5-3  cm.  wide.     W.  A.  minus   (COMMON  BURDOCK) 

AA.     Heads  corymbose,  2-5  cm.  wide.     W.  A.  lappa   (GREAT  BURDOCK) 

CARDUUS    (THISTLE) 

Stout,  erect.  Heads  rayless,  all  alike  (or  dioecious  in  C.  arvensis}.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  densely  bristly.  Flowers  white  or  red  or  rarely  yellowish. 
Pappus  bristles  many,  long,  in  i  whorl,  united  into  a  ring  at  base.  —  (The 
Latin  name;  said  to  be  from  Celtic  ard  —  a  sharp  point.) 

A.     Perennial  by  spreading  horizontal  rootstocks;  heads  15-25  mm.  high,  dioecious. 
W.  E.  —  One  of  our  worst  weeds  in  cultivated  fields.    C.  arvensis  (CANADA  THISTLE) 
AA.     Biennial;  heads  larger,  all  alike. 

B.     None  of  the  involucre  bracts  spine-tipped,  all  with  dilated  fringed  tips.         W.  E. 

C.  americanus 

BB.     Outer  involucre  bracts  spine-tipped,  inner  ones  not. 
C.     Involucre  bracts  not  at  all  glandular  on  the  back. 

D.     Involucre  bracts  either  nearly  equal  or  some  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips. 
E.     Flowers  cream-colored.     W.  C.  E.  C.  remotifolius 


COMPOSTTACEAE    (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  235 

EE.     Flowers  white  to  red. 

F.     Plant  very  white-woolly.     U.  C.  occidentalis 

FF.     Plant  densely  pubescent  to  glabrate. 

G.     Inner  involucre  bracts  with  dilated  tips.     E.  C.  magnificus 

GG.     None  of  the  involucre  bracts  with  dilated  tips. 

H.     Herbage  pubescent,   grayish  or  green;  leaves   weakly  prickly;   10-30  dm. 
high.      W.  C.  E.  —  A  bad  weed  in  waste  places  and  logged  off  lands. 

C.  edulis  (EDIBLE  THISTLE) 
HH.      Herbage  glabrate,  green;  leaves  strongly  prickly;   6-9  dm.  high.     E. 

C.  hallii 
DD.     Involucre  bracts  much  shorter  outward,  appressed. 

I.  Heads  oblong  or  cylindric;   inner  involucre  bracts  purplish.      E.     C.  andersoni 

II.  Heads  wider;  inner  involucre  bracts  not  or  very  slightly  purplish. 

J.     Stem  somewhat  woolly;  inner  involucre  bracts  somewhat  dilated.     E. 

C.  foliosus 

JJ.     Stem  glabrous;   inner  involucre  bracts  not  dilated.      E.  C.  drummondii 

CC.     Involucre  bracts  with  glandular  ridge  or  spot  on  the  back. 

K.     Outer  involucre  bracts  with  spines  nearly  equaling  the  body.      E. 

C.  ochrocentrus   (YELLOW-SPINED  THISTLE) 

KK.     Outer  involucre  bracts  with  spines  distinctly  shorter  than  the  body. 
L.      Leaves  canescent  on  both  sides.     E.  undulatus 

LL.     Leaves  green  above. 

M.     Leaves  conspicuously  prickly.     E.  C.  brewer! 

MM.     Leaves  with  few  prickles.     E.  C.  palousensis 

BB.     All  the  involucre  bracts  spine-tipped.     W.  E.  —  Bad  pasture  weed. 

C.  lanceolatus  (BULL  THISTLE) 

CENTAUREA    (STAR  THISTLE) 

Involucre  bracts  margined  or  appendaged ;  receptacle  bristly.  Marginal 
flowers  sometimes  suggesting  rays,  color  various.  Pappus  none  or  bristles 
or  scales.  —  (It  is  said  that  the  centaur  Chiron  cured  his  wounded  foot  with 
these.) 

A.     Involucre  bracts  spine-tipped. 

B.  Stem  not  winged;  corollas  purplish;  pappus  none.     W.     C.  calcitrapa  (CALTROPS) 
BB.     Stem  winged;    corollas  yellow;    pappus  of  unequal  bristles  or  scales.     W. 

C.  meltensis   (TOCALOTE) 
AA.     Involucre  bracts  not  spine-tipped. 

C.  Annual;    pappus  of  unequal  bristles;    corollas  white  or  red  or  blue  or  violet.     E. 

C.  cyanus  (BLUE-BOTTLE) 
CC.     Perennial;    pappus  none;    corollas  red.     E.  C.  consimilis 

CICHOREAE  (Dandelion  Tribe).  —  Herbs,  nearly  always  with  milky 
juice.  Leaves  alternate,  often  all  basal.  Heads  involucrate;  receptacle 
flat  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  all  alike,  perfect.  Corolla  strap-shaped,  variously 
colored,  truncate  but  nearly  always  5-toothed  at  apex.  Anthers  sagittate- 
auriculate  but  not  caudate  at  base.  Style  branches  filiform  minutely  papil- 
lose, not  appendaged. 

A.     Flowers  yellow  or  orange  or  saffron-colored. 

B.     Pappus  none;    stem  leafy,  branched;    flowers  in  panicles;    akenes  2o-3o-striate. 
W.  E.  —  (The  Greek  name  of  some  plant  of  the  Mustard  family.) 

Lapsana  communis  (NIPPLEWORT) 


236  COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

BB.     Pappus  scalelike  or  of  bristles  which  have  a  scalelike  base;   akenes  not  beaked. 
C.     Pappus  of  4-10  scales  or  bristles,  simple  or  plumose  when  bristles. 
D.     Pappus  of  4-10  bristles,  each  arising  as  a  continuation  of  an  unforked  scale- 
like  or  enlarged  base;    heads  erect. 

E.     Annual;    heads  nodding;    involucre  bracts  all  nearly  equal  except  for  a  few 

very  small  ones  outside.     U.  —  (Gk.  micros  =  small,  seris  =  chicory.)       Microseris 

EE.     Perennial;     heads  erect;    involucre  scales  gradually  shorter  in  successive 

whorls.  —  (Diminutive  of  Scorzonera,  a  related  genus.)  Scorzonella 

DD.     Pappus  of  5  bristles,  each  arising  from  the  fork  of  a  2-toothed  scalelike  base; 

heads    nodding;     annual.     E.  —  (Gk.   oura  =a    tail;    +  pappus;     because    the 

pappus  scales  are  awned.)  Uropappus  linearifolium 

CC.     Pappus  of  15-40  scales  or  bristles. 

F.  Stems  5-25  cm.  high,  leafy;  pappus  bristles  plumose,  15-20;  leaves  entire  to 
pinnatifid;  young  heads  nodding.  —  Gk.  ptilon  =  a  feather;  Calais  is  an  old  genus 
of  Compositaceae.  Ptilocalais 

FF.     Stem  none;  pappus  bristles  not  plumose,  20-50;  leaves  entire  or  wavy;  young 
heads  always  erect.    E.  —  (Gk.  nothos  =  spurious ;  Calais  is  an  old  genus  of  Composi- 
taceae.) Nothocalais 
BBB.     Pappus  of  bristles  without  a  widened  scalelike  base. 
G.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose. 
H.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  to  near  the  tip;   perennial. 

I.  Leaves   stiffy-hairy   on   both   sides;     receptacle   chaffy;     akene   long-beaked. 
W.  C.  —  (Gk.  hypo  =  under,  chaeris  =  young  pigs;   because  pigs  like  the  roots.) 

Hypochaeris  radicata  (CAT'S-EAR) 

II.  Leaves  glabrous  or  thinly  soft-hairy;    receptacle  naked;    akene  beakless  or 
nearly  so.     W.  —  (Gk.  Icon  =  a  lion,  odous  =  a  tooth;    referring  to  the  leaf- 
teeth.)  Leontodon  autumnale   (FALL  DANDELION) 

HH.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  plumose  only  near  the  base;   akenes  beakless;   annual. 

Malacothrix 

GO.     Bristles  of  the  pappus  not  plumose. 
J.     Plants  acaulescent;    leaves  all  basal;  flowers  solitary  on  leafless  bractless  un- 

branched  scapes. 

K.     Leaves  entire  or  merely  obscurely  wavy;    scape  only  i;    heads  nodding  in 

bud;    mature  akene  beakless,  truncate.     (See  EE.)  Scorzonella 

KK.     Leaves  or  some  of  them  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  scapes  i  or  more;   head  erect  in 

bud;    mature  akene  beaked  or  attenuate. 

L.  Chief  involucre-bracts  imbricated  in  one  series;  akenes  spinulose  at  the 
apex,  long-beaked.  W.  C.  E.  —  Medicinal  plant.  Bad  lawn  weed.  (Gk. 
taraklikos  =  a  cathartic;  from  its  medicinal  properties.) 

Taraxacum  officinale   (DANDELION) 

LL.     Chief  involucre-bracts  in  several  series;  akenes  smooth  at  apex,  attenuate  or 

long-beaked.  —  (Gk.  aix  =  a  goat,  seris  =  chicory.)     Agoseris  (GOAT  CHICORY) 

JJ.     Plants  with   evident   stems;     stems  simple  or  branched,   leafy  or   bracted; 

flowers  i  or  more  on  a  stem. 
M.     Akenes  terete  or  4~5-angled,  not  flat. 

N.  Pappus  of  an  inner  whorl  of  bristles,  and  an  outer  whorl  of  short  teeth  with 
0-8  bristles  among  them,  inner  whorl  deciduous;  annual.  E.  —  (Gk.  malache  = 
soft,  thrix  =  hair ;  referring  to  the  pappus.)  Malacothrix 

NN.     Pappus  of  bristles  only  and  no  teeth,  persistent;   annual  or  perennial. 
O.     Pappus  white;    akenes  somewhat  narrowed  at  tip;    leaves  entire  to  dande- 
lion-like in  their  lobing.  CREPIS  (p.  238) 
OO.     Pappus  tawny  or  in  a  few  almost  white;    akenes  rarely  narrowed  at 
tip;   leaves  entire  to  shallowly  toothed  but  not  dandelion-like. 

HIERACIUM  (p.  238) 


COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE   FAMILY)  237 

MM.     Akenes  somewhat  flat. 

P.     Akenes  beakless,  truncate;  heads  so-flowered  or  more.     SONCHUS  (p.  237) 
PP.     Akenes  beaked  or  attenuate;  heads  6-3O-flowered.  LACTUCA  (p.  238) 

AA.     Flowers  white  or  pink  or  blue  or  purple;   stems  leafy  or  bracted. 
Q.     Pappus  a  crown  of  short  blunt  scales;    heads  sessile  or  nearly  so,  in  spikes  or 
racemes.     W.  —  Root   a  substitute   for   coffee.     (From   chikouryeh,   its   Egyptian 
name.)  Cichorium  intybus  (CHICORY) 

QQ.     Pappus  of  simple  bristles  though  often  scabrous. 

R.     Flowers  white;    leaves  and  lower  part  of  stem  with  long  white  stiff  spreading 

hairs;    leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire.  HTERACIUM  (p.  238) 

RR.     Flowers  not  white;    plant  without  long  white  stiff  spreading  hairs;    leaves 

usually  not  as  described  above. 

S.  Leaves  entire,  lanceolate  or  narrower,  not  sagittate  at  base;  flowers  rose- 
colored  or  pink;  akene  terete,  neither  flat  nor  angled.  E.  —  (Gk.  lygos  =  a  twig, 
desma  =  a  bundle ;  referring  to  the  tufted  rushlike  stems.)  Lygodesmia 

SS.     Leaves  either  not  entire  or  else  sagittate  at  base;    flowers  pink  or  blue  or 

purplish;    akene  terete  or  4-s-angled  or  somewhat  flat. 

T.  Akene  terete  or  4-s-angled,  not  flat;  pappus  tawny;  leaves  deltoid-hastate 
but  becoming  narrower  up  the  stem;  plant  3-6  dm.  high.  W.  C.  —  (The 
Latinized  Indian  name  for  the  Rattlesnake-root.) 

Nabalus  hastatus  (RATTLESNAKE  ROOT) 

TT.  Akene  somewhat  flat;  pappus  white;  leaves  several  times  as  long  as  wide; 
plant  usually  taller.  LACTUCA  (p.  238) 

QQQ.     Pappus  of  plumose  bristles. 

U.     Heads  solitary  and  terminating  a  leafy  stem,  5-10  cm.  wide;    leaves  all  entire; 
akene  with  long  slender  beak;  flowers  purple.     W.  E.  —  Cultivated  as  a  vegetable 
for    its    root.      (Gk.    tragos  =  a  goat,    pogon  =  a  beard;    referring   to   the   con- 
spicuous tawny  pappus.)  Tragopogon  porrifolia  (OYSTER  PLANT) 
UU.     Heads  in  panicles  or  corymbs,  2.5  cm.  or  less  wide;    mostly  with  at  least  the 

basal  leaves  not  entire;  flowers  pink  or  white. 

V.     Akene  tapering  into  a  slender  beak  as  long  as  the  body;   involucre  18-25  mm. 

high,  is-30-flowered.     E. — ^(Probably  in  honor  of  C.  S.  Rafinesque,  an  American 

botanist.)  Rafinesquia  calif ornica 

W.     Akene  truncate,  beakless;   involucre  6-15  mm.  high,  3-6-flowered.    E.  —  (Gk. 

ptilon  =  a  feather ;  referring  to  the  plumose  pappus.)  Ptiloria 

SONCHUS    (Sow  THISTLE) 

Stem  leafy.  Leaves  mostly  auriculate-clasping,  entire  to  pinnatifid, 
prickly-margined.  Heads  in  corymbs  or  panicles;  receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  yellow.  Pappus  of  bristles ;  bristles  many,  white,  capillary,  simple. 
—  (Gk.  sonchos  =  hollow ;  referring  to  the  stem.) 

A.     Involucre  glandular-pubescent,  25  mm.  high;  flowers    bright   yellow;    perennial; 
leaves  with  acute  basal  angles;   akenes  transversely  wrinkled.     W.  E. 

S.  arvensis  (FIELD  sow  THISTLE^ 

AA.     Involucre  glabrous,  12-16  mm.  high;   flowers  pale  yellow;    annual. 
B.     Leaves  with  acute  basal  angles;    akenes  transversely  wrinkled.     W. 

S.  oleraceus  (COMMON  sow  THISTLE) 

BB.     Leaves  with  rounded  basal  angles;    akenes  not  transversely  wrinkled.     W.  E. 

S.  asper  (PRICKLY  sow  THISTLE) 


238  COMPOSITACEAE   (COMPOSITE  FAMILY) 

LACTUCA    (LETTUCE) 

Stems  tall,  leafy.  Heads  in  panicles ;  receptacle  naked.  Corolla  yellow 
or  blue  or  purple.  Pappus-bristles  capillary,  soft,  many.  —  (L.  lac  =  milk ; 
from  the  abundant  milky  juice.) 

A.     Pappus  brownish;   flowers  blue;    plant  1-3.5  m.  high;    involucre  10-12  mm.  long; 
leaves   not   prickly   on   the   mid-veins   beneath.     VV.  C.  E.  L.  spicata 

AA.     Pappus  white;   flowers  rarely  blue,  mostly  yellow. 
B.     Leaves  not  prickly  on  the  mid-veins  beneath. 

C.     Flowers  blue;    perennial;   involucre  16-20  mm.  long;    akene  and  its  beak  about 

§  as  long  as  the  pappus.     W.  E.  L.  pulchella  (BLUE  LETTUCE) 

CC.     Flowers  yellow,  rarely  purplish;    annual  or  biennial;   involucre  8-14  mm.  long; 

akene  and  its  beak  about  as  long  as  the  pappus. 

D.     Heads  1 2-20-80 wered;    akenes  i -veined  on  each  face.      W.  —  Cultivated  for 

eating.  L.  sativa   (GARDEN  LETTUCE) 

DD.     Heads  6- 12 -flowered;   akenes  several-veined  on  each  face;   plant  1-4  m.  high. 

E.     Leaves  strictly  entire.     E.  L.  saglttifolia 

EE.     Leaves  except  the  upper  ones  sinuate-pinnatifid.     E. 

L.  canadensis  (WILD  LETTUCE) 

BB.     Leaves  prickly  on  the  mid-veins  beneath;   flowers  yellow;   akene  about  equaling 
its  beak.     W.  E.  —  A  bad  weed  of  waste  places.     Sometimes  called  China  Lettuce. 

L.  scariola   (PRICKLY  LETTUCE) 

CREPIS    (HAWK'S-BEARD) 

Stems  leafy  or  scapelike.  Corolla  yellow.  Pappus  bristles  capillary, 
many,  usually  soft.  —  (Gk.  krepis  =  a  sandal.  Application  not  clear.) 

A.     Leaves  glabrous,  some  of  them  pinnatifid;  stem  leafy;  stem  leaves  clasping.     W.  E. 

C.  virens  (SMOOTH  HAWK'S-BEARD) 
AA.     Not  as  above  in  all  points.  —  Too  difficult  for  beginners. 

HIERACIUM    (HAWKWEED) 

Perennial.  Leaves  sometimes  all  basal.  Corolla  white  or  yellow.  Pap- 
pus of  capillary  bristles,  scabrous.  —  (Gk.  hierax  =  a  hawk ;  it  was  supposed 
to  better  the  vision  of  birds  of  prey.) 

A.     Flowers  white;   involucre  not  distinctly  imbricated.     W.  C.  E. 

H.  albiflorum  (WHITE  HAWKWEED) 
AA.     Flowers  yellow.  —  Too  difficult  for  beginners. 


GLOSSARY 


A-.     Not,  or  without. 

Acaulescent.     Apparently      stemless, 

the    leaf-bearing    stem    being    very 

short  or  subterranean. 
Acicular.     Needle-shaped. 
Acuminate.    Taper-pointed. 
Acute.     Merely  sharp-pointed,  or  end- 
ing in  a  point  less  than  a  right  angle. 
Adnate.     Grown  together. 
Akene  =  Achene.     A  small,  dry,  hard, 

i-celled,  i-seeded  indehiscent  fruit. 
Alpine.     Belonging    to     high     moun- 
tains above  the  limit  of  forests. 
Alternate    (leaves,    branches).     Singly 

at  the  stem-nodes. 
Ament  =  Catkin.     A   deciduous    scaly 

spike  of  flowers. 
Angiosperms.    The    great    group     of 

seed  plants  with  ovules  (and  seeds) 

inclosed  by  an  ovary. 
Annual.     Of  only  one  year's  duration. 
Anther.     The  part  of  the  stamen  which 

contains  the  pollen. 
Anthesis.     The  opening  of  the  flower. 
Apetalous.     Without  petals. 
Apiculate.     Tipped  with  a  short  and 

abrupt  point. 

Appressed.     Lying  close  and  flat 
Arborescent.     Treelike  in  size  or  form. 
Arcuate.     Bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 
Aril.     An    appendage    growing    at    or 

about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 
Aristate  =  Awned. 
Aristulate.     Diminutive  of  aristate. 
Articulate  =  Jointed. 
Ascending.     Rising  gradually  upward. 
Auricles.     Earlike  appendages. 
Auriculate.     With  earlike  appendages. 
Awl-shaped.     Sharp-pointed    from    a 

broader  base. 


Awn.     A  bristle-like  appendage. 

Awned.     With  an  awn. 

Axil.     The  upper  angle  between  a  leaf 

and  the  stem. 

Axillary.     Occurring  in  an  axil. 
Axis.     The  central  line  of  any  body; 

the  organ  around  which  others  are 

attached 

Barbed.  With  usually  reflexed  rigid 
points  or  short  bristles  like  the  barb 
of  a  fishhook. 

Barbellate.     Finely  barbed. 

Basifixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 

Beaked.     Ending  in  a  long  narrow  tip. 

Bearded.  With  long  or  stiff  hairs  of 
any  sort;  awns  of  grasses  are  some- 
times called  beards. 

Berry.  A  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  through- 
out, as  a  currant  or  a  grape. 

Bi-.     Two  or  twice. 

Bidentate.     2-toothed. 

Biennial.  Growing  from  seed  one  year, 
then  blooming  and  dying  the  next. 

Bifid.     2-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

Bilabiate  =  Labiate.     2-lipped. 

Bipinnate  =  2-pinnate.  Pinnate,  then 
each  part  again  pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid  =  2-pinnatifid.  Pinnatifid, 
and  then  the  parts  again  pinnatifid. 

Biternate  =  2-ternate.  With  3  main 
divisions  each  with  3  leaflets. 

Bladdery.     Thin  and  inflated. 

Bract.  A  very  much  reduced  leaf, 
specially  one  subtending  a  pedicel. 

Bractlet.     A  bract  on  the  pedicel. 

Bristle.  A  stiff  sharp  hair  or  any  very 
slender  body  of  similar  appearance. 

Bulb.  A  leaf  bud  with  fleshy  scales, 
usually  subterranean. 


239 


240 


GLOSSARY 


Bulbiferous.     Producing  bulbs. 
Bulblet.     A  small  bulb. 
Bulbous.     Bulblike  in  form. 

Caducous.     Dropping  off  very  early  as 

compared  with  other  parts. 
Caespitose.     Growing  in  tufts. 
Callus.     A     hard     protuberance;      in 

grasses   the   tough   swelling   at   the 

base  of  the  lemma. 
Calyx.     The   outer   set    of   floral   en- 
velopes;   when  there  is  but  i  it  is 

considered  to  be  calyx. 
Campanulate.     Bell-shaped 
Canescent.     Grayish  white  with   fine 

hairs. 

Capillary.     Hairlike  in  form. 
Capitate.     Collected    into  a    headlike 

cluster  ;  headlike  in  form. 
Capsule.     A  pod;    any  dry  dehiscent 

seed-vessel. 
Carinate.     Keeled;    furnished  with  a 

sharp   ridge   or    projection   on    the 

lower  side. 
Carpel.     The  pistil  is  composed  of  i  or 

more  modified  leaves,  each  of  which 

is  a  carpel. 

Carpous.     Of  or  like  a  carpel. 
Caruncle  =  Strophiole. 
Catkin  =  Ament. 
Caudate.     Tailed. 
Caudex.     The   persistent   base  of   an 

otherwise  annual  herbaceous  stem. 
Caulescent.     Having  an  obvious  leafy 

stem. 

Cauline.     Belonging  to  a  stem 
Cernuous.     Nodding. 
Chaff.     Small  scales  or  bracts  on  the 

receptacle   of    Compositaceae;     the 

glumes  of  grasses,  etc. 
Chaffy.     Furnished  with  chaff,   or  of 

the  texture  of  chaff. 
Chartaceous.     With    the    texture    of 

paper  or  parchment. 
Ciliate.     The   edge   with   a   fringe   of 

hairs. 

Cinereous.     The  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate.     Rolled    inward    from    the 

end,  like  some  umbrella  handles. 


Circumscissile.  Opening  by  a  trans- 
verse circular  line  of  division. 

Clavate.     Shaped  like  a  baseball  bat. 

Claw.  The  narrow  or  stalklike  base 
of  some  petals. 

Cleft.  Separated  by  a  sharp  indentation 
half  way  to  the  mid-vein  or  base,  or 
less. 

Club-shaped  =  Clavate. 

Coalescence.  The  union  of  parts  or 
organs  of  the  same  kind. 

Cohesion.  The  union  of  one  organ 
with  another  of  like  nature. 

Column.  The  united  stamens,  as  in 
Malvaceae;  or  the  stamens  and 
pistils  united  into  one  body,  as  in 
Orchidaceae. 

Commissure.  The  plane  of  union  of 
the  two  carpels  in  the  Umbellaceae. 

Compound.  A  pistil  composed  of  2  or 
more  carpels;  a  leaf  divided  into 
leaflets. 

Compressed.  Flattened  on  two  oppo- 
site sides. 

Cone  =  Strobilus. 

Congested.     Crowded  together. 

Connate.  United  or  grown  together 
from  the  first. 

Connective.  The  part  of  the  anther 
connecting  its  two  cells. 

Connivent.  Converging,  or  brought 
close  together. 

Contorted.     Twisted  together. 

Convoluted.     Rolled  up  lengthwise. 

Cordate.  Heart-shaped,  with  the 
notch  basal. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery  in  texture. 

Corm.     A  solid  bulb. 

Corolla.  The  flowery  envelope 
(usually  showy)  within  the  calyx. 

Corona  =  Crown. 

Corymb.  A  flat  or  convex  flower 
cluster,  with  branches  arising  at 
different  levels  and  blooming  from 
the  outside  toward  the  center. 

Corymbose.     Corymb-like. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledons.  The  first  leaves  of  the 
embryo. 


GLOSSARY 


241 


Creeping  (stems).  Growing  flat  on  or 
beneath  the  ground  and  rooting 

Crenate.     With  rounded  teeth. 

Crown.  An  appendage  at  the  top  of 
the  claw  of  some  petals. 

Crustaceous.  Hard  and  brittle  in  tex- 
ture; crustlike. 

Cucullate.     Hooded  or  hood-shaped. 

Cuneate  =  Cuneiform  =  Wedge-shaped. 

Cupule.  A  little  cup;  the  cup  of  the 
acorn. 

Cuspidate.  Tipped  with  a  sharp  and 
stiff  point. 

Cymbiform.     Boat-shaped. 

Cyme.  Like  a  corymb,  but  blooming 
from  the  center  outward. 

Cymose.     Cyme-like. 

Deciduous.  Applied  to  leaves  which 
fall  in  autumn,  and  to  a  calyx  and 
corolla  which  falls  before  fruit 
forms. 

Decompound.  Several  times  com- 
pounded. 

Decumbent.  Reclined  on  the  ground, 
but  the  summit  tending  to  rise. 

Decurrent  (leaves).  With  bladelike 
extensions  on  the  stem  beneath  the 
insertion,  as  in  thistles. 

Decussate.  In  pairs  which  are  suc- 
cessively alternate  with  each  other. 

Deflexed.     Bent  downwards. 

Dehiscence.  The  natural  opening  of 
an  anther  or  pod  or  other  vessel. 

Dehiscent.     Opening  naturally. 

Deltoid.  Shaped  like  the  Greek  letter 
A. 

Dentate.     Toothed. 

Denticulate.     Diminutive  of  dentate. 

Depauperate.     Below  the  natural  size. 

Depressed.  Flattened,  or  as  if  pressed 
down  from  above. 

Di-.     Two,  or  twice. 

Diadelphous  (stamens).  United  by 
the  filaments  into  two  sets. 

Dichotomous.     2-forked. 

Dicotyledonous.    Having  2  cotyledons. 

Dicotyledons.  Plants  which  have  2 
cotyledons. 

F.  &  R.  EL.  FL.  —  l6 


Didymous.     Twin. 

Didynamous  (stamens).  2  longer  than 
the  others. 

Diffuse.  Spreading  widely  and  irregu- 
larly. 

Digitate.  Leaflets  all  borne  on  the 
apex  of  the  petiole. 

Dimorphous.     Of  2  forms. 

Dioecious  =  Dioicous.  With  stamens 
and  pistils  in  separate  flowers  on 
different  plants. 

Disk.  The  central  region  of  a  head 
of  flowers,  like  the  sunflower,  as 
opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin;  a 
fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle 
of  a  flower. 

Dissected.  Cut  deeply  into  many 
lobes  or  divisions. 

Distichous.     Two-ranked. 

Diurnal.     Daily ;  in  24  hours. 

Divaricate.     Very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  etc.).  Cut  into  divi- 
sions extending  about  to  the  base  or 
the  midrib. 

Dorsal.  Pertaining  to  the  back  or 
outer  surface  of  an  organ. 

Drupaceous.     Drupelike. 

Drupe.     A  stone  fruit. 

Drupelet.     Diminutive  of  drupe. 

Echinate.     Armed  with  prickles. 
Elliptic  =  Elliptical.     Oval  or  oblong, 

with  the  ends  regularly  rounded. 
Emarginate.     Shallowly     notched    at 

the  summit. 

Emersed.     Raised  out  of  water. 
Ensiform.     Sword-shaped. 
Entire    (foliar    organs).     The    margin 

not    at    all    toothed,    notched,    or 

divided. 
Ephemeral.     Lasting    for    a    day    or 

less. 

Epigynous.     Upon  the  ovary. 
Equitant.     Leaves  which  infold  each 

other  in  two  ranks,  as  in  Iris. 
Erose.     As  if  gnawed. 
Evergreen.     Holding  the  leaves  over 

winter    or    longer    until    new    ones 

appear. 


242 


GLOSSARY 


Excurrent.  Projecting  beyond  the 
apex;  or  a  tree  trunk  continued  to 
the  very  top. 

Exserted.  Protruding  out  of,  as  the 
stamens  out  of  the  corolla. 

Extrorse.     Turned  outward. 

Falcate.     Curved  like  a  hand  sickle. 

Fascicle.     A  close  cluster. 

Fascicled.  Growing  in  a  bundle  or 
tuft. 

Fastigiate  (branches).     Close,  parallel. 

Favose.     Honeycombed. 

Fertile.  Fruit-bearing;  or  pollen- 
bearing  anthers. 

Filament.  The  stalk  of  a  stamen; 
any  slender  thread-shaped  append- 
age. 

Filiform.     Thread-shaped. 

Fimbriate.     Fringed. 

Flabelliform.     Fan-shaped. 

Floccose.  Composed  of  or  bearing 
tufts  of  woolly  or  long  and  soft 
hairs. 

Foliaceous.     Leaflike. 

Follicle.  A  simple  pod,  opening  down 
the  inner  suture. 

Foveate.     Deeply  pitted. 

Foveolate.     Diminutive  of  foveate. 

Free.  Not  united  with  any  other 
parts. 

Fringed.  The  margin  beset  with  slen- 
der appendages,  bristles,  etc. 

Fruit.  The  seed-bearing  structure  of 
a  plant. 

Fugacious.  Soon  falling  off  or  perish- 
ing. 

Fulvous.  Tawny;  dull  yellow  with 
gray. 

Fusiform  =  Spindle-shaped. 

Galea.  A  hooded  or  helmet-shaped 
portion  of  some  perianths. 

Gamopetalous  =  Monopetalous  =  Sym- 
petalous. Petals  united  into  one 
piece. 

Geminate.     In  pairs. 

Geniculate.  Bent  abruptly,  like  a 
knee. 


Gibbous.  More  swollen  at  one  place 
or  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

Glabrate.  Becoming  glabrous  with 
age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous.  Smooth,  having  no  hairs, 
bristles,  or  other  pubescence. 

Gland.  A  secreting  surface  or  struc- 
ture; any  protuberance  or  append- 
age having  the  appearance  of  such  an 
organ. 

Glaucous.  Covered  with  a  fine  white 
powder  that  rubs  off,  like  that  on  a 
fresh  plum. 

Globose.     Spherical  or  nearly  so. 

Glochidiate  (hairs  or  bristles).  Barbed  ; 
tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a  double 
hooked  point. 

Glomerate.  Closely  aggregated  into  a 
dense  cluster. 

Glomerule.     A  dense  headlike  cluster. 

Glume.  The  chaff  of  grasses,  in  this 
book  the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of 
each  spikelet. 

Gymnosperms.  The  great  group  of 
seed  plants  with  ovules  and  seeds 
not  inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

Gynobase.  An  enlargement  or  pro- 
longation of  the  receptacle  bearing 
the  ovary. 

Gynoecium.     The  whole  set  of  pistils. 

Habitat.  Conditions  under  which  a 
plant  grows. 

Hastate.  Like  an  arrowhead,  but 
with  the  basal  lobes  pointing  out- 
ward nearly  at  right  angles. 

Hemi-.     Half. 

Herb.  A  plant  with  no  persistent 
woody  stem  above  ground. 

Herbaceous.  With  the  texture  of 
common  herbage;  not  woody  nor 
leathery. 

Hermaphrodite  (flower)  =  Perfect. 

Heterogamous.  With  2  or  more  kinds 
of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens  and 
pistils. 

Hirsute.  Hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard- 
like  hairs. 

Hispid.     Bristly  ;  beset  with  stiff  hairs. 


GLOSSARY 


243 


Hispidulous.     Diminutive  of  hispid. 
Hoary.     Grayish  white. 
Homogamous.     A  head  or  cluster  with 

flowers  all  of  one  kind. 
Hooded  =  Hood-shaped  =  Cucullate. 
Hyaline.     Transparent  or  nearly  so. 
Hypogynous.     Inserted      under      the 

pistil. 

Imbricate.  Overlapping  like  shingles 
on  a  roof. 

Immersed.     Wholly  under  water. 

Imperfect  (flowers).  Wanting  either 
stamens  or  pistils. 

Incised.  Cut  rather  deeply  and  irreg- 
ularly. 

Indehiscent.     Not  splitti-ng  open. 

Indurated.     Hardened. 

Inferior  (ovary).  Calyx  grown  fast  to 
the  ovary  and  thus  apparently  on  it. 

Inflated.     Turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed.     Bent  inward. 

Inflorescence.  The  arrangement  of 
flowers  on  the  stem;  the  flower 
cluster  as  a  whole. 

Infra-stipular.  Below  the  stipules  at 
base  of  petiole. 

Insertion.  The  place  or  the  mode  of 
attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  sup- 
port. 

Internode.  The  part  of  a  stem  be- 
tween two  nodes. 

Interruptedly  pinnate.  Pinnate  with 
small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger 
ones. 

Introrse.  Turned  or  facing  inward  or 
toward  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Involucel.  An  involucre  of  the  second 
order. 

Involucrate.     With  an  involucre. 

Involucre.  A  whorl  or  set  of  bracts 
around  a  flower  or  umbel  or  head. 

Involute.  Rolled  inward  from  the 
edges. 

Jointed.  Composed  of  joints,  or  having 
joints  in  it. 

Keel.     A  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface, 


like  the  keel  of  a  boat;    the  two  an- 
terior petals  in  the  Bean  Family. 

Labiate  =  Bilabiate. 

Laciniate.  Slashed ;  cut  into  deep 
narrow  lobes. 

Lanceolate.     Lance-shaped. 

Lax.     The  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaflet.  One  of  the  divisions  or 
blades  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Lemma.  The  lower  of  the  two  bracts 
inclosing  the  flower  in  the  grasses. 

Lenticular.  Lens-shaped,  both  sides 
convex. 

Ligulate.     Furnished  with  a  ligule. 

Ligule.  The  strap-shaped  corolla  in 
many  Compositaceae ;  the  little 
membranous  appendage  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  leaf  sheaths  of  most 
grasses. 

Limb.     The  blade  of  a  leaf,  petal,  etc. 

Linear.  Narrow  and  flat,  the  margins 
parallel. 

Lip.  The  principal  lobes  of  a  2-lipped 
corolla  or  calyx;  the  odd  and  pe- 
culiar petal  in  the  Orchidaceae. 

Lobe.  Any  projection  or  division 
(especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf, 
etc.,  especially  when  not  extending 
more  than  halfway  to  the  mid-vein  or 
base. 

Loculicidal  (dehiscence).  Splitting 
down  through  the  middle  of  the 
back  of  each  cell. 

Lunate.     Crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate.  Lyre-shaped;  an  obovate  or 
spatulate  pinnatifid  leaf  with  the 
end  lobe  large  and  roundish  and  the 
lower  lobes  small. 

Marcescent.  Withering  without  fall- 
ing off. 

Membranous.  With  the  texture  of  a 
membrane;  thin  and  more  or  less 
translucent. 

Midrib  =  Mid-vein.  The  middle  or 
main  rib  of  a  leaf. 

Monadelphous.  Stamens  united  by 
their  filaments  into  one  set. 


244 


GLOSSARY 


Monocotyledonous  (embryo).    Having 

only  one  cotyledon. 
Monocotyledons.     The  great  group  of 

plants  having  only  i  cotyledon. 
Monoecious  =  Monoicous.     With  sta- 
mens and  pistils  in  separate  flowers 

on  the  same  plant. 
Monopetalous      (flower)  =  Gamopeta- 

lous.     With  united  petals. 
Mucronate.     Tipped  with  an  abrupt 

short  point. 
Mucronulate.     Diminutive  of   mucro- 

nate. 

Multi-.     Many. 
Muriculate.     Rough  with  fine  short  hard 

points. 

Nectariferous.     Nectar-bearing. 

Nerve  =  Vein. 

Node.     The   joints   of   a   stem,    from 

which  the  leaves  arise. 
Nodose.     Knotty  or  knobby. 
Nut.     A  hard  and  mostly  one-seeded 

indehiscent    fruit,    as    a    chestnut, 

butternut,  acorn. 
Nutlet.     Diminutive  of  nut. 

Ob.     Upside  down. 

Obcompressed.  Flattened  the  oppo- 
site of  the  usual  way. 

Obcordate.  Heart-shaped  with  small 
end  basal. 

Oblanceolate.  Lance-shaped  with  the 
tapering  point  basal. 

Oblong.  Two  to  three  times  as  long 
as  wide,  and  more  or  less  elliptic. 

Obovate.  Inversely  ovate,  the  broad 
end  up. 

Obtuse.  Blunt  or  round  at  the 
end. 

Ochroleucous.  Yellowish  white;  dull 
cream-color. 

Ocrea.     A  sheathing  stipule. 

Odd-pinnate".  Pinnate  with  an  un- 
even number  of  leaflets. 

Offset.  Short  branch  next  the  ground 
which  takes  root. 

Opposite.  Applied  to  leaves  and 
branches  when  an  opposing  pair 


occurs  at  each  node;  to  stamens 
when  directly  in  front  of  the  petals. 

Orbicular.  Circular  or  nearly  so  in 
general  outline. 

Oval.      Broadly  elliptical. 

Ovate.  Shaped  like  the  section  of  an 
egg  with  the  broader  end  basal. 

Ovoid.  A  solid  with  an  ovate  sec- 
tion. 

Ovule.  The  body  which  becomes  a 
seed  after  fertilization. 

Palate.  A  projection  on  the  lower  lip 
of  a  2-lipped  corolla  closing  the 
throat. 

Palet.  The  inner  husk  of  grasses;  the 
chaff  or  bracts  on  the  receptacle  of 
many  Compositaceae. 

Palmate.  Applied  to  a  leaf  whose 
leaflets  or  divisions  or  main  ribs  all 
spread  from  the  apex  of  the  petiole, 
like  a  hand  with  outspread  fingers. 

Palmately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  di- 
vided, etc.  The  varying  depths  of 
division  of  a  palmate  leaf. 

Panicle  (inflorescence).  An  open  clus- 
ter like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less 
compound. 

Panicled  =  Paniculate.  In  panicles, 
or  panicle-like. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-shaped;  ap- 
plied to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the 
pea. 

Papilla  (papillae).  A  little  nipple- 
shaped  protuberance. 

Papillose.     Covered  with  papillae. 

Pappus.  The  modified  calyx  limb  in 
Compositaceae,  forming  a  crown  of 
very  various  character  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  akene. 

Parietal  =  Lateral.  Attached  to  the 
walls,  as  of  the  ovary. 

Parted.  Separated  into  parts  almost 
to  base. 

Pectinate.  Pinnatifid  or  pinnately 
divided  into  narrow  and  close  divi- 
sions, like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedicel.  The  stalk  of  each  particular 
flower  of  a  cluster. 


GLOSSARY 


245 


Pediceled.     With  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle.     A  flower  stalk,  whether  of 

a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower  cluster. 
Peduncled.     With  a  peduncle. 
Peltate.     Shield-shaped;    applied  to  a 

leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the 

petiole  arises  from  the  under  surface. 
Pendulous.     Somewhat     hanging     or 

drooping. 
Penta-.     5. 

Perennial.     Lasting  from  year  to  year. 
Perfect    (flower).     Having    both    sta- 
mens and  pistils. 
Perfoliate.     Applied  to  a  leaf  through 

whose    base    the    stem    appears    to 

pass. 
Perianth.     The  floral  envelopes  of  the 

flower,    especially    when   calyx   and 

corolla  cannot  be  distinguished. 
Pericarp.     The    wall    of    the    ripened 

ovary,  which  in  many  cases  is  the 

wall  of  the  fruit. 
Perigynium.     The  inflated  sac  which 

incloses  the  ovary  in  Carex. 
Perigynous       (flower).     Sepals      and 

petals  and  stamens  arising  from  the 

rim  of  a  tube  or  cup  surrounding  the 

pistil  or  pistils. 
Persistent.     Remaining    beyond    the 

period  when  such  parts  commonly 

fall. 

Petal.     A  corolla  leaf. 
Petiole.     The  leafstalk. 
Petioled  =  Petiolate.     With  a  petiole. 
Petiolulate.     With  a  petiolule. 
Petiolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 
Pilose.     Hairy  with  soft  slender  hairs. 
Pinnate     (leaf).     Leaflets    along    the 

main  axis  of  the  leaf. 
Pinnately  lobed,  cleft,  parted,  divided, 

etc.     The  varying  depths  of  division 

of  a  pinnately  veined  leaf. 
Pinnately -veined.       With      secondary 

veins  arising  from  a  mid-vein. 
Pinnatifid.     Pinnately  cleft. 
Pistil.     The  seed-bearing  organ  of  the 

flower. 
Pitted.     Having  small  depressions  or 

pits  on  the  surface. 


Placenta.  The  surface  of  the  ovary 
to  which  the  ovules  are  attached. 

Plicate.    Folded  lengthwise  into  plaits. 

Plumose.  Feathery;  when  any  slen- 
der body  is  beset  with  hairs. 

Pluri-.     Several,  or  many. 

Pod.     Any  sort  of  capsule. 

Poly-.     Many. 

Polygamous.  Having  some  perfect 
and  some  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  on  the  same  or  on  different 
individuals. 

Polymorphous.     Of  several  forms. 

Polypetalous.  With  the  petals  dis- 
tinct. 

Polysepalous.  When  the  sepals  are 
distinct. 

Pome.  A  fleshy  apple-like  fruit,  e.g., 
apple,  pear,  haw. 

Procumbent.     Trailing  on  the  ground. 

Produced.  Extended  or  projecting 
farther  than  usual. 

Proliferous.  A  new  branch  arising 
from  an  older  one,  or  one  head  or 
cluster  of  flowers  from  another. 

Prostrate.     Lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Pruinose.  Covered  with  a  powder 
resembling  hoarfrost. 

Puberulent.  Covered  with  almost  im- 
perceptible fine  and  short  down. 

Pubescence.     Fine  and  soft  hairs. 

Pubescent.     With  pubescence. 

Punctate.  Dotted,  either  with  minute 
holes  or  apparently  so. 

Raceme.  A  flower  cluster  with  one- 
flowered  pedicels  along  the  axis  of 
inflorescence. 

Racemose.  Bearing  racemes;  or 
raceme-like. 

Rachilla.    The  axis  of  a  spikelet. 

Rachis.  An  axis  bearing  close-set 
organs;  specially  the  axis  of  a 
spike. 

Radiate.     Furnished  with  ray  flowers. 

Radical.  Belonging  to  the  root,  or  ap- 
parently coming  from  the  root. 

Ray.  The  marginal  flower  of  a  head 
or  cluster  when  different  from  the 


246 


GLOSSARY 


rest,  especially  when  ligulate;  the 
branch  of  an  umbel. 

Receptacle.  The  more  or  less  ex- 
panded or  produced  end  of  an  axis 
which  bears  the  organs  of  a  flower 
or  the  collected  flowers  of  a  head. 

Recurved.  Curved  outward  or  back- 
ward. 

Reflexed.  Bent  outward  or  back- 
ward. 

Regular  (flower).  All  the  parts  of 
each  whorl  similar. 

Reniform.     Kidney-shaped. 

Repand.     Wavy-margined. 

Retrorse.    Directed  back  or  downward. 

Retuse.     The  apex  slightly  indented. 

Revolute.  Rolled  backward,  as  the 
margins  of  many  leaves. 

Rhizome  =Rootstock.  A  subterranean 
or  creeping  rootlike  stem. 

Rib  =  Vein. 

Ringent.     Gaping. 

Rootstock  =  Rhizome. 

Rosulate  (leaves).  In  a  rosette,  or 
basal  whorl. 

Rotate.     Wheel-shaped. 

Rudimentary.  Imperfectly  developed, 
or  in  early  stage  of  development. 

Rugose.  Wrinkled,  roughened  with 
wrinkles. 

Runcinate.  Coarsely  saw-toothed  or 
cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned 
toward  the  base  of  the  leaf,  as  in 
dandelions. 

Runner.  A  slender  and  prostrate 
branch  rooting  at  the  end  or  at  the 
joints. 

Sac  =  Sack.   Any  closed  membrane,  or 

a  deep  purse-shaped  cavity. 
Saccate.    Sac-shaped. 
Sagittate.     Arrowhead-shaped. 
Salver-shaped  =  Salverform.     With  a 

border  spreading  at  right  angles  to 

a  slender  tube. 
Samara.     A   wing  fruit,    e.g.,    maple, 

ash,  elm. 
Scabrous.     Rough    or    harsh    to    the 

touch. 


Scale.     A  reduced  leaflike  body  which 

is  not  green. 
Scape.     A   peduncle   rising   from   the 

ground,  naked  or  without  ordinary 

foliage. 

Scapose.     Scapelike;  or  with  a  scape. 
Scarious.     Thin,     dry,     membranous, 

and  not  green. 
Scorpioid.     Curved  or  circinate  at  the 

end. 
Scurf.     Minute  scales  on  the  surface 

of  many  leaves. 
Scutellate.     Saucer-shaped. 
Secund.     One-sided,  as  where  flowers, 

leaves,   etc.,   are  all  turned  to  one 

side. 

Semi-.     Half. 
Sepal.     One  of  the  leaves  of  which  the 

calyx  is  composed. 
Septate.     Divided  by  partitions. 
Septum  (septa).     A  partition,  as  of  a 

pod,  etc. 

Sericeous.     Clothed  with  satiny   pu- 
bescence. 
Serrate.     With  margin  cut  into  teeth 

pointing  forward. 
Serrulate.     Diminutive  of  serrate. 
Sessile.     Without  any  stalk  or  petiole. 
Sheath.     A   tubular  envelope,  as   the 

lower  part  of  the  leaf  in  grasses. 
Shrub.     A   woody   perennial,    smaller 

than   a   tree,    usually    with   several 

stems. 

Silique.     The  pod  of  the  Cruciferaceae. 
Silky.     Glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and 

soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 
Silvery.     Shining  white  or  bluish  gray, 

usually  from  a  silky  pubescence. 
Simple.     Of  one  piece;    the  opposite 

of  compound. 
Sinuate.     Strongly  wavy. 
Sinus.     The    cleft    or   depression    be- 
tween two  lobes. 
Spadix.     A  flashy  spike. 
Spathe.     A   bract    which   sheaths   an 

inflorescence,  specially  a  spadix. 
Spatulate.     Shaped  like  a  spatula,  or 

druggist's  spoon. 
Spicate.     Spikelike  ;   in  a  spike. 


GLOSSARY 


247 


Spike  (inflorescence).  The  flowers 
sessile  on  an  elongated  axis. 

Spikelet.  A  small  or  a  secondary 
spike. 

Spindle-shaped.  Tapering  at  both 
ends  like  a  sweet  potato. 

Spine.  A  sharp  woody  or  rigid  out- 
growth. 

Spinescent.  Tipped  by  or  degenerat- 
ing into  spines  or  thorns. 

Spinose.     Thorny. 

Spur.  Any  projecting  appendage  of 
the  flower. 

Squarrose.  Said  of  scales,  leaves,  etc., 
when  they  spread  widely  from 
the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly 
set. 

Stamen.     The  pollen-bearing  organ. 

Staminodium  (staminodia).  Abortive 
stamens  or  other  bodies  in  the  posi- 
tion of  stamens. 

Standard.  The  upper  petal  of  a  pa- 
pilionaceous corolla. 

Stellate.  Starlike;  several  similar 
parts  radiating  from  a  common 
center. 

Sterile.     Barren  or  imperfect. 

Stigma.  The  region  of  the  pistil  which 
receives  the  pollen. 

Stipe.     The  stalk-like  base  of  a  pistil. 

Stipitate.     Furnished  with  a  stipe. 

Stipules.  The  appendages  on  each 
side  of  the  base  of  some  leaf  petioles. 

Stolon.  Trailing  or  reclined  and  root- 
ing shoots. 

Stoloniferous.     Producing  stolons. 

Strap-shaped.     Long,  flat,  and  narrow. 

Striate.  Marked  with  slender  longi- 
tudinal grooves  or  channels. 

Strict.  Close  and  narrow;  straight 
and  narrow. 

Strigose.  Beset  with  appressed,  rigid 
bristles  or  hairs. 

Strobilus  =  Strobile  =  Cone.  A  cone- 
ike  or  headlike  fruit,  as  in  hop  and 
pine. 

Strophiole.  An  excrescence  or  append- 
age at  or  about  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

Style.     The  beak-like  prolongation  of 


the   pistil   above  the  ovary,   which 

bears  the  stigma. 
Stylopodium.     An  enlargement  at  the 

base  of  the  style,  found  in  Umbel- 

laceae  and  some  other  plants. 
Sub-.     About,  nearly,  somewhat. 
Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 
Succulent.     Juicy  or  pulpy. 
Sucker.     A  shoot  from  subterranean 

branches. 
Suffrutescent.     Slightly    shrubby    or 

woody  at  the  base  only. 
Superior     (ovary).     The    ovary    free 

from  the  calyx  to  its  base. 
Suture.     The  line  of  junction  of  con- 
tiguous   parts    that    seem   to    have 

grown  together. 

Sympetalous.     With  united  petals. 
Syngenesious.     With  stamens  united 

by  their  anthers. 

Taproot.  A  stout  vertical  root  which 
continues  the  main  axis  of  the  plant. 

Tawny.  Dull  yellowish  with  a  tinge 
of  brown. 

Tendril.  A  thread-shaped  process 
used  for  climbing. 

Terete.     Circular  in  cross  section. 

Ternate.     In  3's. 

Tetra-.     4. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  stamens 
longer  than  the  other  two. 

Thorn  =  Spine. 

Throat.  The  orifice  of  a  gamopeta- 
lous  corolla  or  calyx;  the  region 
between  the  tube  proper  and  the 
limb. 

Thyrsus.  A  compact  and  pyramidal 
panicle. 

Tomentose.  Clothed  with  matted 
woolly  hairs. 

Tomentum.     Matted  woolly  hairs. 

Toothed.  Furnished  with  teeth  of 
short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the 
margin;  used  especially  when  these 
are  sharp,  like  saw  teeth,  but  do  not 
point  forward. 

Torulose.  Knobby;  where  a  cylin- 
drical body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 


248 


GLOSSARY 


Tri-.     3. 

Trifid.     3 -cleft. 

Trigonous.     3-angled. 

Triquetrous.  Sharply  3-angled;  and 
specially  with  the  sides  concave. 

Truncate.  Ending  abruptly,  as  if  cut 
off  transversely. 

Tuber.  A  thickened  portion  of  a  sub- 
terranean stem  or  branch. 

Tubercle.     A  small  excrescence. 

Tunicate.  Invested  with  layers  as  an 
onion. 

Turbinate.     Top-shaped. 

Turgid.  Swollen;  thick  as  if  swol- 
len. 

Twining.  Ascending  by  coiling  round 
a  support,  like  the  hop. 

Umbel.     The    umbrella-like    form    of 

inflorescence. 
Umbellate.     In  umbels. 
Umbellet.     A    secondary     or    partial 

umbel. 
Unarmed.     Destitute       of         spines, 

prickles,  and  the  like. 
Uncinate.     Hook-shaped;    hooked  at 

the  end. 

Undulate.     Wavy  or  wavy-margined. 
Unequally  pinnate  =  Odd- pinnate. 
Unguiculate.     With  a  claw  or  narrow 

base. 
Uni-.     i. 
Unisexual.     Having  only  one  kind  of 

sex  organs;    applied  also  to  flowers 

having  only  stamens  or  pistils. 
Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 


Utricle.  A  small  thin-walled  one- 
seeded  fruit. 

Valvate.     Opening  by  valves;    in  the 

bud,  meeting  by  the  edges  without 

overlapping. 
Valve.     One  of  the  pieces  into  which  a 

dehiscent  pod  or  any  similar  body 

splits. 
Veins.     The   fibrovascular   strands  or 

ribs  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Venation.     The  veining  of  leaves,  etc. 
Ventral.     Belonging  to  the  anterior  or 

inner  face  of  an  organ;   the  opposite 

of  dorsal. 
Versatile     (anther).     Attached     near 

the  middle  and  turning  freely  on  its 

support. 

Verticillate  =  Whorled. 
Vesicle. .    A  little  bladder. 
Villous.     Shaggy  with  long  and    soft 

hairs. 

Vine.     Any  trailing  or  climbing  stem. 
Virgate.     Wand-shaped,     as    a    long, 

straight  slender  twig. 
Viscid.     Glutinous,  sticky. 

Wedge-shaped.  Broad  above  and 
tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  nar- 
row base. 

Whorl.  A  circle  of  leaves  or  other 
organs  at  a  node. 

Whorled.    Arranged  in  a  circle. 

Wing.     Any  membranous  expansion. 

Woolly.  Clothed  with  long  and 
tangled  soft  hairs. 


INDEX 


Family  names  both  common  and  scientific  are  in  SMALL  CAPITALS.    Otherwise,  scientific 
names  are  in  roman  and  common  names  are  in  italics. 


Abbreviations 

5 

Antennaria 

223 

Baneberry 

97 

Abies 

31 

Anthemis 

230 

Barbarea 

112 

Abronia 

85,  86 

Anthoxanthium 

38 

Barberry 

102 

Abutilon 

151 

Anthriscus 

165 

BARBERRY  FAMILY 

103 

Acer 

148 

Antirrhinum 

201 

Barley 

49 

ACERACEAE 

148 

Ant-weed 

207 

Barnyard  Grass 

38 

Acerates 

181 

Aplopappus              221, 

222 

Barren-wort 

103 

Achillea 

230 

APOCYNACEAE 

181 

Basket-grass 

35 

Achlys 

103 

Apocynum 

181 

Batrachium 

100 

Achyrachaena 

225 

Apple 

133 

Beak-rush 

50 

Aconitum 

99 

APPLE  FAMILY 

132 

BEAN  FAMILY 

135 

Acorus 

51 

Apricot 

135 

Bearberry 

174 

Actaea 

97 

Aquilegia 

98 

Bear  Bush 

169 

Actinella 

229 

Arabis 

115 

Beard-grass 

39 

Adenocaulon 

224 

ARACEAE 

51 

Beardtongue 

202 

Adenostegia 

208 

Aragallus 

141 

Bear  Grass                     40,  54 

Agastache 

194 

Aralia 

162 

Beckmannia 

47 

Agoseris 

236 

ARALIACEAE 

162 

Bedstraw                    211, 

212 

Agrimonia 

127 

Arbutus 

172 

BEECH  FAMILY 

75 

Agrimony 

127 

Arctium 

234 

Beggar-tick 

228 

Agropyron 

48 

Arctostaphylos 

174 

Bellflower 

216 

Agrostemma 

90 

Arenaria 

94 

BELLFLOWER  FAMILY 

216 

Agrostis 

39 

Argentina 

129 

Bellis 

222 

Aira 

41 

Aristida 

39 

Bent-grass 

39 

AlZOACEAE 

86 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

79 

BERBERIDACEAE 

103 

Alaska  Cedar 

31 

Arnica 

233 

Berberis 

103 

Alchemilla 

126 

Arrhenatherum 

41 

Bergamot  Mint         195, 

196 

Alder 

74 

Arrow-grass 

35 

Bergia 

153 

Alexanders 

166 

ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY 

35 

Bermuda  Grass 

47 

Alfalfa 

137 

Arrowwood 

213 

Berula 

166 

Alisma 

36 

Artemisia 

231 

Betula 

74 

ALISMACEAE 

35 

Artichoke                    228, 

234 

BETULACEAE 

73 

Allionia 

85 

ARUM  FAMILY 

51 

Bidens 

228 

Allium 

55 

Aruncus 

127 

Bilberry 

175 

Allocarya 

188 

Asarum 

79 

Bindweed                    83, 

182 

Allotropa 

170 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

181 

Birch 

74 

A  Imond 

134 

Asclepias 

181 

BIRCH  FAMILY 

73 

Alnus 

74 

Ash 

178 

Bird  Beak 

208 

Alopecurus 

39 

Asparagus 

62 

BIRTHWORT  FAMILY 

79 

Alumroot 

121 

Aspen 

72 

Bishop's-cap 

122 

Alyssum 

108,  109 

Asperugo 

188 

Bitter   Cress 

113 

AMARANTHACEAE 

84 

Asphodel 

54 

Bitter  Herb 

179 

Amaranthus 

85 

Aster                         221, 

223 

Bitter-root 

89 

Ambrosia 

226 

Astragalus 

141 

Bittersweet 

197 

Amelanchier 

133 

Athysanus 

109 

Bitterweed 

226 

Ammannia 

156 

Atriplex                        83 

,84 

Blackberry                 131, 

132 

Ammi 

166 

Aulospermum 

166 

Blackcap 

132 

Amsinckia 
AMYGDALACEAE 

190 
134 

A  vena 
Awns                127,  130, 

43 
131 

Black-eyed  Susan 
Black  Haw 

226 
213 

Amygdalus 

134 

Awlwort 

109 

Bladder  Pod 

114 

ANACARDIACEAE 

147 

Azalea 

173 

Bladderwort 

210 

Anagallis 

176 

BLADDERWORT  FAMILY 

210 

Anaphalis 

223 

Baby's  Breath 

122 

Blade  Grass 

37 

Andromeda 

172 

Baccharis 

222 

Bleeding-heart 

105 

Androsace 

177 

Baeria 

229 

BLEEDING-HEART  FAM- 

Anemone 

99 

Bahia 

229 

ILY 

105 

Angelica 

164 

Balm                         149, 

193 

Blepharipappus 

225 

Angiosperms 

7,  34 

BALSAMINACEAE 

148 

Blinks 

88 

Anogra 

160 

Balsamorhiza 

227 

Blite 

84 

Antelope  Brush 

126 

Balsam-root 

227 

Bluebell 

217 

249 


250 


INDEX 


Blue-bottle                         235 
Blue  Curls                          194 

California  Poppy 
CALLITRICHACEAE 

105 
146 

Chicory                      236, 
Chimaphila 

237 
169 

Blue-eyed  Grass                   66 

Callitriehe 

146 

Chinophila 

200 

Blue  Grass                            45 

Calochortus 

60 

Chinquapin 

75 

Bluejoint                                49 

Caltha 

96 

Chiretta 

179 

Blue  Lips                           202 

Ca&rops 

235 

Chives 

57 

Bog  Asphodel                       54 

Calypso 

67 

Chlorogalum 

56 

Bog  Rosemary                    172 

Calyptridium 

87 

Chokecherry 

135 

Boisduvalia                       158 

Comas 

61 

Chorizanthe 

79 

Bolandra                            119 

Camassia 

61 

Chrysanthemum 

231 

Boltonia                            222 

Camelina 

114 

Chrysopsis                221, 

222 

Boneset                               221 

Camomile                  230, 

231 

Chrysospleni  um 

119 

BORAGE  FAMILY 

Campanula 

216 

Chrysothamnus 

221 

BORAGINACEAB                         187 

CAMPANULACEAE 

216 

Chylisma 

161 

Boschniakia                       209 

Canada  Thistle 

234 

Cichorium 

237 

Bouteloua                           47 

Canary-grass 

38 

Cicuta 

165 

Box  Elder                           148 

Canbya 

104 

Cimifuga 

98 

Boykinia                            120 

Caracer-rooJ 

209 

Cinna 

40 

Brasenia                              95 

CAPER  FAMILY 

116 

Circaea 

161 

Brassica                             112 

Capnorea 

187 

Cladothamnua 

172 

Bray  a                                   108 

CAPPARIDACEAE 

116 

Clammy-weed 

116 

Brevoortia                           55 

CAPRIFOLIACEAE 

212 

Clarkia 

158 

Briza                                    44 

Capsella 

109 

Claytonia 

87 

Brome                                    46 

Caraway 

167 

Cleavers 

212 

Bromus                                 46 

Cardamine 

113 

Clematis 

100 

Brooklime                           204 

Carduus 

234 

Cleome 

116 

Brookweed                           176 

Carex 

50 

Clintonia 

63 

Broom                                  135 

Carpet-weed 

86 

Clover             116,    136, 

137, 

Broom-rape                        209 

CARPET-WEED  FAMILY 

86 

138,  139,  140, 

207 

BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY      209 

Carrot                         167, 

168 

Cnicus 

234 

Brown-weed                        222 

CARROT  FAMILY 

163 

Cochlearia 

109 

Buckbean                            180 

Carum 

167 

Cockle 

92 

BUCKBEAN  FAMILY         180 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

89 

Cockle  Bur 

226 

Buck-  Brush                        150 

Cascara 

149 

Coelopleurum 

167 

Buckthorn                           149 

Cassiope 

173 

Coldenia 

188 

BUCKTHORN  FAMILY       149 

Castalia 

95 

Coleanthus 

39 

Buckwheat                     80,  83 

Castanopsis 

75 

Coleosanthus 

221 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY        79 

Castilleia 

205 

Collinsia 

202 

Bud-brush                           232 

Catabrosa 

44 

Collomia 

184 

Buffalo  Bur                        198 

Catch-  fly                       90,  91 

Colt's-foot 

233 

Buffalo-grass                        44 

Catnip 

192 

Columbine 

98 

Bugbane                         95,  98 

Cat's-ear 

236 

Columbo 

180 

Bugleweed                           196 

Cat-tail 

34 

Comandra                    77,  78 

Bugseed                                 84 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY 

34 

Comarum 

128 

Bulrush                                 50 

Caucalis 

164 

COMPOSITACEAE 

218 

Bunchberry                         168 

Caulanthus 

110 

COMPOSITE  FAMILY 

218 

BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY    53 

Ceanothus 

149 

Conanthus 

187 

Bunch-grass                          48 

Cedar 

29 

Cone  Bearers                   7 

,  29 

Bunch  Redtop                      45 

CELASTRACEAE 

147 

Cone-flower 

226 

Bupleurum                165,  167 

Celtis 

76 

Cone  Plant 

170 

flur  C7o»er                           137 

Centaurea 

235 

Conioselinum 

164 

Burdock                              234 

Centaurium 

179 

CONVALLARIACEAE 

62 

Burnet                                 130 

Centunculus 

176 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

182 

Bur-reed                                34 
BUR-REED  FAMILY            34 

Century 
Cephalanthera 

179 
67 

Convolvulus 
Coolwort                     120, 

182 
121 

fiu«er  awd  ZJgps                 201 

Cerastium 

93 

Copper  Bush 

172 

Buttercup                   101,  102 

CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

95 

Coptis 

97 

BUTTERCUP  FAMILY          95 

Ceratophyllum 

95 

Corallorhiza 

69 

Butterfly  Tongue               208 

Cercocarpua 

131 

Coral  Root                   69, 

169 

Butter  head                          231 

Chaenactis 

229 

Cord  Grass 

47 

Butter  wort                           210 

Chaetochloa 

38 

Coreopsis 

224 

Chaffweed 

176 

Coriander 

165 

Cabbage                       51,  110 

Chamaebatiari  a 

126 

Coriandrum 

165 

Cacaliopsis 
CACTACEAE                        155 

Chamaecy  pari  s 
Chaparral 

30 
150 

Corispermum 
Corn 

84 
37 

Cactus                                  155 

Chelone 

200 

CORNACEAE 

168 

CACTUS  FAMILY              155 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

83 

Corn  Cockle 

90 

Cakile                                 108 

Chenopodium 

83 

Corn  Salad 

215 

Calamagrostis                     39 

Cherry 

135 

Corn  Spurry 

90 

Calamovilfa                         39 

Chess 

46 

Cornus 

168 

Calandrinia 

Chestnut  Oak 

75 

Coronopus 

111 

California  Laurel              104 

Chickweed                      92 

,  93 

Corydalis 

106 

California  Lilac                150 

CHICKWEED  FAMILY 

89 

Cory  1  us 

73 

INDEX 


251 


Cotton  Grass 

50 

Dog-tooth  Violet 

60     FAGACEAE                          75 

Cottonwood 

73 

Dogwood 

168     Fagopyrum                          80 

Cotula 

231 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY 

168 

Fairy  Bells                            63 

Couch  Grass 

49 

Douglas  Fir 

30 

Fairy  Cheeses                    151 

Cowbane 

164 

Douglasia 

176 

Fairy  Paddle                       51 

Cow  Herb 

92 

Downingia 

217 

F  all  Dandelion                  236 

Cow  Parsnip 

164 

Draba 

115 

False  Asphodel                    54 

Cowwheat 

200 

Dracocephalum 

193 

False  Buckwheat                 83 

Crab 

133 

Dragonhead 

193 

False  Bugbane                     95 

Crab  Apple 

133 

Drop-seed                       3( 

),  40 

False  Flax                          114 

Crab-grass 

38 

Drosera 

117 

False  Heather                    222 

Cranberry          174,  175, 

213 

DROSERACEAE 

116 

False  Mermaid                  147 

CRASSULACEAE 
Crataegus 

117 
134 

Drudeophytum 
Drummond  Pink 

166 
92 

FALSE-MERMAID 
FAMILY                          146 

Cream-cups 

104 

Dryas 

127 

False  Oat                       42,  43 

Crepis 

238 

Drymocallis 

130 

False  Solomon's  Seal          63 

Cress              108,    109, 

111, 

Duckweed 

51 

Family  Key                     7-28 

112,  113, 

115 

DUCKWEED  FAMILY 

51 

Farewell-to-Spring            159 

Crocidium 

233 

Dudleya 

117 

Fatsia                                162 

Crowberry 

146 

Dulichium 

50 

Fennel               164,  165,  230 

CROWBERRY  FAMILY 

146 

Fescue                            45,  46 

Crowfoot 

100 

Eatonia 

44 

Festuca                               45 

CRUCIFERACEAE 

106 

Echinochloa 

38 

Fever-bush                          168 

Cryptanthe 
Cuckoo  Flower 

189 
113 

Echinocystis 
Edible  Thistle 

216 
235 

Feverfew                             231 
Fiddle  Neck                       190 

Cucumber 

216 

Eel-Grass 

35 

Field  Sorrel                          81 

CUCURBITACEAE 

216 

Egg  Plant 

198 

Figwort                               200 

Cudweed 

224 

ELATINACEAE 

152 

FIGWORT  FAMILY            198 

Currant                      124, 

125 

Elatine 

153 

Filipendula                       127 

Cuscuta 

182 

Elder                          148, 

213 

Fir                                 30,  31 

Cut-grass 

38 

ELEAGNACEAE 

156 

Fire  Crackers                       55 

Cymbalaria 

199 

Elecampane 

224 

Fireweed                             158 

Cymopterus 

165 

Eleocharis 

50 

Five-finger                 126,  129 

Cynaria 

234 

Elephant  Trunk 

208 

Flag                                51,  65 

Cynodon 

47 

Eleusine 

47 

FLAG  FAMILY                     65 

Cynoglossum 

189 

Elm 

76 

Flax                   114,  144,  145 

Cynomarathrum 

165 

ELM  FAMILY 

76 

FLAX  FAMILY                   144 

CYPERACEAE 

50 

Elymus 

47 

Fleabane                    221-223 

Cyperus 

50 

Emmenanthe 

186 

Flixweed                             112 

Cypripedium 

67 

Empetraceae 

146 

Floerkea                            147 

Cytisus 

135 

Empetrum 

146 

Flowering  Fungus             171 

Enchanter's  Nightshade 

161 

Flowering  Grass                  55 

Dactylis 

44 

English  Ivy 

162 

Fool's  Huckleberry            172 

Daisy                         222, 

231 

Epilobium 

158 

Fool's  Onion                        58 

Dandelion 

237 

Epipactis 

67 

Forget-me-not                     190 

Danthonia 

43 

Eragrostis 

44 

Forsellesia                          147 

Darlingtonia 

116 

Eremocarya 

188 

Four-o'clock                         85 

Darnel 

48 

ERICACEAE 

171 

FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY    85 

Dasiphora 

126 

Ericameria 

222 

Foxglove                              199 

Datura 

198 

Erigeron                     221- 

-223 

Foxtail                           38,  39 

Daucus 

167 

Eriodictyon 

186 

Foxtail  Grass                       39 

Death  Camas 

55 

Eriogonum 

80 

Fragaria                              129 

Deer  Cabbage 

180 

Eriophorum 

50 

Franseria                          226 

Delphinium 

98 

Eriophyllum 

229 

Frasera                                180 

Dentaria 

114 

Eritrichium 

189 

Fraxinus                            178 

Deschampsia 

42 

Erodium 

143 

Fringe  Cup                        122 

Devil's  Club 

162 

Eryngium 

163 

Fritillaria                              59 

Dicentra 

105 

Eryngo 

163 

FUMARIACEAE                          105 

Dicotyledons                  7 

,  70 

Eryptera 

165 

Digitalis 

199 

Erysimum 

115 

Gaillardia                           229 

Dimeresia 

224 

Erythronium 

60 

Galium                                211 

Diplacus 

201 

Eschscholtzia 

105 

Garrya                                168 

DIPSACACEAE 

215 

Eulophus 

166 

Gastridium                          39 

Dipsacus 

216 

Eupatorium 

221 

Gaultheria                        173 

Disporum 

63 

Euphorbia 

145 

Gaura                                157 

Distichlis 

44 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

145 

Gayophytum                    161 

Ditch-grass 

34 

Euonymus 

147 

Gentian                               179 

Dock                               8( 

1,  81 

Eurotia 

84 

Gentiana                           179 

Dodder                        182. 

183 

Evax 

224 

GENTIANACEAE                 178 

Dodecatheon 

177 

Evening  Primrose    159, 

160 

GENTIAN  FAMILY            178 

Dogbane 

181 

EVENING-PRIMROSE 

GERANIACEAE 

DOGBANE  FAMILY 

181 

FAMILY 

156 

Geranium                           143 

Dog  Fennel 

230 

Everlasting 

223 

GERANIUM  FAMILY         143 

INDEX 


Germander                          192 

Helianthella                      224 

Indian  Paintbrush           205 

Geum                                 130 

Helianthus                         227 

Indian  Pipe                       170 

Giant  Cedar                         29 

Heliotrope                           188 

INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY     170 

Gilia                                   183 

Heliotropium                     188 

Indian  Plum                      134 

Ginger                                   79 

Hellebore                              55 

Indian  Reed                        40 

Ginseng                               162 

Helleborine                           67 

Inula                                   224 

GINSENG  FAMILY            162 

Hemicarpha                        50 

IRIDACEAE                           65 

Githopsis                          216 

Hemieva                            120 

Iris                                        65 

Glaux                                 176 

Hemitomes                        170 

Isopyrum                             97 

Glecoma                            194 

Hemizonella                     225 

Iva                                       225 

Glehnia                              166 

Hemizonia                         225 

Ivy            147.  162,  194,  199 

Globe-flower                          95 

Hemlock                       31,  165 

Globe  Mallow                    152 

Hemlock  Parsley               164 

Jaumea                               228 

Glossary                    239-248 

Hemp                                  181 

Jerusalem  Artichoke         228 

Glyceria                              45 

tfento                                 193 

Johnson  Grass                     37 

Glycyrrhiza                      136 

Heracleum                        164 

Joint  Grass                          38 

Gnaphalium                     224 

Herald-of-Summer            159 

JUNCACEAE                                     52 

Goat  Chicory                      236 

Heron's-bill                        143 

JUNCAGINACEAE                       35 

Goat's  Beard                     127 

Hesperogenia                    167 

Juncoides                            52 

Godetia                              159 

Heteranthera                       51 

Juncus                                 52 

Golden  Aster             221,  222 

Heterocodon                     216 

June  Grass                           44 

Goldenrod                           222 

Heterogaura                     157 

Juniper                                30 

Golden  Saxifrage              119 

Heuchera                          121 

Juniperus                            30 

Gold  Fields                       229 

Hieracium                         238 

Goldthread                            97 

Hierochloe                          38 

Kalmia                               171 

Gooseberry                 124,  125 

High-bush  Cranberry       213 

Kelloggia                          211 

GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY      124 

Hippuris                            162 

Kenilworth  Ivy                  199 

Goosefoot                             83 

Hog  Fennel               164,  165 

Key  to  the  Families      7-28 

GOOBEFOOT  FAMILY         83 

Holcus                                 41 

Kinnikinnick                     174 

Goose  Tansy                     129 

Holodiscus                        129 

Knotweed                       81,  82 

Gonnania                          118 

Holy-grass                            38 

KNOTWORT  FAMILY          94 

Gorse                                 135 

Homalocenchrus                38 

Kochia                                  84 

Grama  Grass                       47 

Honeysuckle                       214 

Koeleria                              44 

GRAMINACEAE                    36 

HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY  212 

Kunzia                              126 

Grape                                  150 

Hookera                              58 

GRAPE  FAMILY                150 

Hop                                     76 

Labrador  Tea                    172 

GRASS  FAMILY                   36 

Hop-clover                          139 

Lace  Pod                            115 

Gross  of  Parnassus           123 

Hop  Sage                             84 

Lactuca                             238 

Gratiola                            204 

Hordeum                            49 

Ladies'  Tresses                    69 

Grayia                                 84 

Horehound                 193,  196 

Lady's  Mantle                   126 

Greasewood                         84 

Horkelia                            129 

Lady's-slipper               67,  68 

Greek  Valerian                 184 

Hornwort                              95 

Lady's  Thumb                     82 

Grindelia                           223 

HORNWORT  FAMILY          95 

Lagophylla 

Gromwell                            191 

Horse  Mint                       195 

Lamium                            193 

GROSSULARIACEAE          124 

Horse-radish                      113 

Lapsana                              235 

Ground  Cherry                   197 

Hound's  Tongue                189 

Lappula                             188 

Ground  Ivy                       194 

Howellia                           217 

Larch                                    32 

Grove  Lover                       186 

Huckleberry               172,  175 

Larix                                     32 

Gum-weed                         223 

HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY  174 

Lark-spur                      98,  99 

Gutierrezia                       222 

Hulsea                               229 

Lasthenia                          228 

Gymnosperms                7,  29 

Humulus                             76 

Lathyrus                            142 

Hutchinsia                        109 

LAURACEAE                       104 

Hackberry                           76 

Hydastylus                         66 

Laurel                        104,  171 

#oir  Gross                    41,  42 

HYDRANGEACEAE            123 

LAUREL  FAMILY              104 

f/oir  Sedoe                           50 

HYDROCHARITACEAE         36 

Laurentia                           217 

HALORAGIDACEAE            162 

Hydrocotyle                     165 

Lavauxia                            158 

Hardhack                            128 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE         185 

Layia                                 225 

Harrimanella                    171 

Hydrophyllum                 187 

LEADWORT  FAMILY         178 

Haw                                    213 

Hymenopappus                229 

Ledum                                172 

Hawk's-beard                    238 

HYPERICACEAE                 152 

LEGUMINACEAE                135 

Hawkweed                         238 

Hypericum                        152 

Leibergia                          166 

Hawthorn                           134 

Hypochaeris                     236 

Lemna                                 51 

tfozeZ                                     73 

Hypopitys                         171 

LEMNACEAE                        51 

tfeoJ-oZ/                               193 

Hyssop                      194,  204 

Leptarrhena 

Heather             171,  173,  222 

Leptaxis                            119 

HEATH  FAMILY                171 

Ida  May's  Fire  Crackers    55 

Leontodon                         236 

Hedera                               162 

ILLECEBRACEAE                 94 

Ixjonurus                            193 

//edpe  Hyssop                   204 
tfedoe  Mustard                  111 

Ilysanthes                          200 
Impatiens                         148 

Lepidium                            111 
Leptotaenia                      165 

#ed0e  ATett/e                       195 

Imperata                             37 

Lesquerella                        114 

//edpe  Parsley                    164 

Incense  Cedar                      29 

Lettuce                              238 

Hedysarum                       141 

Indian  Hemp                    181 

Leucocrinum                      55 

Helenium                            229 

Indian  Millet                      41 

Lewisia                                89 

INDEX 


253 


Libocedrua                          29 

Maple                                148 

Mud  Plantain                     51 

Licorice                      136,  211 

MAPLE  FAMILY                148 

Mudwort                             199 

Ligusticum                        166 

Mare's  Tail                       162 

Muhlenbergia                     39 

Lilac                                    150 

Marigold                              96 

Mulberry                              76 

Lilaea                                    35 

Mariposa  Lily                     60 

MULBERRY  FAMILY          76 

Lilaeopsis                          165 

Marrubium                        193 

Mullein                      145,  201 

LILIACEAE                           55 

Marsh  Elder                      225 

Mullein  Pink                       92 

Lilium                                   58 

Marsh-locks                        128 

Munroa                                 44 

Lily                                 58-62 

Matricaria                        230 

Musk  Flower                     203 

LILY  FAMILY                      55 

Mayweed                            230 

Mustard            107,  110-112, 

Lily-of-the-V  alley                62 

Meadow  Grass                     44 

115,  116 

LlLY-OF-THE-VALLEY 

Meadow  Parsnip               166 

MUSTARD  FAMILY           106 

FAMILY                           62 

Meadow-rue                       102 

Myosotis                           190 

LlMNANTHACEAE                     146 

Medic                                  137 

Myosurus                          100 

Limnanthes                        147 

Medicago                          137 

Myrica                                 73 

Limnorchis                           68 

Melampyrum                   200 

MYRICACEAE                       73 

Limosella                           199 

MELANTHACEAE                 52 

Myriophyllum                  162 

LINACEAE                          144 

Melica                                 44 

Linaria                                201 

Melic  Grass                          44 

Nabalus                             237 

Linnaea                             212 

Melilot                       137,  138 

NAIADACEAE                        34 

Linum                                144 

Melilotus                           137 

Naias                                   35 

Liparis                                  67 

Melissa                              193 

Nama                                 185 

Listera                                   69 

Mentha                             196 

Narthecium 

Lithophragma 

MENTHACEAE                   192 

Naumburgia                     176 

Lithospermum                   191 

Mentzelia                          155 

Navarretia                        183 

Lloydia                                56 

MENYANTHACEAE            180 

Neckweed                           205 

LOASACEAE                                  155 

Menyanthes                       180 

Needle  Grass                        40 

Lobelia                              217 

Menziesia                          172 

Nemophila                        186 

LOBELIACEAE                            217 

Menzies  Pink                      91 

Nepeta                               192 

LOBELIA  FAMILY             217 

Mertensia                           191 

Nephrophyllidium           180 

Lobularia                            109 

Mexican  Hat                     226 

Neslia                                 109 

Loco  Weed                          141 

Microcala                          179 

Nettle                                   77 

Locust                                 135 

Micromeria                       194 

NETTLE  FAMILY                76 

Lolium                                  48 

Micropus                            223 

Nicotiana                          198 

Lomatium                 164,  165 

Microseris                          236 

Nievitas                             189 

Lonicera                             214 

Milfoil                                162 

Nigger  Thumb                   226 

Loose-strife                         156 

Milkweed                  181,  182 

Nightshade       161,  197,  198 

LOOSESTRIFE  FAMILY     156 

MILKWEED  FAMILY        181 

Ninebark                           128 

LORANTHACEAE                          78 

Milkwort                             145 

Nipplewort                         235 

Lotus                                 140 

MILKWORT  FAMILY         145 

Nit  Grass                             39 

Lousewort                           208 

Mimulus                             203 

Nitrophila                           83 

Lovage                                 166 

Miner's  Lettuce                   88 

Nonesuch                           137 

Ludwigia                           157 

Mint                           195,  196 

Nothocalais                      236 

Luina                                 233 

MINT  FAMILY                  192 

NYCTAQINACBAE                85 

Lungwort                           191 

Mirabilis                             85 

Nymphaea                          95 

Lupine 

Mistletoe                        78,  79 

NYMPHAEACEAE                 94 

Lupinus                             137 

MISTLETOE  FAMILY          78 

Lutkea                               126 

Mitella                                122 

Oak                                      75 

Lychnis                               92 

Mollugo                               86 

Oat-grass                        41,  43 

Lycopersicum                   197 

Monarda                             195 

Oats                                       43 

Lycopus                              196 

Moneses                            169 

Ocean  Spray                       129 

Lygodesmia                      237 

Moneywort                         176 

Oenanthe                           166 

Lysias                                  67 

Monkey  Flower                 203 

OLEACEAE                          178 

Lysichiton                           51 

Monocotyledons            7,  34 

OLEASTER  FAMILY           156 

LYTHRACEAE                     156 

Monolepis 

OLIVE  FAMILY                  178 

Lythrum                             156 

Monotropa                         170 

Olsynium                             65 

MONOTROPACEAE                  170 

Onagra                                159 

MADDER  FAMILY            211 

Montia                                88 

ONAGRACEAE                     156 

Madia                       225,  226 

MORACEAE                          76 

Onion                             56,  58 

Madrona                             172 

MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY 

Ookow                                  58 

Madronella                       195 

182 

Opuntia                             156 

Madwort                             188 

Morus                                  76 

Orchard  Grass                      44 

Mahala  Mats                     150 

Mosquito-bills                    177 

Orchid                                   67 

MALACEAE                        132 

Moss  Gross                          39 

ORCHIDACEAE                     66 

Malacothrix                      236 

Motherwort                         193 

ORCHID  FAMILY                66 

Mallow                      151,  152 

Mountain  Ash                   133 

Orchis                                    68 

MALLOW  FAMILY             150 

Mountain  Balm                149 

Oregon  Grape                     103 

Malva                                151 

Mountain  Mahogany       131 

Oreocarya                          190 

MALVACEAE                      150 

Mountain  Rice             40,  41 

OROBANCHACEAE              209 

Malvastrum                      151 

Mountain  Sorrel                 80 

Orobanche                         209 

Mamillaria                        155 

Mouse-ear                           93 

Orogenia                            167 

Manna  Grass                       45 

Mouse-ear  Cress                108 

Orthocarpus                      207 

Manzanita                          174 

Mousetail                           100 

Oryzopsis                            40 

254 


INDEX 


Osmaronia                          134 

PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY  51 

Primula                               176 

Ovary  Plants                   7,  34 

Pigeon-root                           88 

PRIMULACEAE                   175 

Owl-clover                           207 

Pigmy-weed                        117 

Prune                                   135 

OXALIDACEAE                            144 

Pigweed                                85 

Prunella                             193 

Oxalis                                  144 

PIGWEED  FAMILY              84 

Prunus                                135 

Ox-eye  Daisy                     231 

Pimpernel                          200 

Pseudocymopterus          165 

Oxycoccus                          174 

PINACEAE                             29 

Pseudotsuga                        30 

Oxvpolis                              164 

Pine                               32,  33 

Psilocarphus                      224 

Oxyria                                   80 

Pineapple  Weed                231 

Psoralea                              140 

Oxytheca                             80 

Pinedrops                            170 

Pterospora                          170 

Oyster  Plant                       237 

PINE  FAMILY                     29 

Pterostegia                           79 

Pinesap                              171 

Pteryxia                              167 

Pachistima                        147 

Pinguicula                          210 

Ptilocalais                          236 

Pachylophus                      160 

PlNGUICULACEAE                   210 

Ptilona                                237 

Paeonia                                 96 

Pink                                      92 

Puccinellia                           45 

Paintbrush                         205 

Pinus                                     32 

Pulsatilla                            96 

Panax                                  162 

Piperia                                  68 

Purple  Marsh-locks          128 

Panic-grass                          38 

Pipsissewa                         169 

Purple  Mustard                 110 

Panicum                               38 

Piptocalyx                          188 

Purple-root                           88 

Papaver                              105 

Piscaria                               145 

Purple  Star-grass                65 

PAPAVERACEAB                 104 

Pitcher  Plant                      116 

Purslane                       87,  157 

Parietaria                            77 

PITCHER-PLANT 

PURSLANE  FAMILY            86 

Parnassia                           123 

FAMILY                          116 

Pyramid  Bush                   128 

Parrya                                 108 
Parsley                       164,  165 

Plagiobothrys                   189 
Plains  Mustard                 107 

Pyrola                                 169 
PYROLACEAE                     169 

Parsnip             164,  166,  167 

PLANTAGINACEAE             210 

Pyrus                                 133 

Partridge  Foot                   126 

Plantago                             210 

Pasania                                75 

Plantain       36,51,210,211 

Quaking  Grass                     44 

Paspalum 

PLANTAIN  FAMILY           210 

Quercus                                 75 

Pasque  Flower                     96 

Platyspermum                   109 

Pastinaca                          164 

Platystemon                      104 

Rabbit  Brush                     221 

Pea                             142,  143 

Platystigma                       104 

Radish                                 112 

Peach                                  134 

Pleuricospora                     171 

Rafinesquia                        237 

PEACH  FAMILY                 134 

Pleuropogon                        44 

Ragweed                             226 

Pear                                     133 

Plum                          134,  135 

Ragwort                              233 

Pearlwort                       93,  94 

PLTJMBAGINACEAE            178 

Raillardella                        233 

Pearly  Everlasting            223 

Poa                                      45 

Rainiera                             233 

Pectocarya                        188 

Pogogyne                          193 

Ramona                             194 

Pedicularis                         208 

Poison  Ivy                          147 

RANUNCULACEAE               95 

Pe-ik                                   227 

Poison  Oak                        147 

Ranunculus                        101 

Pellitory                                77 

Poke-berry                            86 

Raphanus                           112 

Peltiphyllum                      119 

POKEWEED  FAMILY           86 

Raspberry                   131,  132 

Penny  cress                         111 

Polanisia                             116 

Rattlesnake  Plantain           67 

Pennywort                          165 

POLEMONIACEAE                     183 

Rattlesnake  Root               237 

Pentacaena                          94 

Polemonium                       184 

Rattleweed                          141 

Pentstemon                        202 

Polygala                              145 

Razoumofskya                    78 

Peony                                    96 

POLYGALACEAE                         145 

Red  Ant-weed                    207 

Peppergrass                        111 

POLYGONACEAE                          79 

Red  Maids                           87 

Peppermint                        196 

Polygonum                          81 

Red-osier  Dogwood            168 

Peramium                           67 

Polypogon                           39 

Redroot                               149 

Peraphyllum                     133 

Pond-lily                              95 

Redtop                                  45 

Petalostemon                     136 

Pondweed                             35 

Redwood                               29 

Petasites                            233 

PONDWEED  FAMILY          34 

Reed                                      44 

Petrophytum                     128 

PONTEDERIACEAE                     51 

Reed  Grass                           39 

Phacelia                              186 

Poorman's 

RHAMNACEAE                    149 

Phalaris                               38 

Weather-glass                 176 

Rhamnus                            149 

Phellopterus                       167 

Pop-corn  Flower                189 

Rhinanthus                        201 

Philadelphus                      123 

Poplar                            72,  73 

Rhododendron                  173 

Philotria                               36 

Poppy                                 105 

Rhus                                  147 

Phleum                                 41 

POPPY  FAMILY                 104 

Rhynchospora                     50 

Phlox                                   183 

Populus                               72 

Rhysopterus                      166 

PHLOX  FAMILY                183 

Port  Or  ford  Cedar               31 

Ribes                                 124 

Phoradendron                     78 

Portulaca                            87 

Rice  Cut-grass 

Phragmites                          44 
Phyllodoce                        173 
Phyllospadix                        35 

PORTULACACEAE                        86 

Potamogeton                       35 
Potato                                  197 

Rice-root                               59 
Rigiopappus 
Robinia                              135 

Physalis                              197 

POTATO  FAMILY               196 

Rock  Cranberry                 175 

Physaria                            114 

Potentilla                           129 

Rock  Cress                 108,  115 

Physocarpus                      128 

Powderhorn                           93 

Rock  Pink                            87 

Physostegia                       193 

Prairie  Clover                    1  :«i 

Romanzoffia 

Phytolacca                           86 

Prickly  Lettuce                  2:<S 

Roripa                                 1  1  :< 

PHYTOLACCACEAE              86 

Primrose            158-160,  176 

Rosa 

Picea                                      32 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY           175 

ROSACEAE                                     125 

INDEX 


255 


Rose 

132 

Sericocarpus 

223 

Spurless  Orchid                   67 

ROSE  FAMILY 

125 

Service  Berry 

133 

Spurry                                    90 

Rosemary 

172 

Shepherdia 

156 

Squash  Berry                      213 

Rotala 

156 

Shepherd's  Purse 

109 

SQUASH  FAMILY              216 

RUBIACEAE 

211 

Shooting  Star 

177 

Squirrel-tail  Grass              49 

Rubus 

131 

Sibbaldia 

127 

Stachys                               195 

Rudbeckia 

226 

Siberian  Crab 

133 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY        147 

Rue 

97 

Sida 

152 

Stanleya                             110 

Rumex 

80 

Sidalcea 

151 

Star  Flower                        177 

Spia 

34 

52 

Sieversia 
Silene 

131 
90 

Star-grass                      65,  66 
Star  Thistle                        235 

RUSH  FAMILY 

52 

Silver-green 

224 

Starwort                              146 

Russian  Thistle 

84 

Silverweed 

129 

Statice                                 178 

Rye 

47 

Silybum 

234 

Steironema                         177 

Rye  Grass 

48 

Single  Beauty 

169 

Stellaria                               92 

Sisymbrium 

111 

Stemless   Evening 

Sage 

84 

Sisyrinchium 

66 

Primrose                         160 

Sagebrush                  231, 

232 

Sitanion 

47 

Stenanthium                        54 

Sagina 

93 

Slum 

167 

Stenophragma                   108 

Sagittaria 

36 

Skullcap 

194 

Stenophyllus                       50 

Salal 

173 

Skunk  Bush 

147 

Stick  Leaf                          155 

SALICACEAE 

70 

Skunk  Cabbage 

51 

STICK-LEAF  FAMILY        155 

Salicornia 

84 

Skunkweed 

184 

Stickseed                             188 

Salix 

70 

Slough  Grass 

47 

Stinking  Clover                  116 

Salmonberry 

132 

Smartweed 

82 

Stinking  Mustard              116 

Salsola 

84 

Smelowskia 

115 

Stipa                                      40 

Salt  Grass 

44 

SMILACEAE 

64 

St.  John's-wort                  152 

Salt-horn 

84 

SMILAX 

65 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORT 

Saltwort 

176 

SMILAX  FAMILY 

64 

FAMILY                          152 

Sambucus 

213 

Snapdragon 

201,  202 

Stonecrop                            118 

Samolus 

176 

Snappers 

78 

STONECROP  FAMILY         117 

SANDALWOOD  FAMILY 

77 

Sneezeweed 

229 

Stramonium                       198 

Sand  Bur 

226 

Snowberry 

213 

Strawberry                          129 

Sand  Grass 

39 

Snow  Plant 

170 

Streptanthus                      111 

Sand-spurry 

94 

Soap-olallee 

156 

Streptopus                          64 

Sandwort  . 

94 

Soap-root 

56 

Stylocline                           223 

Sanguisorba 

130 

Soapwort 

92 

Suaeda                                 84 

Sanicle 

164 

SOLANACEAE 

196 

Subularia                            109 

Sanicula 

164 

Solarium 

197 

Sugar  Bowls                        100 

SANTALACEAE 

77 

Solidago 

222 

Sullivantia                        119 

Saponaria 

92 

Solvia 

230 

Sumac                                 147 

Sarcobatus 

84 

Solomon's  Seal 

63     SUMAC  FAMILY                 147 

Sarcodes 

170 

Sonchus 

237 

Sundew                               117 

SARRACENIACEAE 

116 

Sorbus 

133 

SUNDEW  FAMILY             116 

Sarsaparilla 

162 

Sorghum 

37 

Sunflower                   227-229 

Saussurea 

234 

Sorrel 

80 

Swamp  Laurel                   171 

Saw-wort 

234 

Sow  Thistle 

237 

Sweet-after-Death              103 

Saxifraga 

120 

Spanish  Clover 

140 

Sweet  Alyssum                  109 

SAXIFRAGACEAE 

118 

SPARGANIACEAE 

34 

Sweetbrier                           132 

Saxifrage                    119, 

120 

Sparganium 

34 

Sweet  Cicely               164-166 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY 

118 

Spartina 

47 

Sweet  Clover                       138 

Saxifragopsis 

119 

Spear  Grass 

45 

Sweet  Flag                            51 

Scheuchzeria 

35 

Spearmint 

196 

Sweet  Gale                            73 

Schoenocrambe 

107 

Spearwort 

101 

SWEET-GALE  FAMILY        73 

Schoenolirion 

56 

Specularia 

216 

Sweet  Vernal  Grass            38 

Scirpus 

50 

Speedwell 

204,  205 

Swertia                                179 

Scoliopus 
Scorzonella 

63 
236 

Spergula 
Sphaeralcea 

90 
152 

Symphoricarpos                213 
Syntherisma                        38 

Scotch  Broom 

135 

Sphaerostigma 

160 

Synthyris                           205 

Scribneria 

47 

Sphenosci  adium 

164 

Syringa                               123 

Scrophularia 

200 

Spikenard 

162 

SYRINGA  FAMILY             123 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

198 

Spike  Rush 

50 

Scutellaria 

194 

Spiraea 

128 

Taeniopleurum                  166 

Sea  Basket-grass 

35 

Spiranthes 

69 

Talinum                                87 

Sea  Elite 

84 

Spirodela 

51 

Tanacetum                        231 

Sea-rocket 

108 

Spoon  Cress 

109 

Tansy                         129,  231 

Secale 

47 

Sporobolus 

40 

Tansy  Mustard                 111 

Sedge 

50 

Spraddles 

89 

Taraxacum                        236 

SEDGE  FAMILY 

50 

Spragua 

87 

Taraxia                               160 

Sedum 

118 

Spring  Beauty 

87 

Tarweed                     225,  226 

Sego  Lily 

61 

Spruce 

32 

TAXACEAE                           29 

Senecio 

233 

Spurge 

145,  146     Taxus                                    29 

Sequoia 

29 

SPURGE  FAMILY 

145  !  Teasel                                 216 

256 


INDEX 


TEASEL  FAMILY              215 

Tuin  Pod                           114 

WATER-MILFOIL  FAMILY  162 

Tea  Vine                           194 

Twisted-stalk                       64 

Water-nymph                      35 

Tellima                              122 

Tws*  Flower                      111 

Water  Parsnip                  167 

Tetradymia                      233 

Typha                                 34 

Water  Pennywort              165 

Teucrium                          192 

TYPHACEAE                       34 

Water  Pepper                      82 

Thalesia                            209 

Water-Plantain                   36 

Thalictrum                       102 

Ulex                                  135 

WATER-PLANTAIN 

Thaspium                           166 

ULMACEAE                          76 

FAMILY                            35 

Thelypodium                     1  10 

Ulmus                                  76 

Water  Purslane                 157 

Thermopsis                       137 

UMBELLACEAE                  163 

Water  Shield                        95 

Thimbleberry                     131 

Umbellularia                     104 

Water  Starwort                  146 

Thistle                 84,  234,  235 

Umbrella-wort 

WATER  STARWORT 

Thlaspi                               111 

Unifolium                           62 

FAMILY                          146 

Thorn  Apple                     198 
Thorough  wax           165,  167 

Uropappus                         236 
Urtica                                  77 

Water  Weed                         36 
WATER-WEED  FAMILY      36 

Thoroughwort                    221 

URTICACEAE                       76 

Waterwort                           153 

Thread  Head                       47 

Utricularia                        210 

WATERWORT  FAMILY      152 

Three-awned  Grass             39 

Wax  Myrtle                        73 

Thrift                                  178 

VACCINIACEAE                  174 

Wheat                                  47 

Thuja                                  29 

Vaccinium                         175 

Whipplea                          123 

Thysanocarpus                 115 
Tiarella                               120 

Vagnera                               63 
Valerian                             184 

Whispering  Bells              186 
White-  flowering  Grass         ~>l> 

Tickseed                             224 

Valeriana                          215 

JFWe  Sage                          84 

Tiger-lily                              59 

VALERIANACEAE              214 

Whitlow-grass                     115 

Tillaea                               117 

Valerianella                       215 

Whorl-grass                         44 

Tillaeastrum                     117 

VALERIAN  FAMILY          214 

JFiW  Ca&baoe                     110 

Timothy                               41 

Vancouveria                     103 

JFiM  Cherry                       135 

Tissa                                    94 

Velvet  Grass                        41 

TFiW  Cucumber                 216 

Toadflax                             201 

Velvet-leaf                          151 

TFiW  Ginoer                         79 

Toad-lily                             88 

Venus'  Looking-glass       216 

IFiW  Licorice                     136 

Tobacco                             198 

Veratrum                             55 

TFiW  flye                              47 

Tobacco  Root                     215 

Verbascum                        201 

JFitfou-                            70-72 

Tocalote                              235 

Verbena                             192 

WILLOW  FAMILY               70 

Tofieldia                             54 

VERBENACEAE                  192 

Willow-herb                        158 

TomatiUo                            197 

Vernal  Grass                      38 

Wine  Bush                         222 

Tomato                               197 

Veronica                           204 

TFi?i<er  Cress                      112 

Tonella                              202 

Vervain                               192 

Winter  Fat                           84 

Toothpick  Plant               166 
Toothwort                           114 

VERVAIN  FAMILY            192 
Vetch                          141,  142 

Wintergreen               169,  170 

WlNTERGREEN    FAMILY   169 

Touch-me-not            148,  149 

Viburnum                         213 

Wolfbane                              99 

TOUCH-ME-NOT  FAMILY  148 

Vicia                                  141 

Wood  tfusfc                           52 

Townsendia                      222 

Vinegar  Weed                    194 

Wood  Sorrel                       144 

Tragopogon                      237 

Vine  Maple                       148 

WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY   144 

Trautvetteria                     95 

Viola                                  153 

Woolly  Sunflower              229 

Treacle  Mustard               115 

VIOLACEAE                        153 

Wormwood                         232 

Trefoil                                140 

Violet                  60,  153-155 

Woundwort                         195 

Trichostema                     194 

VIOLET  FAMILY               153 

Wyethia                            227 

Trientalis                          177 

Virgin  Bower                     100 

Trifolium                          138 

VlTACEAE                                      150 

Xanthium                          226 

Triglochin                           35 

Vitis                                   150 

Xerophyllum                       54 

Trillium                              64 

Trisetum                             42 

Wahoo                               147 

Yard  Grass                          47 

Triticum                             47 

Wall-flower               115,  116 

Farrow*                                230 

Trollius                               95 

Wapato                                 36 

Yellow  Pond-lily                 95 

Tsuga                                  31 

Wart  Cress                         111 

FeMou>  flattJe                      201 

Tule                                     50 

Washingtonia           164-166 

Yerba  Santa                       186 

Tumbleweed                         85 

Water  Celery                      166 

F™ 

Tumbling  Mustard           111 
Turkey  Mullein                 145 

Water  Cress                       113 
Water  Hemlock                  165 

YEW  FAMILY 
Youth-on-Age 

Turnip                                112 

Water  Horehound              196 

Turtlehead                          200 

Water-leaf                          187 

Zannichellia 

Twayblade                            69 

WATER-LEAF  FAMILY      185 

Zea 

Turin-berry                          214 

Water-lily                             95 

Zizia                                     166 

Twin-flower                       212 

WATER-LILY  FAMILY        94 

Zostera 

Twin-leaf                             63 

Water  Milfoil                   162 

Zygadenus 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN     INITIAL     FINE    OF    25     CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


191933 


QO 


APR  27  1£ 

MAR  11 195! 

3  Mr' 5; 


APR  15  1964 

R 


37 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


